J. Liu et al. / Carbohydrate Research 350 (2012) 20–24
23
3.4. Fructose analysis
Acknowledgments
The Fructose concentration after reaction was determined using
high performance ion chromatography (Dionex ICS3000) equipped
with electrochemical detector and CarboPac PA-20 column (col-
umn temperature was set at 303 K and flow rate at 0.5 mL/min).
Fructose retention time is 10.3 min.
This work was funded by grants KSCX2-YW-G-066 from The
Chinese Academy of Science, 30970050 from the National Natural
Science Foundation of China, 1102 from Fund Foundation of Tianjin
University. We thank Dr. Xiaobo Wan for prof-reading.
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NMR (600 MHz, D2O, ppm) d 3.28 (s, 3H), 3.63–3.66 (m, 2H), 3.71
(d, 1H, J = 12.6 Hz), 3.77–3.87 (m, 3H), 3.91 (d, 1H, J = 10.2 Hz),
3.97 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, D2O, ppm) d 48.3, 60.7, 63.7,
68.2, 69.0, 69.5, 100.3.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated that HMF and EMF can be
obtained in good yields through the NH4Cl promoted dehydration
of
D-fructose either in ethanol or in isopropanol. Isopropanol
showed better selectivity toward HMF. No mineral acids such as
HCl or H2SO4 are required. Although challenges remain for
commercial application, this research opens a new environment-
friendly path for HMF and EMF production as biomass-derived
liquid transportation fuels.
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