Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking study of 2-substituted-4, 6-diarylpyrimidines as α-glucosidase inhibitors

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules22111865

A novel series of 2-substituted-4, 6-diarylpyrimidines 6a-6t has been synthesized, characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and HRMS, and screened for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The majority of the screened compounds possessed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 19.6 ± 0.21 to 38.9 ± 0.35 μM, which is more potent than the positive control α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose (IC₅₀ = 817.38 ± 6.27 μM). Among them, 6j was found to be the most active compound against α-glucosidase with an IC50 of 19.6 ± 0.21 μM. In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out to explore the binding interactions of 2-substituted-4, 6-diarylpyrimidine derivatives with α-glucosidase.

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules22111865

molecules
Article
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular
Docking Study of 2-Substituted-4,6-Diarylpyrimidines
as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Zipeng Gong 1,2,3, Zhenzhen Xie 4, Jie Qiu 4 and Guangcheng Wang 4,
*
1
Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics in Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University,
Beijing Road, Guiyang 550004, China; gzp4012607@126.com
School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, 4 Beijing Road, Guiyang 550004, China
National Engineering Research Center of Miao’s Medicines, 4 Beijing Road, Guiyang 550004, China
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China;
xiezz1993@126.com (Z.X.); qiujie_jsu@126.com (J.Q.)
2
3
4
*
Correspondence: wanggch123@163.com; Tel.: +86-743-856-3911
Received: 30 September 2017; Accepted: 27 October 2017; Published: 30 October 2017
Abstract: A novel series of 2-substituted-4,6-diarylpyrimidines 6a
characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS, and screened for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity. The majority of the screened compounds possessed significant -glucosidase inhibitory
activity with IC50 values ranging from 19.6 0.21 to 38.9 0.35 M, which is more potent than
the positive control -glucosidase inhibitor acarbose (IC50 = 817.38 6.27 M). Among them, 6j
was found to be the most active compound against -glucosidase with an IC50 of 19.6 0.21 M.
–6t has been synthesized,
α
±
±
µ
α
±
µ
α
±
µ
In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out to explore the binding interactions of
2-substituted-4,6-diarylpyrimidine derivatives with α-glucosidase.
Keywords: α-glucosidase; molecular docking; pyrimidine; chalcone
1. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood
sugar) that result from insulin deficiency (type I) and/or insensitivity of insulin receptors (type II) [
Long-term chronic hyperglycemia can cause serious complications, including damage to the nerves,
the vessels, and several organs, including the eyes, heart and kidneys [ ]. -Glucosidase is a
membrane-bound enzyme located at the epithelium of small intestine and catalyzes the final step in the
digestion of carbohydrates. Thus, -glucosidase inhibitors have been used as a first-line drug in type
II diabetes treatment, because they can delay the carbohydrate digestion process in the small intestine
and control postprandial blood glucose level [ ]. Currently, several -glucosidase inhibitors containing
1].
2
α
α
3
α
sugar moieties, including acarbose, voglibose, and miglitol, are used clinically in the treatment of
diabetes [4].
Pyrimidines are very important pharmacophores in medicinal chemistry, and exhibit a broad
spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial [
5], antifungal [6], anti-inflammatory [7],
antihypertensive [ ], antiviral [ ], antidiabetic [10], anticonvulsant [11] and anticancer activities [12].
8
9
In addition to this, pyrimidine skeleton is also present in many natural products such as vitamin B1
(thiamine) and many clinically used drugs, such as trimethoprim, sulfadiazine, lamivudine, flucytosine
(Figure 1) [13]. In particular, some pyrimidine and fused pyrimidine derivatives have been reported
as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors [14–18]. Yar et al. reported the synthesis of dihydropyrimidines
by an inexpensive and non-toxic N-acetyl glycine (NAG) catalysed reaction of aromatic aldehydes
with ethylacetoacetate and urea/thiourea, and the majority of compounds synthesized displayed
Molecules 2017, 22, 1865; doi:10.3390/molecules22111865
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
2 of 10
modest inhibitory activity against
α
-glucosidase at low micro-molar concentrations [14]. Suresh et al.
developed a simple and facile method for the synthesis of fused tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
based on the multicomponent reaction of acetophenone, dimethylformamidedimethylacetal and
5-aminotetrazole, and some of compounds were found to be active, showing inhibitory potency
comparable to acarbose [18].
Figure 1. The structures of some commercial drugs containing pyrimidine pharmacophore.
Prompted by these observations, and in continuation of our interest in the synthesis of chemically
and biologically important heterocycles [19–22], we herein report the synthesis of a novel series
of 2-substituted-4,6-diarylpyrimidine derivatives. All the synthesized compounds were tested for
their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Molecular docking was also performed on the most
active compound to investigate the existence of interactions between the most active inhibitor and
α-glucosidase.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemistry
A general synthesis of 2-substituted-4,6-diarylpyrimidines 6a
The reaction of commercially available acetophenones with various aromatic aldehydes
presence of KOH in methanol provided corresponding substituted chalcone . Treatment of substituted
chalcone with thiourea in the presence of KOH in reflux EtOH afforded intermediate , which reacted
with various benzyl chlorides or benzyl bromides to provide the products 6a 6t. None of the
–
6t is shown in Scheme 1.
1
2
in the
3
3
4
5
–
compounds have yet been reported in the literature. Structures of the compounds were elucidated by
1
1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS (Supplementary Materials). For instance, the H-NMR spectrum
of 6a showed a singlet at
protons appeared as two multiplets for three protons between
and a doublet of one proton at 7.63 ppm with a J value of 7.2 Hz. The protons of the 4-bromophenyl
δ
4.68 ppm due to methylene protons of SCH2. Four 2-chlorobenzyl
δ
7.27–7.30 ppm and 7.49–7.51 ppm,
δ
δ
groups appeared as two doublets for four protons each at δ 7.76 and δ 8.27 ppm. The single peak of the
CH proton of pyrimidine was observed at δ 8.37 ppm.
Scheme 1. (a) KOH, MeOH, room temperature, 48 h, yield = 53–75%; (b) KOH, EtOH, reflux, 4 h,
yield = 68–81%; (c) K2CO3, DMF, room temperature, 12 h, yield = 45–75% (6a–6j, 6l–6q, 6s, 6t: X = Cl;
6k, 6r: X = Br).

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
3 of 10
The 13C-NMR spectrum of 6a showed a characteristic peak for methylene carbon at
δ
32.9 ppm.
The number of remaining signals equalled the number of different carbons in the compound 6a
.
Therefore, the data for 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR are in agreement with the structure of compound 6a.
2.2. α-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay
All of the newly synthesized 2-substituted-4,6-diarylpyrimidines were tested for their in vitro
-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Results are summarized in Table 1. The majority of the screened
α
compounds possessed significant
19.6 0.21 to 38.9 0.35 M, more potent than the positive control
acarbose (IC50 = 817.38 6.27 M, the value of IC50 was similar to that reported previously in
the literature [23,24]), which is currently clinically used as an anti-diabetic agent to control blood
glucose level of patients. Compounds 6a 6b 6d 6j 6k 6s and 6t displayed potent inhibitory activities,
with IC50 values of 20.4 0.23, 23.7 0.27, 29.0 0.28, 19.6 0.21, 21.2 0.25, 26.2 0.27 and
25.3 0.28 M, respectively. Among them, 6j was found to be the most active compound against
-glucosidase, with an IC50 of 19.6 0.21 M. The remaining compounds displayed moderate to low
α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.
α
-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values ranging from
±
±
µ
α
-glucosidase inhibitor
±
µ
,
,
,
,
,
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
µ
α
±
µ
Table 1. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of 2-substituted-4,6-diarylpyrimidines 6a–6t.
Compound
R1
R2
R3
IC50 (µM)
6a
6b
6c
6d
6e
6f
6g
6h
6i
6j
6k
6l
6m
6n
6o
6p
6q
6r
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
3-Br
3-Br
3-Br
3-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
4-Br
3-Br
3-Br
4-Br
4-Br
2-Cl
4-Cl
3-F
2-F
4-F
2-Cl
3-F
4-Cl
2-F
4-Cl
2-Br
4-F
2-F
3-F
H
2,4-Cl2
4-F
4-Br
2-Cl
3-F
20.4 ± 0.23
23.7 ± 0.27
37.6 ± 0.34
29.0 ± 0.28
32.0 ± 0.26
38.8 ± 0.37
38.9 ± 0.35
>50
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
4-Me
3-Br
>50
19.6 ± 0.21
21.2 ± 0.25
>50
>50
>50
>50
>50
32.1 ± 0.34
>50
6s
6t
26.2 ± 0.27
25.3 ± 0.28
817.38 ± 6.27
3-Br
Acarbose
2.3. Molecular Docking
A molecular docking study was performed to analyze the binding modes of this class of compound
against -glucosidase enzyme. The theoretical binding mode between 6j and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-glucosidase is shown in Figure 2. Compound 6j adopted a “Y-shaped” conformation in the pocket of
α
α
the α-glucosidase. The 4-chlorophenyl group of 6j was located at the hydrophobic pocket, surrounded

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
4 of 10
by the residues Phe-157, Leu-176, Phe-177, Leu-218 and Pro-240, forming a stable hydrophobic binding.
Detailed analysis showed that the pyrimidine group in the middle of 6j formed CH- interactions
with the residues Phe-157 and Phe-300. In addition, cation- interactions were observed between 6j
and the residues Arg-312 and Arg-439. Also, 6j formed anion- interactions with the residues Asp-214,
π
π
π
Glu-304 and Asp-349, respectively. All these interactions helped 6j to anchor in the binding site of
the α-glucosidase.
Figure 2. Compound 6j was docked to the binding pocket of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase.
To explain the activity order of 6j and 6k against
binding site of -glucosidase; the theoretical binding mode between 6k and
in Figure 3A. The interaction between 6k and -glucosidase was almost the same as for the precursor
α
-glucosidase, 6k was then docked to the
α
α
-glucosidase was shown
α
6j (Figure 3B). The only difference was that 6j formed the Cl-
while 6k didn’t, making 6j a little more active than 6k against
π
interaction with the residue His-239,
-glucosidase (Figure 3B). In addition,
α
the estimated binding energies were
consistent with the results of the in vitro anti-
simulations give us a rational explanation of the interactions between 6j
provides valuable information for the further development of α-glucosidase inhibitors.
−
8.7 kcal
· 8.5 kcal
-glucosidase assay. In summary, the above molecular
6k and -glucosidase, which
mol−1 for 6j and
−
·
mol−1 for 6k, which was
α
,
α
Figure 3.
(A) Compound 6k was docked to the binding pocket of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase;
(
B) Compounds 6j and 6k were docked to the binding pocket of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae
α-glucosidase (overlapped).
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. General
All starting materials and reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers. Nuclear magnetic
resonance spectra (NMR) were recorded on a Bruker spectrometer (400 MHz, Bruker, Bremen,
Germany) with TMS as an external reference and reported in parts per million.

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
5 of 10
3.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 2-Substituted-4,6-Diarylpyrimidines (6a–6t)
A mixture of
4
(1 mmol), different substituted benzyl chlorides or benzyl bromides
5
(1 mmol)
and K2CO3 (1 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. After the completion
of the reaction, the mixture was poured into ice-cold water and the precipitated solid was collected
by filtration, washed with water and dried in vacuo. The crude products were purified by column
chromatography (silica gel) using EtOAc/petroleum ether as eluent.
4,6-Bis(4-bromophenyl)-2-((2-chlorobenzyl)thio)pyrimidine (6a). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:24).
Colorless solid, 303 mg, yield 56%, m.p. 147–148 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 4.68 (s, 2H,
SCH2), 7.27–7.30 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.49–7.51 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.63 (dd, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.76 (d,
4H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 8.27 (d, 4H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 8.37 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO,
100 MHz) δ: 32.9, 108.9, 125.8, 127.9, 129.7, 129.9, 130.0, 131.4, 132.4, 133.8, 135.4, 135.6, 163.9, 171.1;
HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C23H16Br2ClN2S+: 544.9084, found: 544.9071.
4,6-Bis(4-bromophenyl)-2-((4-chlorobenzyl)thio)pyrimidine (6b). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:24).
◦
1
Yellow solid, 362 mg, yield 66%, m.p. 176–178 C. H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 4.55 (s, 2H,
SCH2), 7.35 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.50 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.74 (d, 4H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH),
8.25 (d, 4H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 8.34 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ: 34.1,
108.8, 125.8, 128.8, 129.9, 131.0, 132.1, 132.4, 135.4, 137.7, 163.8, 171.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+
C23H16Br2ClN2S+: 544.9084, found: 544.9064.
4,6-Bis(4-bromophenyl)-2-((3-fluorobenzyl)thio)pyrimidine (6c). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:24).
◦
1
Yellow solid, 325 mg, yield 61%, m.p. 111–113 C. H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
SCH2), 7.04–7.08 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.30–7.36 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.74 (d, 4H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 8.25 (d, 4H,
J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 8.35 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
: 34.3, 108.8, 114.2 (d,
δ: 4.57 (s, 2H,
δ
1C, J = 20.7 Hz), 115.8 (d, 1C, J = 21.6 Hz), 125.3 (d, 1C, J = 2.7 Hz), 125.8, 129.9, 130.8 (d, 1C, J = 8.4 Hz),
132.4, 135.4, 141.6 (d, 1C, J = 7.5 Hz), 161.3 (d, 1C, J = 242.1 Hz), 163.8, 171.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for
[M + H]+ C23H16Br2FN2S+: 528.9379, found: 528.9382.
4,6-Bis(4-bromophenyl)-2-((2-fluorobenzyl)thio)pyrimidine (6d). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:24).
◦
Yellow solid, 407 mg, yield 77%, m.p. 149–150 C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 4.59 (s, 2H, SCH2),
7.11–7.15 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.20–7.24 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.28–7.33 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.55–7.59 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.75 (d,
4H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 8.26 (d, 4H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 8.35 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO,
100 MHz) δ: 28.4, 108.9, 115.7 (d, 1C, J = 21.2 Hz), 125.0 (d, 1C, J = 3.5 Hz), 125.2 (d, 1C, J = 14.6 Hz),
125.8, 129.8 (d, 1C, J = 7.2 Hz), 129.9, 131.4 (d, 1C, J = 3.8 Hz), 132.4, 135.4, 159.7 (d, 1C, J = 244.0 Hz),
163.9, 171.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C23H16Br2FN2S+: 528.9379, found: 528.9377..
4,6-Bis(4-bromophenyl)-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)thio)pyrimidine (6e). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:24).
◦
Yellow solid, 240 mg, yield 45 %, m.p. 144–146 C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ
: 4.55 (s, 2H, SCH2),
7.14 (t, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 7.50 (dd, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.75 (d, 4H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 8.26
(d, 4H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 8.35 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
: 34.1, 108.8,
δ
115.6 (d, 2C, J = 21.3 Hz), 125.8, 129.9, 131.1 (d, 2C, J = 7.2 Hz), 132.4, 134.7 (d, 1C, J = 3.0 Hz), 135.4,
160.5 (d, 1C, J = 241.6 Hz), 163.8, 171.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C23H16Br2FN2S+: 528.9379,
found: 528.9390.
4-(3-Bromophenyl)-2-((2-chlorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6f). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
◦
(1:24). Yellow solid, 334 mg, yield 69%, m.p. 107–110 C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 2.39 (s, 3H,
CH3), 4.67 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.26–7.30 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.35 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 7.49–7.53 (m, 2H, ArH),
7.63–7.66 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.74 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, 1.2 Hz, ArH), 8.24 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.31–8.33
(m, 2H, ArH), 8.48 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ: 21.5, 32.9, 122.9, 126.8,
127.8, 127.9, 129.6, 129.9, 130.0, 130.3, 131.2, 131.5, 133.4, 133.8, 134.4, 135.8, 138.7, 142.1, 163.1, 165.0,
170.8; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrClN2S+: 481.0135, found: 481.0135.

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
6 of 10
4-(3-Bromophenyl)-2-((3-fluorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6g). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
(1:24). Yellow solid, 278 mg, yield 60%, m.p. 86–88 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
: 2.39 (s, 3H,
δ
CH3), 4.57 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.03–7.12 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.32–7.37 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.50 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH),
7.74 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, 1.2 Hz, ArH), 8.23 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 8.30–8.32 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.48 (s, 1H,
CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ: 21.5, 34.3, 108.8, 114.2 (d, 1C, J = 20.8 Hz), 115.8 (d,
1C, J = 21.6 Hz), 122.9, 125.2 (d, 1C, J = 2.7 Hz), 126.8, 127.9, 130.0, 130.3, 130.7 (d, 1C, J = 8.4 Hz), 131.4,
133.4, 134.4, 138.7, 141.7 (d, 1C, J = 7.4 Hz), 142.1, 161.3 (d, 1C, J = 242.3 Hz), 163.0, 165.0, 171.0; HRMS
(ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrFN2S+: 465.0431, found: 465.0430.
4-(3-Bromophenyl)-2-((4-chlorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6h). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
(1:24). Yellow solid, 298 mg, yield 62%, m.p. 127–129 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 2.39 (s,
3H, CH3), 4.55 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.35–7.37 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.51–7.53 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.74 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz,
ArH), 8.23 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.30–8.32 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.47 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR
(d6-DMSO, 100 MHz) δ: 21.5, 34.1, 108.8, 122.9, 126.8, 127.9, 128.8, 130.0, 130.3, 131.0, 131.5, 132.1, 133.4,
134.4, 137.8, 138.8, 142.1, 163.0, 165.0, 171.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrClN2S+: 481.0135,
found: 481.0137.
4-(3-Bromophenyl)-2-((2-fluorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6i). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
◦
(1:24). Yellow solid, 222 mg, yield 48%, m.p. 100–104 C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 2.39 (s, 3H,
CH3), 4.59 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.13 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.21 (t, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 7.28–7.31 (m, 1H,
ArH), 7.35 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.51 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.58 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.75 (d,
1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.24 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.32–8.33 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.49 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine);
13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ: 21.5, 28.3, 108.8, 115.7 (d, 1C, J = 21.2 Hz), 122.9, 124.9 (d, 1C,
J = 3.4 Hz), 125.3 (d, 1C, J = 14.6 Hz), 126.8, 127.9, 129.7 (d, 1C, J = 8.1 Hz), 130.0, 130.3, 131.3 (d, 1C,
J = 3.9 Hz), 131.4, 133.4, 134.4, 138.7, 142.1, 159.7 (d, 1C, J = 243.8 Hz), 163.1, 165.0, 170.9; HRMS (ESI)
calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrFN2S+: 465.0431, found: 465.0421.
4-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-((4-chlorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6j). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
(1:24). Colorless solid, 355 mg, yield 74%, m.p. 135–137 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 2.39 (s,
3H, CH3), 4.55 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.35 (d, 4H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.50 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.74 (d, 2H,
J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.21 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.25 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.28 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine);
13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ: 21.5, 34.1, 108.4, 125.6, 127.8, 128.8, 129.8, 130.0, 131.0, 132.1, 132.4,
133.4, 135.6, 137.9, 142.0, 163.5, 164.9, 171.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrClN2S+: 481.0135,
found: 481.0146.
2-((2-Bromobenzyl)thio)-4-(4-bromophenyl)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6k). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
◦
(1:24). Yellow solid, 324 mg, yield 62%, m.p. 123–126 C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 2.39 (s, 3H,
CH3), 4.67 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.21–7.22 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.29–7.37 (m, 4H, ArH), 7.64–7.67 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.75
(d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.22–8.29 (m, 5H, ArH + CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ
: 21.5, 35.5, 108.5, 124.6, 125.6, 127.8, 128.4, 129.8, 130.0, 131.4, 132.4, 133.2, 133.4, 135.6, 137.4, 142.1,
163.5, 164.9, 170.8; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19Br2N2S+: 524.9630, found: 524.9639.
4-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6l). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
◦
(1:24). Yellow solid, 330 mg, yield 71%, m.p. 115–124 C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 2.38 (s, 3H,
CH3), 4.56 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.13 (t, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.35 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.52 (s, 2H, ArH),
7.74 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.22–8.28 (m, 5H, ArH + CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ
: 21.5, 34.0, 108.4, 115.5 (d, 2C, J = 21.3 Hz), 125.6, 127.8, 129.8, 130.0, 131.1 (d, 2C, J = 8.2 Hz), 132.4,
133.5, 134.9 (d, 1C, J = 3.1 Hz), 135.6, 142.0, 160.5 (d, 1C, J = 241.5 Hz), 163.5, 164.9, 171.1; HRMS (ESI)
calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrFN2S+: 465.0431, found: 465.0434.
4-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-((2-fluorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6m). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
(1:24). Yellow solid, 289 mg, yield 62%, m.p. 124–127 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 2.39 (s,
3H, CH3), 4.59 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.12 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.21 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.28–7.33 (m,
1H, ArH), 7.35 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.57 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.74 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH),

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
7 of 10
8.21–8.28 (m, 5H, ArH + CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ
: 21.5, 28.3, 108.4, 115.7
(d, 1C, J = 21.2 Hz), 124.9 (d, 1C, J = 3.4 Hz), 125.3 (d, 1C, J = 14.6 Hz), 125.6, 127.8, 129.8, 129.8, 130.0,
131.4 (d, 1C, J = 3.9 Hz), 132.3, 133.4, 135.6, 142.1, 159.7 (d, 1C, J = 243.9 Hz), 163.5, 164.9, 170.8; HRMS
(ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrFN2S+: 465.0431, found: 465.0439.
4-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-((3-fluorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6n). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
(1:24). Yellow solid, 342 mg, yield 73%, m.p. 106–109 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ
: 2.38 (s,
3H, CH3), 4.58 (s, 2H, SCH2), 6.99–7.16 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.25–7.44 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.69–7.82 (m, 2H, ArH),
8.23–8.28 (m, 5H, ArH + CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
: 21.5, 34.3, 108.4, 114.2
δ
(d, 1C, J = 20.7 Hz), 115.8 (d, 1C, J = 21.6 Hz), 125.3 (d, 1C, J = 2.5 Hz), 125.6, 127.8, 129.8, 130.0, 130.7
(d, 1C, J = 8.4 Hz), 132.3, 133.4, 135.6, 141.7 (d, 1C, J = 7.6 Hz), 142.1, 161.3 (d, 1C, J = 242.3 Hz), 163.5,
164.9, 171.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrFN2S+: 465.0431, found: 465.0436.
2-(Benzylthio)-4-(4-bromophenyl)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6o). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:24). Yellow
solid, 216 mg, yield 48%, m.p. 129–130 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ
: 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.56 (s,
2H, SCH2), 7.21–7.37 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.48 (d, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, ArH), 7.74 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 8.22–8.28
(m, 5H, ArH + CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ: 21.5, 34.9, 108.3, 125.6, 127.5, 127.8,
128.9, 129.2, 129.8, 130.0, 132.3, 133.5, 135.6, 142.0, 163.4, 164.8, 171.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+
C24H20BrN2S+: 447.0525, found: 447.0519.
4-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-((2,4-dichlorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6p). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
(1:24). Yellow solid, 345 mg, yield 67%, m.p. 156–157 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ
: 2.39 (s,
3H, CH3), 4.65 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.35–7.37 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.64 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.75 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH),
8.21–8.30 (m, 5H, ArH + CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
: 21.5, 32.3, 108.6, 125.7,
δ
127.8, 128.0, 129.4, 129.8, 130.0, 132.4, 132.5, 133.2, 134.7, 135.1, 135.5, 142.2, 163.6, 164.9, 170.6; HRMS
(ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H18BrCl2N2S+: 514.9746, found: 514.9756.
4-(3-Bromophenyl)-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)thio)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6q). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
(1:24). Yellow solid, 208 mg, yield 45%, m.p. 115–117 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 2.39 (s,
3H, CH3), 4.55 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.13 (t, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz, ArH), 7.35 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.49–7.55 (m,
3H, ArH), 7.75 (d, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, ArH), 8.24 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.32 (s, 2H, ArH), 8.49 (s, 1H,
CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ: 21.5, 34.1, 108.7, 115.6 (d, 2C, J = 21.2 Hz), 122.9,
126.8, 127.9, 130.0, 130.3, 131.0 (d, 2C, J = 8.1 Hz), 131.5, 133.4, 134.4, 134.8 (d, 1C, J = 3.0 Hz), 138.8,
142.1, 160.5 (d, 1C, J = 241.5 Hz), 163.0, 165.0, 171.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C24H19BrFN2S+:
465.0431, found: 465.0443.
2-((4-Bromobenzyl)thio)-4-(3-bromophenyl)-6-(p-tolyl)pyrimidine (6r). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum ether
◦
1
(1:24). Yellow solid, 280 mg, yield 53%, m.p. 135–138 C. H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz) δ: 2.39
(s, 3H, CH3), 4.53 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.35 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.45–7.53 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.74 (d, 1H,
J = 7.6 Hz, ArH), 8.23 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.29–8.31 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.47 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine);
13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ: 21.5, 34.2, 108.8, 120.5, 122.9, 126.8, 127.9, 130.0, 130.3, 130.6, 131.3,
131.5, 131.7, 131.8, 133.4, 134.4, 138.3, 138.7, 142.1, 163.0, 165.0, 171.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+
C24H19Br2N2S+: 524.9630, found: 524.9644.
4-(3-Bromophenyl)-6-(4-bromophenyl)-2-((2-chlorobenzyl)thio)pyrimidine (6s). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum
ether (1:24). Colorless solid, 381 mg, yield 70%, m.p. 129–132 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ:
4.66 (s, 2H, SCH2), 7.28–7.37 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.49–7.53 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.63–7.65 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.75 (d,
3H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 8.28–8.38 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.48 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100
MHz) δ: 32.9, 109.2, 122.9, 125.9, 126.9, 127.8, 129.6, 129.9, 130.0, 130.4, 131.3, 131.5, 132.4, 133.8, 134.6,
135.3, 135.6, 138.5, 163.4, 164.0, 171.1; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C23H16Br2ClN2S+: 544.9084,
found: 544.9114.
4-(3-Bromophenyl)-6-(4-bromophenyl)-2-((3-fluorobenzyl)thio)pyrimidine (6t). Eluent: EtOAc/petroleum
ether (1:24). Yellow solid, 397 mg, yield 75%, m.p. 94–96 ◦C. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 400 MHz)
δ: 4.57 (s,

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
8 of 10
2H, SCH2), 7.05–7.08 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.31–7.36 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.51 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.74 (d, 3H,
J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 8.27–8.37 (m, 4H, ArH), 8.48 (s, 1H, CH-pyrimidine); 13C-NMR (d6-DMSO, 100 MHz)
δ
: 34.4, 109.1, 114.2 (d, 1C, J = 20.7 Hz), 115.8 (d, 1C, J = 21.6 Hz), 122.9, 125.3 (d, 1C, J = 3.6 Hz), 125.9,
126.9, 129.9, 130.4, 130.8 (d, 1C, J = 8.4 Hz), 131.5, 132.4, 134.6, 135.3, 138.5, 141.5 (d, 1C, J = 7.4 Hz), 161.3
(d, 1C, J = 242.1 Hz), 163.4, 163.9, 171.2; HRMS (ESI) calcd for [M + H]+ C23H16Br2FN2S+: 528.9379,
found: 528.9393.
3.3. In Vitro Assay of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity
α
-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was assayed by using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at
◦
37 C. The enzyme ( -glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO,
α
USA, 0.1 U/mL) in phosphate buffer saline was incubated with various concentrations of test
◦
compounds at 37 C for 15 min. Then 1.25 mM p-nitrophenyl
α-D-glucopyranoside was added
◦
to the mixture as a substrate. After further incubation at 37 C for 30 min. The absorbance was
measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. The sample solution was replaced by DMSO as a control.
Acarbose was used as a positive control.
3.4. Molecular Docking
A molecular docking study was performed to investigate the binding mode between the
compound 6j,k and α-glucosidase using Autodock vina 1.1.2 (The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla,
CA., USA). The 3D structure of the compounds were obtained by ChemBioDraw Ultra 14.0 and
ChemBio3D Ultra 14.0 softwares (CambridgeSoft, Cambridge, MA, USA). The 3D structure of
α
-glucosidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was predicted using homology modeling in our previous
report [21]. The AutoDockTools 1.5.6 package was employed to generate the docking input files.
The search grid of -glucosidase was identified as center_x: 19.676, center_y: 7.243, and center_z:
21.469 with dimensions size_x: 15, size_y: 15, and size_z: 15. The value of exhaustiveness was set to
α
−
−
−
20. For Vina docking, the default parameters were used if it was not mentioned. The best-scoring pose
as judged by the Vina docking score was chosen and visually analyzed using PyMoL 1.7.6 software
(Schrödinger®, New York, NY, USA, http://www.pymol.org/).
4. Conclusions
In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of a novel series of 2-substituted-4,6-diarylpyrimidine
derivatives, which were studied for their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The majority of
the synthesized compounds possessed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and therefore may
potentially be developed as new α-glucosidase inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Key Technology R&D Program of Guizhou Province
([2017]2845); Joint Foundation of Guizhou Province Department of Science and Technology and Guizhou Medical
University ([2016]7346); the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest and Chemical Industry
Engineering (JDZ201705).
Author Contributions: Guangcheng Wang designed and wrote the paper; Zipeng Gong, Zhenzhen Xie and
Jie Qiu carried out the experiments. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.
References
1.
DeFronzo, R.A. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2004, 88, 787–835. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
2.
Deshpande, A.D.; Harris-Hayes, M.; Schootman, M. Epidemiology of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related
Complications. Phys. Ther. 2008, 88, 1254–1264. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
9 of 10
3.
4.
Van de Laar, F.A.
2008, 4, 1189–1195. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Joshi, S.R.; Standl, E.; Tong, N.; Shah, P.; Kalra, S.; Rathod, R. Therapeutic potential of α-glucosidase inhibitors
α
-Glucosidase inhibitors in the early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Vasc. Health Risk Manag.
in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An evidence-based review. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2015, 16, 1959–1981.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Suresh, L.; Kumar, P.S.V.; Poornachandra, Y.; Kumar, C.G.; Chandramouli, G.V.P. Design, synthesis and
evaluation of novel pyrazolo-pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent antibacterial and biofilm
inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017, 27, 1451–1457. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Zhang, J.; Peng, J.-F.; Bai, Y.-B.; Wang, P.; Wang, T.; Gao, J.-M.; Zhang, Z.-T. Synthesis of
pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives and their antifungal activities against phytopathogenic fungi in vitro
.
Mol. Divers. 2016, 20, 887–896. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mohamed, M.S.; Kamel, R.; Fatahala, S.S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some thio containing
pyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidine derivatives for their anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Eur. J.
Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 2994–3004. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Alam, O.; Khan, S.A.; Siddiqui, N.; Ahsan, W.; Verma, S.P.; Gilani, S.J. Antihypertensive activity of newer
1,4-dihydro-5-pyrimidine carboxamides: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010
45, 5113–5119. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
,
Hafez, H.N.; Hussein, H.A.; El-Gazzar, A.-R. Synthesis of substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dithiones
and their S-glycoside analogues as potential antiviral and antibacterial agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45,
4026–4034. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Hese, S.V.; Meshram, R.J.; Kamble, R.D.; Mogle, P.P.; Patil, K.K.; Kamble, S.S.; Gacche, R.N.; Dawane, B.S.
Antidiabetic and allied biochemical roles of new chromeno-pyrano pyrimidine compounds: Synthesis,
in vitro and in silico analysis. Med. Chem. Res. 2017, 26, 805–818. [CrossRef]
11. Wang, S.-B.; Deng, X.-Q.; Zheng, Y.; Yuan, Y.-P.; Quan, Z.-S.; Guan, L.-P. Synthesis and evaluation of
anticonvulsant and antidepressant activities of 5-alkoxytetrazolo[1,5-c]thieno[2,3-e]pyrimidine derivatives.
Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 56, 139–144. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Ismail; Kuthati, B.; Thalari, G.; Bommarapu, V.; Mulakayala, C.; Chitta, S.K.; Mulakayala, N. Synthesis
of novel spiro pyrazolo [4,3-d] pyrimidinones and spiro[benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,30-indoline]-
20,4(3H)-diones and their evaluation for anticancer activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017, 27, 1446–1450.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Sharma, V.; Chitranshi, N.; Agarwal, A.K. Significance and biological importance of pyrimidine in the
microbial world. Int. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 2014. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Yar, M.; Bajda, M.; Shahzadi, L.; Shahzad, S.A.; Ahmed, M.; Ashraf, M.; Alam, U.; Khan, I.U.; Khan, A.F. Novel
synthesis of dihydropyrimidines for α-glucosidase inhibition to treat type 2 diabetes: In vitro biological
evaluation and in silico docking. Bioorg. Chem. 2014, 54, 96–104. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Barakat, A.; Islam, M.S.; Al-Majid, A.M.; Ghabbour, H.A.; Fun, H.-K.; Javed, K.; Imad, R.; Yousuf, S.;
Choudhary, M.I.; Wadood, A. Synthesis, in vitro biological activities and in silico study of dihydropyrimidines
derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2015, 23, 6740–6748. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Shahidpour, S.; Panahi, F.; Yousefi, R.; Nourisefat, M.; Nabipoor, M.; Khalafi-Nezhad, A. Design and synthesis
of new antidiabetic
α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors based on pyrimidine-fused heterocycles.
Med. Chem. Res. 2015, 24, 3086–3096. [CrossRef]
17. Barakat, A.; Islam, M.S.; Al-Majid, A.M.; Ghabbour, H.A.; Yousuf, S.; Ashraf, M.; Shaikh, N.N.;
Choudhary, M.I.; Khalil, R.; Ul-Haq, Z. Synthesis of pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione derivatives: Anti-oxidant,
anti-cancer, α-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase inhibition and their molecular docking studies. Bioorg. Chem.
2016, 68, 72–79. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Suresh, L.; Onkara, P.; Kumar, P.S.V.; Pydisetty, Y.; Chandramouli, G.V.P. Ionic liquid-promoted
multicomponent synthesis of fused tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as
Chem. Lett. 2016, 26, 4007–4014. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg. Med.
19. Wang, G.; Peng, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, J.; Li, X. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking study of
N-arylbenzo[d]oxazol-2-amines as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2016, 24, 5374–5379.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Wang, G.; Wang, J.; He, D.; Li, X.; Li, J.; Peng, Z. One-pot and three-component synthesis, characterization
and biological evaluation of some new 1,2,4-triazine-coumarins. Heterocycles 2016, 92, 1430–1439. [CrossRef]

Molecules 2017, 22, 1865
10 of 10
21. Wang, G.; Peng, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, X.; Li, J. Synthesis, in vitro evaluation and molecular docking studies of
novel triazine-triazole derivatives as potential
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
α-glucosidase inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 125, 423–429.
22. Wang, G.; Wang, J.; Xie, Z.; Chen, M.; Li, L.; Peng, Y.; Chen, S.; Li, W.; Deng, B. Discovery of
3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-one as a novel scaffold for -glucosidase inhibitors: In silico studies and SAR
α
predictions. Bioorg. Chem. 2017, 72, 228–233. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Niaz, H.; Kashtoh, H.; Khan, J.A.J.; Khan, A.; Atia tul, W.; Alam, M.T.; Khan, K.M.; Perveen, S.;
Choudhary, M.I. Synthesis of diethyl 4-substituted-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates
as a new series of inhibitors against yeast
[PubMed]
α-glucosidase. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 95, 199–209. [CrossRef]
24. Rahim, F.; Malik, F.; Ullah, H.; Wadood, A.; Khan, F.; Javid, M.T.; Taha, M.; Rehman, W.; Rehman, A.U.;
Khan, K.M. Isatin based Schiff bases as inhibitors of -glucosidase: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro
α
evaluation and molecular docking studies. Bioorg. Chem. 2015, 60, 42–48. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 6a–6t are available from the authors.
©
2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).