Synthesis and antifungal evaluation of 1-aryl-2-dimethylaminomethyl-2- propen-1-one hydrochlorides

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules16064660

The development of resistance to current antifungal therapeutics drives the search for new effective agents. The fact that several acetophenone-derived Mannich bases had shown remarkable antifungal activities in our previous studies led us to design and s

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules16064660

Molecules 2011, 16, 4660-4671; doi:10.3390/molecules16064660
OPEN ACCESS
molecules
ISSN 1420-3049
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
Article
Synthesis and Antifungal Evaluation of 1-Aryl-2-dimethyl-
aminomethyl-2-propen-1-one Hydrochlorides
Ebru Mete 1,*, Halise Inci Gul 2, Sinan Bilginer 2, Oztekin Algul 3, Mehmet Emin Topaloglu 2,
Medine Gulluce 4 and Cavit Kazaz 1
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University,
25240, Erzurum, Turkey
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University,
33169, Mersin, Turkey
4
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ebru25@atauni.edu.tr;
Tel.: +90-442-2314407; Fax: +90-442-2360962.
Received: 15 March 2011; in revised form: 27 May 2011 / Accepted: 31 May 2011 /
Published: 3 June 2011
Abstract: The development of resistance to current antifungal therapeutics drives the
search for new effective agents. The fact that several acetophenone-derived Mannich bases
had shown remarkable antifungal activities in our previous studies led us to design and
synthesize some acetophenone-derived Mannich bases, 1-8 and 2-acetylthiophene-derived
Mannich base 9, 1-aryl-2-dimethylaminomethyl-2-propen-1-one hydrochloride, to evaluate
their antifungal activities. The designed chemical structures have α,β-unsaturated ketone
moieties, which are responsible for the bioactivities of the Mannich bases. The aryl part
was C6H5 (1); 4-CH3C6H4 (2); 4-CH3OC6H4 (3); 4-ClC6H4 (4); 4-FC6H4 (5); 4-BrC6H4 (6);
4-HOC6H4 (7); 4-NO2C6H4 (8); and C4H3S(2-yl) (9). In this study the designed compounds
were synthesized by the conventional heating method and also by the microwave
irradiation method to compare these methods in terms of reaction times and yields to find
an optimum synthetic method, which can be applied for the synthesis of Mannich bases in
further studies. Since there are limited number of studies reporting the synthesis of
Mannich bases by microwave irradiation, this study may also contribute to the general
literature on Mannich bases. Compound 7 was reported for the first time. Antifungal
activities of all compounds and synthesis of the compounds by microwave irradiation were

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Molecules 2011, 16
also reported for the first time by this study. Fungi (15 species) were used for antifungal
activity test. Amphotericin B was tested as an antifungal reference compound. In
conclusion, compounds 1-6, and 9, which had more potent (2–16 times) antifungal activity
than the reference compound amphotericin B against some fungi, can be model compounds
for further studies to develop new antifungal agents. In addition, microwave irradiation can
be considered to reduce reaction period, while the conventional method can still be
considered to obtain compounds with higher reaction yields in the synthesis of new
Mannich bases.
Keywords: acetophenone; antifungal activity; conventional heating; mannich bases;
synthesis; microwave irradiation
1. Introduction
Mannich bases are generally formed by the reaction between formaldehyde, a secondary amine and
a compound containing reactive hydrogen atoms. On occasion, aldehydes other than formaldehyde
may be employed and the secondary amine may be replaced by ammonia and primary amines. This
process is known as the Mannich reaction [1]. Mannich bases display varied biological activities
such as antimicrobial [2-5], cytotoxic [6-13], anticancer [1,14,15], anti-inflammatory [16,17] and
anticonvulsant [18,19] and DNA topoisomerase I inhibiting properties [20,21]. A Mannich base having
at least one hydrogen atom at the β-position of amine group can undergo a deamination process to
generate an α,β-unsaturated ketone moity. The biological activities of Mannich bases have mostly been
attributed to α,β-unsaturated ketones [1,15]. A Mannich base itself may have this chemical moity or
can generate it by the deamination process in vivo or under simulated conditions in vitro if the
chemical structure of the compound permits this. α,β-Unsaturated ketones can alkylate nucleophiles,
especially thiols, for bioactivity [7,15,22-25].
Primary and opportunistic fungal infections continue to increase rapidly because of the increased
number of immune compromised patients such as AIDS, cancer and transplants [26]. The development
of resistance to current antifungal therapeutics continues to drive the search for more effective new
agents. It is reported that Mannich bases such as Mannich bases of conjugated styryl ketones [22],
isatin N-Mannich bases [27], bis(β-aroylethyl)methyl or ethyl amine hydrochlorides and 3-aroyl-4-
aryl-1-(methyl or ethyl or phenethyl)-4-piperidinol hydrochlorides have antifungal activity [2,4,5].
The fact that acetophenone-derived several Mannich bases had shown remarkable antifungal
activities in our previous studies led us to design and synthesize some acetophenone-derived Mannich
bases having acrylophenone structures, namely 1-aryl-2-dimethylaminomethyl-2-propen-1-one
hydrochlorides, to evaluate their antifungal activity. These designed chemical structures have an
α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety in their chemical structures, which has crucial importance for their
bioactivity. According to our knowledge, there are no studies reporting the antifungal activity of
Mannich bases having acrylophenone structures. Although there are a lot of studies on the synthesis of
several types of compounds by microwave irradiation, there are a very limited number of studies
related to the synthesis of Mannich bases by microwave irradiation [28-31]. In this study, we also

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Molecules 2011, 16
aimed to synthesize the designed compounds by two different experimental procedures, namely the
conventional method and the microwave irradiation method, in order to compare the two synthetic
methods used in terms of reaction time and yield of the reactions. The knowledge obtained may
provide guidelines to researchers who are interested in Mannich base chemistry. In our design the aryl
part was changed among phenyl, p-substituted phenyls and 2-thienyl. The logic to use phenyl or
substituted phenyl as the aryl part of the compounds was to see how the bioactivity was affected by the
electronic nature of the substituent on the phenyl ring. The logic of the replacement of the phenyl
ring by a 2-thienyl in our design was to see how the bioactivity was affected by the replacement of
bioisosteric rings. In this study, dimethylamine hydrochloride was used as an amine compound for the
reactions. The nitrogen atom in the salt form of a Mannich base has four bonds, therefore, it has a
positive inductive effect. Thus, the intermediate compound of the reaction will be stabilized by the
interaction of nitrogen with oxygen (N+…….O-) or formation of hydrogen bonds between oxygen and
hydrogen atoms (O…….H). These effects will increase the electrophilicity of the β carbon atom of
Mannich bases having α,β-unsaturated ketone structures. It is expected that bioactivity will increase
as the ratio of thiol addition increases if it is considered that the bioactivity mechanism of these
compounds is thiol alkylation.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemistry
Of the compounds synthesized, compound 7 was reported for the first time. Two experimental
methods were applied for the synthesis of the compounds 1-9. They were the conventional method
(method A) and the microwave irradiation method (method B). The microwave irradiation method was
applied for the first time to synthesize these compounds. Physical data of the reactions is shown at
Table 1 (for the conventional method), and Table 2 (for the microwave irradiation method). Antifungal
activities of all compounds were also reported for the first time and these results are shown at Table 3
(disk diffusion) and Table 4 (agar dilution assay).
Some of the synthesized compounds in this study were synthesized and used as chemical
intermediates for the synthesis of bis-imidazole derivatives to investigate their antifungal and
antimycobacterial activities in a separate study [32]. In another study, some of these compounds were
synthesized to investigate their cytotoxicity [33]. The synthetic methods used were similar in both
studies. The compounds were synthesized by the conventional method in which the heating period
varied from 12 h to 16 h [32]. In our study, the conventional method was one of the applied synthetic
1
procedures and reactions were monitored by H-NMR, in addition to TLC. The reaction period was
24–72 h in the conventional method, while it was 10–120 min in the microwave irradiation method in
this study. It was clear that reaction period to obtain the desired compounds was dramatically
shortened by microwave irradiation. The yields of the reactions were between 30–66% by the
conventional method, while they were between 15–33% by the microwave irradiation method. A
common point of these two experimental methods was the production of 3-dimethylamino-1-aryl-1-
propanone hydrochlorides as an additional reaction product in the reaction medium. Compounds were
synthesized in higher yields in the case of conventional method, except for compound 4. It can be

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Molecules 2011, 16
suggested that microwave irradiation can be considered to make reactions in a shorter period of time.
On the other hand, conventional method can be considered when the yield of the reaction is more
important than reaction time.
2.2. Antifungal Activity
The antifungal activity of the compounds was tested in the 3.12–200 µg/mL concentration range.
Amphotericin B was used as a reference antifungal compound. The disk diffusion result and Minimal
Inhibition Concentration (MIC) results are shown at Tables 3 and 4. According to the MIC results,
some of the compounds had more potent antifungal activity than the reference compound amphotericin
B, while others had equal antifungal activity to amphotericin B or lower activity than amphotericin B.
The microorganism/s affected, the compounds which had more potent antifungal activity than the
reference compound amphotericin B against the issued microorganism, and the ratio of potency (in
paranthesis) were as follows: Clodosporum herbarum 6 (2), 4 (4), 2 and 5 (16); Fusarium monifolia 2
and 5 (8), 1, 3, 6, 9 (4); Fusarium proliferatum 3 (2), 6 and 9 (8), 5 (16); Fusarium solani 2, 6, and 9
(4), 5 (8); Peacilomyces sulpherolloides 6 and 9 (2), 2 and 5 (4); Penicillum expansum (lemon) 2, 5
and 6 (2); Penicillum expansum (Clinic) 2, 5, 6, and 9 (4); Penicillum italicum’a 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 (2).
The compounds which had equal antifungal activity with the reference compound amphotericin B,
and the microorganism affected were as follows: 2 against Alternaria alternata; 1, 3, and 9 against
Clodosporum herbarum; 1 and 4 against Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium solani; 1 and 3 against
Peacilomyces sulpherolloides; 3 and 9 against Penicillum expansum (lemon); 3 against Penicillum
expansum (Clinic).
The microorganism/s affected and the most effective compound/s against them were as follows:
Alternaria alternata (2), Clodosporum herbarum, Fusarium monifolia and Peacilomyces
sulpherolloides (2, 5), Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium solani (5), Penicillum expansum (lemon)
(2, 5, 6), Penicillum expansum (Clinic) (2, 5, 6, 9), Penicillum italicum (2, 3, 4, 5, 9). None of the
compounds showed antifungal activity against Rhizopus sp. and Trichoderma harzianum in the
concentration range studied. Although some of the compounds were effective against Aspergillus
fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Phoma sp. and Mucor sp., their effectiveness were lower than the
reference compound amphotericin B. Bioactivity was not dependent on electronic nature of the
substituent on phenyl ring.
The reported mechanism of the antifungal and/or cytotoxic activities of Mannich bases in the
literature is thiol alkylation [2,7,23-25,34-37]. There is a reported stability study, which was realized
with the compound 8 in our study [37]. That study supports that the antifungal activity mechanism of
the synthesized compounds may indeed be thiol alkylation, since the compound 8 produced the
corresponding thiol adduct. The compounds synthesized in this study most probably display their
antifungal activity by alkylation of the thiol groups of proteins in fungi.

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Molecules 2011, 16
Table 1. Physical data of the reactions by conventional method.
Ar
Ketone Paraformaldehyde
(mmol) (mmol)
Dimethylamine
hydrochloride (mmol)
Acetic acid
(mL)
43
38
33
33
35
25
38
Time
(hours)
24
24
48
24
24
24
72
Yield
%
62
33
62
25
66
30
53
Compound
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
C6H5
4-CH3C6H4
4-CH3OC6H4 13
4-ClC6H4
4-FC6H4
4-BrC6H4
4-HOC6H4
4-NO2C6H4
C4H3S(2-yl)
17
15
34
30
26
26
28
20
30
24
32
17
15
13
13
14
10
15
12
16
13
14
10
15
12
16
30
40
24
24
45
48
Table 2. Physical data of the reactions by microwave irradiation method.
Dimethylamine
hydrochloride
(mmol)
Ketone Paraformaldehyde
(mmol) (mmol)
Microwave Condition
P (t)a
Crystallization
solvent
Yield
(%)
Compound Ar
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
C6H5
4-CH3C6H4
4-CH3OC6H4 3.3
4-ClC6H4
4-FC6H4
4-BrC6H4
4-HOC6H4
4-NO2C6H4
C4H3S(2-yl)
4.2
3.7
8.4
7.4
6.6
6.4
7.2
5.0
7.4
12.0
15.8
4.2
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.6
2.5
3.7
6.0
7.9
70W (60 min)
70W(120 min)
70W(100 min)
70W(10 min)
70W(40 min)
70W(70 min)
70W(120 min)
70W(50 min)
70W(10 min)
EtOAc/ Et2O
MeOH/ Et2O
Acetone/ Et2O
EtOH/ Et2O
EtOH/ Et2O
EtOAc/ Et2O
MeOH/ Et2O
MeOH/ Et2O
MeOH/ Et2O
24
28
26
33
32
21
15
37
30
3.2
3.6
2.5
3.7
6.0
7.9
a P: Power used (Watt, W), t: Irradiation time (Minutes, min).

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Molecules 2011, 16
Table 3. Antifungal activity of synthesized compounds against fungi isolates. The test was
based on disk diffusion method.
Compound
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Fungi
DDa DDa DDa DDa DDa DDa DDa DDa DDa
Alternaria alternata TK1
Aspergillus fumigatus TK2
Aspergillus niger TK3
Clodosporum herbarum TK6
Fusarium monifolia TK7
Fusarium proliferatum TK8
Fusarium solani TK9
Mucor sp. TK11
Peacilomyces sulpherolloides TK21 20
Penicillum expansum (lemon) TK13
Penicillum expansum (Clinic) TK14
Penicillum italicum TK15
Phoma sp. TK20
11
26
14
8
18
13
10
7
14
13
10
17
18
7
9
21
12
14
11
10
10
20
14
16
16
9
10
8
15
17
17
17
23
8
12
38
9
8
7
13
11
13
13
19
21
21
19
18
34
10
21
32
9
9
10
9
13
18
18
20
16
26
9
15
40
9
12
12
26
26
10
19
50
10
10
12
10
10
14
28
9
14
Rhizopus sp. TK17
Trichoderma harzianum TK18
a DD = Inhibition diameter for sample 300 µg/disc (mm).
Table 4. Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of synthesized compounds
against fungi isolates tested in agar dilution assay (µg/mL).
Compound
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Amp Ba
Fungi
Alternaria alternata TK1
Aspergillus fumigatus TK2
Aspergillus niger TK3
Clodosporum herbarum TK6
Fusarium monifolia TK7
Fusarium proliferatum TK8
Fusarium solani TK9
Mucor sp. TK11
12.5 3.12 6.25 50
12.5
6.25 6.25
12.5 50
100
12.5 3.12
100 6.25
100 12.5
200 200
12.5 50
200 200 100
200 12.5 200 50
12.5 100
12.5 6.25 12.5 100 6.25 12.5
100
50
50
100 6.25 12.5
12.5 100
12.5 50
12.5 100 50
12.5 25
6.25 12.5
12.5
25
12.5 6.25
Peacilomyces sulpherolloides TK21 12.5 3.12 12.5 50
3.12 6.25 100 200 6.25 12.5
Penicillum expansum (lemon) TK13
Penicillum expansum (Clinic) TK14
Penicillum italicum TK15
Phoma sp. TK20
100 200
12.5 50
100 100
12.5 12.5
200 200
12.5 50
12.5 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 50
100 100 200 200
50
100 3.12 6,25
200 50
Rhizopus sp. TK17
3,12
Trichoderma harzianum TK18
3,12
a Amp B: amphotericin B.
To understand how the replacement of the phenyl ring by its bioisoster thiophene ring affects the
antifungal activity, the antifungal activities of the compounds 1 and 9 against fungi, except Rhizopus
sp. and Trichoderma harzianum, were compared. Both compounds had equal antifungal activity

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Molecules 2011, 16
against Alternaria alternata, Clodosporum herbarum and Fusarium monifolia. It means that the
replacement of the rings did not affect the activity in this case. On the other hand, the replacement of
the phenyl ring by thiophene ring increased the antifungal activity two-fold against Aspergillus niger,
Mucor sp., and Peacilomyces sulpherolloides; four-fold against Fusarium solani and Penicillum
italicum, and eight-fold against Fusarium proliferatum. However, compound 1, which has a phenyl
ring, was ineffective against Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillum expansum (lemon), Penicillum
expansum (Clinic), and Phoma sp. in the concentration range studied, while compound 9, which has
thiophene ring, had shown activity at 12.5–200 µg/mL against the same fungi. According to the results
obtained, it can be said that the effect of the replacement of the phenyl ring by its bioisoster thiophene
ring on antifungal activity of the compounds was not consistent.
To conclude, the compounds 1-6, and 9, which had more potent (2–16 times) antifungal activity
than the reference compound amphotericin B against some fungi, can be model compounds for further
studies to develop new antifungal agents. In addition, microwave irradiation can be considered to
reduce reaction time, while conventional method can be considered to obtain compounds with higher
reaction yields.
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemistry
Chemicals used in this study were as follows: acetophenone, 4'-methylacetophenone, 4'-nitroaceto-
phenone, 4'-chloroacetophenone, 2-acetylthiophene (Fluka, Steinheim, Switzerland), 4'-methoxy-
acetophenone, 4'-fluoroacetophenone, 4'-bromoacetophenone (Acros, Geel, Belgium), 4'-hydroxy-
acetophenone (Merck, Hohenbrunn, Germany), paraformaldehyde (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany),
methanol, ethyl acetate (Riedel-deHaën, Seelze, Germany), diethyl ether (Fluka, Steinheim,
Switzerland), ethanol, acetone (J. T. Baker, Deventer, Holland), acetic acid (Merck, Darmstadt,
Germany), and amphotericin B (Sigma–Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany). Melting points were
determined on a Büchi 530 (Flawil, Switzerland). The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded at 200
(50) MHz on a Gemini-Varian spectrometer (Danbury, CT, USA). High resolution mass spectrum
(HRMS) of compound 7 was recorded on a HPLC-TOF Waters Micromass LCT Premier XE (Milford,
MA, USA) mass spectrometer using an electrospray ion source (ESI).
3.2. Synthesis of 1-Aryl-2-dimethylaminomethyl-2-propen-1-one Hydrochlorides (Figure 1)
Compounds were synthesized by two experimental ways, namely the conventional method (method
A) and the microwave irradiation method (method B). Reactions were followed by TLC and 1H-NMR.
Chemical structures of the compounds synthesized were confirmed by reported 1H-NMR and melting
points [32]. They were in accordance with the reported literature values. For compound 7, which was
reported for the first time, 13C-NMR and HRMS were also taken additionally.

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Figure 1. Chemical structures of the synthesized compounds 1-9.
O
CH3
C
.
N
Ar
HCl
CH3
CH2
Ar: C6H5 (1); 4-CH3C6H4 (2); 4-CH3OC6H4 (3); 4-ClC6H4 (4); 4-FC6H4 (5); 4-BrC6H4 (6); 4-HOC6H4
(7); 4-NO2C6H4 (8); C4H3S(2-yl) (9).
3.2.1. Conventional Method (Method A)
To a solution of suitable ketone in acetic acid, paraformaldehyde and dimethylamine hydrochloride
were added. The mole ratios of the reagents used were in 1:2:1, respectively. The mixture was heated
under stirring for several hours. Thereafter, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The
crude compounds obtained were crystallized from methanol-diethyl ether. Physical data of the
reactions by conventional method such as the amounts (mmol) of ketone, paraformaldehyde and
dimethylamine hydrochloride used, acetic acid (mL), reflux times (hours), and yields of the reactions
(%) were summarized at Table 1. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS results of the compound 7, which is
1
a new compound, were as follows: H-NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 2.76 (s, 6H, (CH3)2N), 4.07 (s,
2H, CH2), 6.11 (s, 1H, =CH2), 6.57 (s, 1H, =CH2), 6.94 (d, 2H, arom., J = 8.8 Hz), 7.75 (d, 2H, arom.,
J = 8.8 Hz), 10.51 (br s, 1H, OH), 10.72 (br s, 1H, NH+). 13C-NMR (50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 44.0, 58.2,
117.2, 128.4, 134.2, 136.1, 138.7, 164.4, 195.5. HRMS (ESI+) calcd for C12H15NO2 [M+H+] 206.1181,
found 206.1171. Melting point of compound 7 was 186–8 °C.
3.2.2. Microwave Irradiation Method (Method B)
Suitable ketone, paraformaldehyde and dimethylamine hydrochloride in 1:2:1, respectively, were
heated in acetic acid at 120 °C and at 70 Watt for 10–120 minutes. Reactions were monitored by TLC
and 1H-NMR. Irradiation power and reaction time were changed accordingly to obtain the compounds
with possible maximal yield this situation was shown at Table 2. When the reaction was stopped,
solvent was removed and crude compound was purified by crystallization from suitable solvent. The
physical data of the reactions by microwave irradiation method such as the amounts (mmol) of ketone,
paraformaldehyde and dimethylamine hydrochloride used, microwave condition (power used (watt)
and irradiation time (minute)), crystallization solvents and yields of the reactions (%) were
summarized in Table 2.
3.3. Antifungal Activity Assay
3.3.1. Microbial Strains
The antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds against 15 fungi species were tested by
using disc-diffusion and Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) Agar Dilution Assay [5,38,39]. The
list of microorganisms used in this study is given in Tables 3 and 4. Microorganisms were provided by
the Department of Biology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Identity of the microorganisms used

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Molecules 2011, 16
in this study was confirmed by Microbial Identification System in Biotechnology Application and
Research Center at Ataturk University.
3.3.2. Disc Diffusion Assay
The samples were dissolved in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a final concentration of
30 mg/mL and sterilized by filtration with 0.22 µm Millipore filters. Antifungal tests were then carried
out by a disc diffusion method using 100 µL of suspension containing 104 spore/mL of fungi spread on
potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The discs (6 mm in diameter) were impregnated with 10 µL of
the samples (300 µg/disc) at a concentration of 30 mg/mL and placed on the inoculated agar. Negative
controls were prepared using 10% DMSO. The inoculated plates were incubated at 37 °C 72 h for
fungi isolates. Plant associated microorganisms were incubated at 27 °C. Antifungal activity was
evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition against the test organisms. Each assay in this experiment
was repeated twice [38].
3.3.3. MIC Agar Dilution Assay
Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of the fungi isolates were studied based on the agar
dilution method. The samples were added aseptically to sterile molten PDA medium, containing
Tween 20 (Sigma 0.5%, v/v), at the appropriate volume to produce the concentration range of
3.12–200 µg/mL. The resulting PDA solutions were immediately poured into Petri plates after
vortexing. The plates were spot inoculated with 5 µL (104 spore/mL) of each fungal isolate.
Amphotericin B (Sigma A 4888) was used as a reference antifungal drug since it is a clinally used drug
as used in our earlier studies [2-5]. The inoculated plates were incubated at 27 and 37 °C for 72 h for
plant and clinical fungi isolates, respectively. At the end of the incubation period, the plates were
evaluated for the presence or absence of growth. MIC values were determined as the lowest
concentration of the synthesized compounds where the absence of growth was recorded. Each test was
repeated at least twice [39].
4. Conclusions
Compounds 1-6, and 9, which had more potent (2–16 times) antifungal activity than the reference
compound amphotericin B against some fungi, can be model compounds for further studies to develop
new antifungal agents. In addition, microwave irradiation can be considered to reduce reaction period,
while the conventional method can still be considered to obtain compounds with higher reaction yields
in the synthesis of new Mannich bases.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the Ataturk University Research Fund (Project number: 2008/200).
Authors are thankful to M. Sukuroglu (Gazi University) and F.Sahin (Yeditepe University) for the
MS spectra.

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Molecules 2011, 16
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 1–9 are available from the authors.
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