Metal-free photo-induced radical C-P and C-S bond formation for the synthesis of 2-phosphoryl benzothiazoles

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.022

We reveal here a visible-light promoted phosphorylation of 2-isocyanoaryl thioethers for the first time with concomitant C(sp³)-S bond cleavage and imidoyl C–S formation. Additionally, this method features the use of 3 mol% organic dye Rose Bengal as the photocatalyst without external transition-metal or peroxide oxidants, and provides a novel and environmentally friendly approach for the preparation of a variety of 2-phosphoryl benzothiazoles in moderate to good yields.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.022

Journal Pre-proof
Metal-free photo-induced radical C-P and C-S bond formation for the
synthesis of 2-phosphoryl benzothiazoles
Wenchao Yang, Bing Li, Mingming Zhang, Shuang Wang, Yigang Ji,
Sa Dong, Jianguo Feng, Shuzhong Yuan
PII:
S1001-8417(19)30626-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.022
CCLET 5286
DOI:
Reference:
To appear in:
Chinese Chemical Letters
Received Date:
Revised Date:
Accepted Date:
16 September 2019
8 October 2019
21 October 2019
Please cite this article as: Yang W, Li B, Zhang M, Wang S, Ji Y, Dong S, Feng J, Yuan S,
Metal-free photo-induced radical C-P and C-S bond formation for the synthesis of
2-phosphoryl benzothiazoles, Chinese Chemical Letters (2019),
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.022
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Communication
Metal-free photo-induced radical C-P and C-S bond formation for the synthesis of 2-
phosphoryl benzothiazoles
Wenchao Yanga,†,, Bing Lia,†, Mingming Zhanga, Shuang Wanga, Yigang Jib, Sa Donga, Jianguo Fenga,*,
Shuzhong Yuana
a Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
b Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofuctional Molecules, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210013, China
 Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: wccyang@126.com (W. Yang); jgfeng@yzu.edu.cn (J. Feng)
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Graphical abstract
In this work, an efficient method for the synthesis of phosphoryl nitrogen-containing heterocycles was developed from isocyanides
and H-phosphorus oxides via radical cascade cyclization reaction.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
We reveal here a visible-light promoted phosphorylation of 2-isocyanoaryl thioethers for the first
time with concomitant C(sp3)-S bond cleavage and imidoyl C-S formation. Additionally, this
method features the use of 3 mol% organic dye Rose Bengal as the photocatalyst without external
transition-metal or peroxide oxidants, and provides a novel and environmentally friendly approach
for the preparation of a variety of 2-phosphoryl benzothiazoles in moderate to good yields.
Received 16 September 2019
Received in revised form 8 October 2019
Accepted 17 October 2019
Available online
Keywords:
Dearomatization
Spiro compounds
Isocyanides
Radical cascade reaction
H-Phosphorus oxides
Organophosphorus compounds have wide applications in organic synthesis, biochemistry and medicinal chemistry [1], where
phosphorus substituents play as ligands, directing group for transition metal catalysis or π-conjugated materials [2]. As a consequence,
the introduction of organophosphorus groups in convenient means continues to stimulate methods for their synthesis [3]. Among which,
the addition of P-centered radicals to unsaturated bonds has become one of the most used reactions for the construction of phosphorus-
containing compounds, but an extra equivalent of promoter (such as Ag(I), Mn(III), or peroxides) or catalytic quantity of metal catalyst
and high reaction temperature were usually utilized, resulting in a waste of energy and limitations of the utilization [4]. For instance,
Yang and coworkers reported a silver-catalyzed radical carbon phosphorylation of alkenes with H-phosphorus oxides for construction of
———

phosphorylated oxindoles [4f]. For these reasons, more and more attentions have been paid to search for green and efficient approaches
for introduction of organophosphorus backbones during the past decade. Meanwhile, the application of visible-light photoredox catalysis
has regained substantial attention during the last decade due to its operational simplicity to carry out synthetic transformations in an
environ-mentally benign and sustainability [5]. This photocatalytic transformation meets mild reaction conditions and green chemistry,
providing an alternative for assembling phosphorus-containing molecules [6].
Isocyanides belong to a valuable class of organic intermediates and their versatility in the synthesis of heterocycles (phenanthridine,
quinolone, quinoxaline, indole, benzimidazole, and benzothiazole) has been adequately demonstrated in radical involved cascade
reactions, including P-radical [7]. A literature investigations found that Ag(I) or Mn(III) salts are necessary in the early radical cascade
reactions between isocyanides with phosphine oxides (Scheme 1a) [8]. For example, in 2017, a Mn(III) salt promoted denitrogenative
imidoyl radical cyclization with diphenylphosphine oxides to access 2-phosphoryl-substituted benzoimidazoles derivatives was
established by the Zhu’s group [8b]. Additionally, visible-light induced C-P bonds formations have greatly responded to the demands of
environmental friendliness since the light source is inexhaustible [9]. Although two research groups independently reported the radical
cascade insertion/cyclization from phosphine oxides and isocyanides via visible-light irradiation, the use of noble-metal catalysts or extra
oxidants limited their application in pharmaceutical chemistry and advanced functional materials (Schemes 1b and 1c) [10]. As a result,
the development of an oxidant (perxides) and metal-free strategy for radical cascade reaction of isocyanides with phosphine oxides is
still a challenging but highly attractive task.
Scheme 1. Radical cascade reactions of isocyanides with H-phosphorus oxides.
Benzothiazole, a fundamental building block in synthetic intermediates, often have surprisingly complex biological and
pharmacological properties [11]. Among which, 2-substituted benzothiazoles are especially important for their existence in many
naturally-occurring molecules and drugs. This ever demanding need in medicinal chemistry stems from the desire to establish mild and
efficient methods for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles [12]. And thioanisole derivatives offer an opportunity to build
benzothiazoles because the methylthio motif could play as the radical acceptor in radical cascade reactions [13]. Recently, our group
disclosed a novel way to synthesize 2-phosphorylated benzothiazoles via radical cyclization of 2-isocyanoaryl thioethers [8g]. However,
the cascade reaction was achieved depending on the use of equivalent of metal promoters and high temperature. With our continuing
research interest in C-X bonds formation and radical chemistry [14], we herein report for the first time an eco-friendly visible-light
induced Rose Bengal catalyzed cyclization of isocyanides with H-phosphorus oxides via C–P and C–S bond formation (Scheme 1d). The
transformation was performed at room temperature under oxidant- and additive-free conditions to generate 2-phosphorylated
benzothiazole derivatives with wide functional group tolerance, good yields and high efficiency.
To identify the optimal reaction conditions, we commenced our investigation with the synthesis of 3a by the treatment of (2-isocyano-
phenyl)(methyl)sulfane (1a) and diphenylphosphine oxide (2a) at room temperature under an air atmosphere (Table 1). After irradiation
with 23 W white LED light for 13 h, an initial attempt found that the cascade reaction gave the target product 3a in 32% yield when
using Rose Bengal as photocatalyst and DMF as solvent. Motivated by this result, a screening of the solvents was further performed to
enhance reactivity (entries 2-6). The results revealed that DMSO is the best solvent for this transformation. Afterward, various
photocatalysts including Eosin Y, Eosin Y disodium, Eosin B, Rhodamine B, and Fluorecein were examined under the same conditions,
affording 3a in lower yields than 86% (entries 7-11). In addition, replacing organic photocatalysts with metal-photocatalyst shows less
activity (entry 12). Interestingly enough, the two substrates successfully transform to 3a in 59% yield when utilizing Eosin Y/TBHP as
catalytic system [6h]. Besides, switching conditions to dark at 90 oC shut down the reaction (entry 14, condition e). Lower yields were
obtained when shortening the reaction time to 7 h or changing light source to sunlight (34% and 16% corresponding). Finally, two control
experiments were conducted to prove that photocatalyst and visible light are essential for the concomitant C(sp3)-S bond cleavage and
imidoyl C-S formation in the absence of Rose Bengal or visible light.

Table 1
Optimization of the reaction conditions.a
Entry
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Catalyst (3 mol%)
Rose Bengal
Rose Bengal
Rose Bengal
Rose Bengal
Rose Bengal
Rose Bengal
Eosin Y
Eosin Y disodium
Eosin B
Rhodamine B
Fluorecein
Solvent
DMF
Toluene
MeCN
THF
Yield (%)b
32
24
trace
17
36
86
45
trace
70
38
72
41
59
N.R.
N.R.
DCE
DMSO
DMSO
DMSO
DMSO
DMSO
DMSO
DMSO
DMSO
DMSO
DMSO
9
10
11
12
13c
14d,e
15
Ru(bpy)3Cl2
Eosin Y, TBHP
Rose Bengal
--
a Reaction conditions: (2-isocyanophenyl)(methyl)sulfane (1a, 0.15 mmol), diphenylphosphine oxides (2a, 0.3 mmol), 1.5 mL of solvent,
photocatalyst, 23 W white LED for 13 h under air.
b Isolated yields, N.R. = no reaction.
c Eosin Y (3 mol%) TBHP (2.0 equiv.).
d Dark.
e Dark at 90 oC.
Encouraged by the preliminary results, we next investigated the generality of this protocol with various H-phosphorus oxides and
isocyanides. As shown in Scheme 2, no matter whether the ring of diarylphosphine oxides is substituted with either electron-deficient,
electron-rich or steric-hindered groups, all of them were well-tolerated to the system delivering the expected products (3a-3i) in medium
to good yields. Importantly, this present protocol could be applied to piperonyl- and naphthyl-derivated phosphine oxides as well,
affording the target products (3k-3l) in 79% and 81% yields. Additionally, dimethyl-substituted H-phosphorus oxide was also utilized in
this reaction to give the corresponding 3j in moderate yield. Unfortunately, phosphonate esters of ethyl and isopropyl and
dicyclohexylphosphine oxide were proven to be not suitable substrates.
Scheme 2. Substrates scope on H-phosphorus oxides. Reaction conditions: 2-isocyanothioanisoles (1, 0.15 mmol), H-phosphorus oxides (2, 0.3
mmol), Rose Bengal (3 mol%), 1.5 mL of DMSO, 23 W white LED for 13 h under air.
Next, the feasibility of utilizing substituted isocyanides in the current system were investigated with the optimized conditions, and
Scheme 3 illustrates the scope of iscyanides compatible. The results revealed that most of the various functional groups, covering
electron-rich groups (−OMe and −Me) and electron-poor groups (−F, −Cl, −Br, and –SO2Me) substituents on the benzene rings in 2-

isocyanoaryl thioethers, were well tolerated in the present reactions and provided the desired products in good yields. Analogues of OMe
were also tested, however, no 3m was obtained. Notably, other functionalized isocyanides were synthesized to expand the application of
this protocol for constructing 2-substituted benzimidazole and phenanthridine derivatives in the fields from 55% to 87%. For example,
1-azido-2-isocyanoarene was also compatible with the standard condition, furnishing 3v as a mixture of isomers via a denitrogenative
imidoyl radical cyclization.
To verify the practical application of the visible-light promoted radical cyclization, the reaction of 1a and 2a was conducted on the 5
mmol scale (Scheme 4). The cascade reaction performed well and 0.93 g of the final product was obtained in 56% yield after isolation.
Scheme 3. Substrates scope on isocyanides. Reaction conditions: Isocyanides (1, 0.15 mmol), H-phosphorus oxides (2, 0.3 mmol), Rose Bengal
(3 mol%), 1.5 mL of DMSO, 23 W white LED for 13 h under air, isolated yields, Y = SMe (unless stated).
In order to gain further insight into the product-forming profile, several control experiments were carried out as shown in Scheme 4.
Firstly, the standard reactions were performed in the presence of TEMPO or BHT, and no product 3a was detected, implying that radical
species might exist in this transformation (Scheme 4a,4b). A well-known radical capturer 4, used in our early and Song’s papers [8g,13a],
was added to the standard conditions, the radical cyclization products 5-7, were detected by HR-MS, indicating that phosphonyl and
cyclohexyl radical intermediates were involved in the process ((Scheme 4c, and details see Supporting information). When 1a was
replaced by 1c, 1-(tert-butyl)-4-methylbenzene was detected by HR-MS.
Scheme 4. Large-scale synthesis and radical inhibiting experiments.

Scheme 5. Proposed mechanism.
Based on the mechanistic study as well as previous reports [13,15], the possible pathway for the visible-light initiated cyclization of
isocyanides was proposed as shown in Scheme 5. Mechanistically, diarylphosphine oxide 2a exists in equilibrium with its trivalent tautomer
phosphinous acid A [6c,6i,15]. Firstly, a radical cation intermediate B is generated from corresponding electron-rich phosphinous acid A via a
reductive quenching of the RB radical cation (RB•+) [6c], which comes from the reaction of excited state (RB*) and oxygen from air. Then, the
deprotonation occurred with the affording of phosphinoyl radical C [6i], which subsequently adds to the isocyanide functionality in 1a to form
intermediate radical D [7a,8g]. Meanwhile, the phosphinoyl radical could transfer to byproduct Ph2P(O)OH with an oxidation by O2. Finnaly,
The product 3a was obtained by the addition of intermediate D to a sulfur atom in 1a along with the release of a methyl group.
In conclusion, we have developed a versatile synthetic entry point to C2-phosphoryl benzothiazoles from easily prepared isocyanides
and H-phosphorus oxides. This convenient and green method is initiated by 23 W White LED via Rose Bengal catalyzed cascade C-P
bond formation and C-S bond cleavage under metal- and oxidant-free at room temperature. By simple variation of the isocyanides a wide
range of nitrogen heterocycles including phenanthridines and benzimidazoles are obtained, leading to high product diversity and synthetic
efficiency. Future studies will examine the application of this visible light mediated electron-transfer event in alternative spiro molecules
forming transformations.
Declaration of interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential
competing interests:
Acknowledgment
We acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (No.
19KJB150020), Basic Research Project (Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars) of Jiangsu Province, China (No. BK20170489,
BK20180916), High Level Introduction of Talent Research Start-up Foundation of YZU (No. 137011457) and China Postdoctoral
Science Foundation (No: 2019T120471).
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