Empty helical nanochannels with adjustable order from low-symmetry macrocycles

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201007437

Take the tube: Self-organization of shape-persistent macrocycles in the liquid-crystalline phase by π-π stacking leads to empty nanochannels that have an inner diameter above one nanometer and either tight or more permeable walls (see picture). Solid-stat

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201007437

Communications
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007437
Macrocycles
Empty Helical Nanochannels with Adjustable Order from Low-
Symmetry Macrocycles**
Martin Fritzsche, Anne Bohle, Dmytro Dudenko, Ute Baumeister, Daniel Sebastiani,
Gabriele Richardt, Hans Wolfgang Spiess, Michael Ryan Hansen,* and Sigurd Hꢀger*
Natural channel-forming structures are mandatory for con-
necting different compartments within a living organism. For
instance, transmembrane proteins function as ion channels,
transporters, or antibiotics.[1] Biomacromolecules that are
formed during evolution self-assemble into tubular structures
with precisely defined positions of functional groups. The
stimuli-responsive activity of these molecules has inspired the
search for artificial channel-forming structures that can mimic
the functionality of the natural systems.[2] Artificial channel
systems may even include new functionalities in advanced
chemical applications.[3] Several attempts, including templat-
ing methods,[4] have been reported for the de novo design of
pore-forming structures that are stable both in solution and in
the bulk state. In particular, macrocycles have an attractive
topology for the formation of supramolecular channels if they
organize in a columnar mesophase with close packing of
successive rings.[5] If properly designed, a channel is created
with tight walls that do not allow the penetration of small
molecules. In contrast to macrocycles that are held together
by strong intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonds in
cyclopeptides[6] or cyclosaccharides,[7] the increased mobility
in the liquid-crystalline (LC) phase allows for self-healing and
orientation of the channels by external forces (shear, electro-
magnetic fields, surface properties, etc.).[8] When the channels
are appropriately functionalized, the inclusion and manipu-
lation of nano-objects becomes feasible.
Columnar mesophases have indeed been found in macro-
cyclic polyamines.[9] However, because of their flexibility, the
macrocyclic rings assume a folded conformation and stable
phases with large open voids have not been reported to
date.[10] This problem might be overcome by using shape-
persistent macrocycles,[11] and columnar liquid-crystalline
compounds based on cyclic phenylene and phenylene–ethy-
nylene oligomers with inner diameters of up to 1 nm, as
deduced from X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), have been
reported (Figure 1a).[12] Powder XRD cannot provide details
about the packing of the macrocycles on the molecular
level,[4a,12c] whereas solid-state NMR spectroscopy can pro-
vide this information with the help of quantum-chemical
calculations.[13] In contrast to diffraction techniques, NMR
spectroscopy does not require strict periodicity and is there-
fore particularly suited to probe the local structure in LC
phases. Moreover, NMR spectroscopy can be used to reveal
the presence of guest molecules inside the channels, including
back-folded side chains.[14]
Herein, we describe two phenylene–ethynylene–butydi-
ynylene macrocycles 1a and 1b (Figure 1b), each of which
contains two benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b’]dithiophene units that
include a nanoscale interior with a diameter as large as
approximately 1.3 nm (Figure 1a). At the expense of sym-
metry, we have introduced groups with different electron
affinities.[16] Both macrocycles 1a and 1b were obtained by
the statistical oxidative Glaser coupling of the appropriate
“half-rings” under Pd/Cu catalysis, and were obtained in
yields of 33% (1a) and 50% (1b) after purification by
recycling gel-permeation chromatography (recGPC) using
THF as eluent, and subsequent precipitation from methanol
and drying under vacuum. The compounds were obtained as
slightly yellow powders that do not contain residual solvents
as shown by NMR spectroscopy of solutions in dichloro-
methane (see the Supporting Information). Upon heating
above room temperature, the compounds become waxy
materials that are birefringent under optical microscopy
(crossed polarizers). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
investigations (2nd heating; 108CminÀ1) showed reversible
endothermic transitions for both compounds, thus indicating
different LC phases over a broad temperature range (1a:
228C (138.9 kJmolÀ1), 1098C (85.2 kJmolÀ1), 1518C
[*] Dr. M. Fritzsche, Dr. G. Richardt, Prof. Dr. S. Hꢀger
Kekulꢁ-Institut fꢂr Organische Chemie und Biochemie
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitꢃt Bonn
Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
Fax: (+49)228-73 5662
E-mail: hoeger@uni-bonn.de
Dr. A. Bohle, Dr. D. Dudenko, Prof. Dr. H. W. Spiess,
Dr. M. R. Hansen
Max-Planck-Institut fꢂr Polymerforschung
Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
Fax: (+49)6131-379 320
E-mail: mrh@mpip-mainz.mpg.de
Dr. D. Dudenko, Dr. D. Sebastiani
Fachbereich Physik
Freie Universitꢃt Berlin
Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
Dr. U. Baumeister
Institut fꢂr Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universitꢃt Halle-Wittenberg
Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany)
[**] We thank V. Enkelmann and G. Brunklaus for helpful discussions
and P. Bednarek from the Informatikdienst der Universitꢃt Freiburg
(Switzerland) for computational support. S. Pinnells is acknowl-
edged for proofreading the manuscript. This work was financially
supported by the DFG, the SFB 624 (Bonn) and SFB 625 (Mainz).
D.S. acknowledges the DFG under grants Se 1008/5 and Se 1008/6.
(2.8 kJmolÀ1);
(2.6 kJmolÀ1)).
1b:
338C
(116.6 kJmolÀ1),
1608C
The type of LC phases formed and the lattice parameters
were determined by XRD. Upon cooling from the isotropic
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201007437.
3030
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3030 –3033

(SAMs), which were investigated by in situ scanning tunnel-
ing microscopy (STM). An STM image of 1a at the HOPG/
phenyloctane interface is shown in Figure 2b. Bright and dark
colors indicate high and low local tunneling currents from
Figure 2. a,c) Molecular models for the SAMs of 1a corresponding to
oblique and pseudohexagonal lattices, respectively. b) STM image of
1a at the phenyloctane/HOPG interface (image size: 100ꢄ100 nm2,
Vbias =À0.990 V, It =6 pA).
unsaturated (rigid p system) and saturated (flexible alkyl
fringe) segments. For both macrocycles, two different 2D
structures coexist. For example, compound 1a forms an
oblique (nearly rectangular) pattern (a = (4.9 Æ 0.1) nm; b =
(4.4 Æ 0.1) nm, g = (94 Æ 1)8) as well as a pseudohexagonal
pattern (a = (4.7 Æ 0.1) nm; b = (4.5 Æ 0.1) nm, g = (121 Æ 1)8)
in which adjacent molecules are linked by the interdigitating
alkyl chains (Figure 2a,c). From the molecular dimensions
and the lattice constants of the pattern in Figure 2b, which are
consistent with the XRD data (Table S2), we conclude that
the organization of the columns on the graphite surface in the
LC phase is similar.[18]
Figure 1. a) Relative size and symmetry of LC macrocycles[12a,c,15] with
inner diameters that range from 0.3 to 1.3 nm in our system.
b) Chemical structures of compounds 1a and 1b. c) XRD pattern for a
powderlike sample of 1a at 608C on cooling (lower part of the pattern
shaded by the heating stage), left inset: small-angle region showing
one orientation of the hexagonal reciprocal lattice with parameters a*
and the corresponding 2D indexing of the reflections; right inset:
possible packing of the molecules in the hexagonal columnar structure
showing the 2D hexagonal lattice with lattice parameters a=5.31 nm
and the average stacking distance of the molecules within one column
h=0.35 nm indicated by the outermost ringlike reflection in the wide-
angle region.
Figure 3b shows the 2D NMR 13C{1H} heteronuclear
correlation (HETCOR) spectrum for compound 1a in the
LC phase. A remarkable spectral resolution is observed, with
13C linewidths in the order of approximately 100 Hz for the
melt, 1a enters a high-temperature (HT) columnar LC phase
with liquid-like order within the columns. The diffraction
peaks in the small-angle area indicate a rectangular arrange-
ment of the columns, that is, a Colr phase (indexed according
to a centered rectangular 2D unit cell, c2mm;[17] see the
Supporting Information). Upon further cooling, a low-tem-
perature (LT) columnar phase with a hexagonal arrangement
of the columns is observed (2D lattice parameters a = b, g =
1208; a = 5.31 nm at 608C; see Figure 1c and the Supporting
Information). The outermost ringlike reflection at
d
ꢀ 0.35 nm suggests p–p stacking of the molecules along the
columnar axes. The diffuse scattering in the wide-angle region
(2q ꢀ 198, d ꢀ 0.46 nm) confirms the liquidlike disorder of the
aliphatic chains in all mesophases. On the other hand,
compound 1b forms only a hexagonal phase with a =
5.13 nm at 808C (see the Supporting Information). Similar
to the LT phase of 1a, the correlation length of the molecular
distances along the columnar axes increases with decreasing
temperature, as indicated by the gradual sharpening of the
outer part of the scattering curve at d ꢀ 0.35 nm.
Figure 3. a) Assignment of the aromatic 13C and 1H resonances for 1a.
b) 2D 13C{1H} FSLG-HETCOR spectrum of 1a measured at 330 K,
15.0 kHz MAS, and a CP contact time of 3.0 ms. d) Fingerprint of the
helical packing in 1a from 1H–1H DQ–SQ correlation spectroscopy
measured at 330 K, 25.0 kHz MAS, and one rotor period recoupling.
The inset in (d) illustrates the observed intermolecular correlation
peaks AB and BB, corresponding to a pitch angle of 608 between
adjacent layers as schematically drawn in (c).
Both macrocycles adsorb onto highly-ordered pyrolytic
graphite (HOPG) to form self-assembled monolayers
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3030 –3033
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org
3031

Communications
core of the macrocycle, thus implying a very high degree of
local order.[19] The complete assignment given in Figure 3a is
obtained from the 2D NMR spectrum in Figure 3b, and
includes only one-quarter of the total number of 13C signals
for the macrocycle, thus indicating that the macrocycles are
located in highly symmetric environments, which can be
envisaged in a helical arrangement of the macrocycles in a
column. It should be noted that the ether bond through which
the outer phenyl rings are attached to the macrocycle must be
part of a constrained in-plane conformation of the a-CH2
groups,[20] which makes the carbon atoms 6 and 6a inequiva-
lent. A packing scenario that includes sliding of the macro-
cycles, such as the herringbone packing observed for hexa-
peri-hexabenzocorones,[21] can be excluded, since this would
lead to additional signals in the 13C NMR spectrum. The
packing environment present in 1a is also reflected in the 1H
chemical shifts for the core protons of the macrocycle. These
signals differ substantially from each other (Figure 3b), and
also from the values found in solution (Table S5), which is a
clear indication of p–p stacking.[22] The specific pitch angle
Figure 4. a) Helical stack with a pitch angle of 608. b) Top view of the
macrocycle (see STM results, Figure 3). c) Side-chain packing arrange-
ment for illustrating the stabilizing effect of the outer phenylene
groups. The blue and orange strings in (a) illustrate the helical pitch of
the molecular stack. For clarity, side chains are represented as methoxy
groups.
1
can be determined by combining 2D NMR H–1H DQ–SQ
spectroscopy[13] with ab initio calculations. The strong auto-
correlation peak BB observed in Figure 3d for the inner
protons of the phenylene rings indicates that the two
equivalent protons have a spatial proximity below 0.4 nm.
This proximity can only result from an intermolecular contact
as the intramolecular 1H–1H distances for equivalent protons
are around 0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 nm. Likewise, the cross-peak AB
between the benzothiophene protons (A, orange) and the
inner proton of the inner phenylene ring (B, blue) indicates a
short inter-nuclear distance, which fixes the pitch angle
between adjacent macrocycles to approximately 608 (inset
in Figure 3d and Figure 3c). Within the stack, every fourth
molecule is eclipsed, that is, related by translation, to result in
a helical arrangement (Figure 4), as also observed in other
self-assembled organic compounds.[8a,23]
the side chains[14] can be excluded and the channels are clearly
empty.
Replacement of the linear dodecyl chain on the con-
densed bithiophene by short branched 2-methyl-butyl side
chains, as in 1b, does not alter the overall supramolecular
packing of the channels as deduced from XRD. This system,
however, does not show the remarkable ordering of the
macrocycle channels, as the resonances in 13C{1H} CP/MAS
NMR spectra 1b in the LC phase are much broader
(Figures S15 and S16). This observation suggests that the
longer linear alkyl chains attached to the benzodithiophene
units of the macrocycle play an important role in stabilizing
the remarkably ordered intracolumnar packing of 1a in the
LC phase.
The pitch angle of 608 is supported by the results from
additional NMR experiments and ab initio calculations, which
were carried out to investigate the packing of pairs of
macrocycles by considering their energetics and the 1H
chemical shifts of neighboring macrocycles (see the Support-
ing Information for details). Finally, ab initio calculations of
1H chemical shifts were performed for the complete helical
channel structure as shown in Figure 4.[24] These calculations
show excellent agreement between experimental and calcu-
lated values (Table S5).
The helical stack shown in Figure 4a for 1a is composed of
a repeat unit of three molecules, which makes each fourth
macrocycle identical and is consistent with the C2 symmetry of
the macrocycle itself. The six inner aromatic moieties of one
macrocycle have a total of 12 possible p–p contacts above and
below the molecule. Eight of these contacts exploit the
different electron affinities of phenylene and thiophene
moieties (“donor–acceptor”).[26] The outer dendritic phenyl
rings stabilize the four repulsive contacts between like
phenylene groups, which form pairs (two contacts per layer,
in opposite directions) each with two of the in-plane alkoxy
side chains and one out-of-plane side chain (Figure 4b,c).
Such a delicate packing is difficult to envisage if the pitch
angle in the helical stack is different from 608, for example, 08
or 308.
Besides structural elucidation with atomic precision,
NMR spectroscopy can also be used to investigate possible
filling of the channels by solvent molecules, or the aliphatic
side chains, which are invisible in diffraction experiments.[25]
1
The H MAS NMR spectra (Figure S14) do not exhibit any
sharp peaks, which would indicate mobile, trapped molecules,
and the 13C{1H} CP/MAS NMR spectra (Figures S15 and S16)
do not reveal any signals that cannot be assigned other than to
the macrocycle itself. This result is also consistent with NMR
data of the compound in solution. Moreover, no indication of
the proximity of the side chains to the macrocycles is
observed, as would be revealed by p shifts or cross-peaks in
2D 1H–1H DQ–SQ spectra (Figure S20). Thus, back-folding of
Although the macrocycles themselves only possess two-
fold symmetry, it is surprising that they organize in columnar
stacks in the LC phase with essentially sixfold symmetry.
From a comparison of 1a and 1b, we conclude that the high
order in 1a results from a delicate interplay between the cores
of the individual macrocycles (optimal p–p interactions) and
the specific side chains attached to the benzodithiophene and
inner phenylene groups. The short and branched chains of 1b
3032
www.angewandte.org
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3030 –3033

[7] P. R. Ashton, C. L. Brown, S. Menzer, S. A. Nepogodiev, J. F.
Stoddart, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 580 – 591.
[8] a) V. Percec, M. Glodde, T. K. Bera, Y. Miura, I. Shiyanovskaya,
K. D. Singer, V. S. K. Balagurusamy, P. A. Heiney, I. Schnell, A.
Rapp, H. W. Spiess, S. D. Hudson, H. Duan, Nature 2002, 419,
384 – 387; b) L. Sardone, V. Palermo, E. Devaux, D. Credging-
ton, M. De Loos, G. Marletta, F. Cacialli, J. Van Esch, P. Samori,
Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 1276 – 1280.
[9] J. M. Lehn, J. Malthete, A. M. Levelut, J. Chem. Soc. Chem.
Commun. 1985, 1794 – 1796.
[10] S. H. J. Idziak, N. C. Maliszewskyj, P. A. Heiney, J. P. McCauley,
P. A. Sprengeler, A. B. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113,
7666 – 7672.
appear to be less efficient in filling the space between the
columns compared to those of 1a. As a result, the local
mobility of the macrocyclic core for 1b is higher than that of
1a, as deduced from additional solid-state NMR experiments.
These experiments show that 1a has a dynamical order
parameter S ꢀ 1, whereas 1b shows an increased mobility with
S ꢀ 0.8 (Figures S17 and S18).
The results presented here are based on a detailed
structural investigation of shape-persistent macrocycles in
the columnar LC phase by using complementary techniques.
The shape-persistent rings in 1a pack on top of each other
without any spatial offset, thus leading to a tight tubular
supramolecular superstructure. The side chains at the con-
densed bithiophene unit and the additional trialkoxybenzyl
units at the ring periphery allow the formation of nano-
channels by purely dissipative forces (p–p interactions).
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy unambiguously proves that
the channels do not host solvent molecules or back-folded
alkyl chains. Compound 1a forms a particularly highly
ordered columnar structure both in bulk and on graphite
surfaces. Thus, even compounds with a reduced symmetry can
organize in highly ordered columnar stacks with an almost
perfect sixfold symmetry. This organization offers unforeseen
freedom in the design of macrocycles to create highly
functionalized alignable supramolecular nanochannels with
uniform size. The internal order of the channels can be
molecularly controlled and adjusted for future applications in
recognition, stabilization, or organization of nanoparticles.
Ongoing studies of symmetry-reduced macrocycles with
different molecular structures are aimed at testing the
selectivity of incorporation and verifying if tubes with an
even larger inner diameter can be formed.
[11] a) S. Hꢀger, J. Polym. Sci. Part A 1999, 37, 2685 – 2698; b) W.
Zhang, J. S. Moore, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 4524 – 4548;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 4416 – 4439.
[12] a) J. S. Zhang, J. S. Moore, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 2655 –
2656; b) O. Y. Mindyuk, M. R. Stetzer, P. A. Heiney, J. C.
Nelson, J. S. Moore, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 1363 – 1365; c) S. H.
Seo, T. V. Jones, H. Seyler, J. O. Peters, T. H. Kim, J. Y. Chang,
G. N. Tew, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9264 – 9265.
[13] S. P. Brown, H. W. Spiess, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 4125 – 4155.
[14] a) D. L. Morrison, S. Hꢀger, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.
1996, 2313 – 2314; b) S. Hꢀger, V. Enkelmann, K. Bonrad, C.
Tschierske, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 2355 – 2358; Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2267 – 2270; c) M. Fischer, G. Lieser, A. Rapp,
I. Schnell, W. Mamdouh, S. De Feyter, F. C. De Schryver, S.
Hꢀger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 214 – 222; d) S. Hꢀger, X. H.
Cheng, A. D. Ramminger, V. Enkelmann, A. Rapp, M. Mon-
deshki, I. Schnell, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 2862 – 2866; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2801 – 2805.
[15] a) J. Luo, Q. Yan, Y. Zhou, T. Li, N. Zhu, C. Bai, Y. Cao, J. Wang,
J. Pei, D. Zhao, Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 5725 – 5727; b) W.
Pisula, M. Kastler, C. Yang, V. Enkelmann, K. Mꢁllen, Chem.
Asian J. 2007, 2, 51 – 56.
[16] T. Chen, G. Pan, H. Wettach, M. Fritzsche, S. Hꢀger, L. Wan, H.
Yang, B. H. Northrop, P. J. Stang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132,
1328 – 1333.
Received: November 26, 2010
Published online: February 15, 2011
[17] c2mm is the highest 2D symmetry compatible with the reflec-
tions only observed for Miller indices h + k = 2n, see Interna-
tional Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A (Ed.: T. Hahn), Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989, p. 90, and one of the
commonly found plane groups for the 2D lattices in columnar
phases (corresponds to the planar space group C2/m assigned to
these phases, see for example, Ref. [5], Vol. 2, Weinheim, Wiley,
1998, chap. 8.
[18] K. Praefcke, D. Singer in Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Vol. 2B
(Eds.: D. Demus, J. W. Goodby, G. W. Gray, H. W. Spiess, V.
Vill), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998, pp. 945 – 967.
[19] B. Elena, L. Emsley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9140 – 9146.
[20] J. Hirschinger, W. Kranig, H. W. Spiess, Colloid Polym. Sci. 1991,
269, 993 – 1002.
[21] C. Ochsenfeld, S. P. Brown, I. Schnell, J. Gauss, H. W. Spiess,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2597 – 2606.
[22] P. Lazzeretti, Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 2000, 36, 1 –
88.
[23] a) F. J. M. Hoeben, P. Jonkheijm, E. W. Meijer, A. Schenning,
Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1491 – 1546; b) X. Feng, V. Marcon, W.
Pisula, M. R. Hansen, J. Kirkpatrick, F. Grozema, D. Andrienko,
K. Kremer, K. Mꢁllen, Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 421 – 426.
[24] D. Sebastiani, K. N. Kudin, ACS Nano 2008, 2, 661 – 668.
[25] A. Hoffmann, D. Sebastiani, E. Sugiono, S. Yun, K. S. Kim,
H. W. Spiess, I. Schnell, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 388, 164 – 169.
[26] C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112,
5525 – 5534.
Keywords: helical structures · liquid crystals · macrocycles ·
.
nanopores · solid-state NMR spectroscopy
[1] M. Zasloff, Nature 2002, 415, 389 – 395.
[2] a) J. M. Rausch, J. R. Marks, W. C. Wimley, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 2005, 102, 10511 – 10515; b) M. A. B. Block, C. Kaiser, A.
Khan, S. Hecht, Top. Curr. Chem. 2005, 245, 89 – 150.
[3] a) T. Naddo, Y. Che, W. Zhang, K. Balakrishnan, X. Yang, M.
Yen, J. Zhao, J. S. Moore, L. Zang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129,
6978 – 6979; b) Y. Baudry, G. Bollot, V. Gorteau, S. Litvinchuk, J.
Mareda, M. Nishihara, D. Pasini, F. Perret, D. Ronan, N. Sakai,
M. R. Shah, A. Som, N. Sorde, P. Talukdar, D. H. Tran, S. Matile,
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 169 – 179.
[4] a) G. Ferey, C. Mellot-Draznieks, C. Serre, F. Millange, J.
Dutour, S. Surble, I. Margiolaki, Science 2005, 309, 2040 – 2042;
b) V. Percec, A. E. Dulcey, V. S. K. Balagurusamy, Y. Miura, J.
Smidrkal, M. Peterca, S. Nummelin, U. Edlund, S. D. Hudson,
P. A. Heiney, D. A. Hu, S. N. Magonov, S. A. Vinogradov, Nature
2004, 430, 764 – 768; c) D. Y. Zhao, J. L. Feng, Q. S. Huo, N.
Melosh, G. H. Fredrickson, B. F. Chmelka, G. D. Stucky, Science
1998, 279, 548 – 552.
[5] D. Demus, J. Goodby, G. W. Gray, H. W. Spiess, V. Vill,
Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998.
[6] M. R. Ghadiri, J. R. Granja, R. A. Milligan, D. E. McRee, N.
Khazanovich, Nature 1993, 366, 324 – 327.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3030 –3033
ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
www.angewandte.org
3033