Sulfamide chemistry applied to the functionalization of self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces

Article abstract of DOI:10.3762/bjoc.13.64

Aniline-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces have successfully reacted with ArSO₂NHOSO₂Ar (Ar = 4-MeC₆H₄ or 4-FC₆H₄) resulting in monolayers with sulfamide moieties

Full text of DOI:10.3762/bjoc.13.64

Sulfamide chemistry applied to the functionalization of
self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces
Loïc Pantaine1, Vincent Humblot2, Vincent Coeffard*3 and Anne Vallée*1
Full Research Paper
Open Access
Address:
Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, Université Paris-Saclay,
Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis,
8035 Versailles Cedex, France, 2Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
1
doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.64
7
Received: 23 January 2017
Accepted: 13 March 2017
Published: 04 April 2017
Paris 06, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR CNRS 7197, 4
place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France and 3Université de Nantes,
CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des
Techniques, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex
Associate Editor: P. J. Skabara
3, France
©
2017 Pantaine et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut.
Email:
License and terms: see end of document.
Vincent Coeffard* - vincent.coeffard@univ-nantes.fr; Anne Vallée* -
anne.vallee@uvsq.fr
*
Corresponding author
Keywords:
gold surfaces; hydrolysis; IRRAS; reversibility; SAM; sulfamide; XPS
Abstract
Aniline-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces have successfully reacted with ArSO2NHOSO2Ar
(
Ar = 4-MeC6H4 or 4-FC6H4) resulting in monolayers with sulfamide moieties and different end groups. Moreover, the sulfamide
groups on the SAMs can be hydrolyzed showing the partial regeneration of the aniline surface. SAMs were characterized by water
contact angle (WCA) measurements, Fourier-transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and X-ray photoelec-
tron spectroscopy (XPS).
Introduction
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have raised considerable of reactive end groups in the monolayers enabling the chemical
interest in the past decades because of their potential applica- functionalization of solid surfaces [3,5-7]. Within this context,
tions in various areas such as biomaterials, tissue engineering, noncovalent and covalent strategies have been investigated for
biosensors and electronics [1-3]. The seminal work of Nuzzo the immobilization of a target molecule through a reaction with
and Allara on the adsorption of disulfides on gold surface has the terminal groups of the SAMs. The most common methods
triggered numerous research activities in the preparation and ap- to covalently functionalize these materials involve the Huisgen
plications of sulfur-based SAMs on Au surfaces [4]. Important cycloaddition between an azide and an alkyne [8,9], Thiol-
contributions have been notably driven by the implementation Michael addition [10,11], amide formation [12-14], Diels–Alder
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
reaction [15,16] or the imine/oxime condensation [17,18]. The sulfamide functionality with R2NSO2NR’2 structure can be
These reactions tend to produce strong covalent interactions be- found in several biorelevant compounds [21]. Besides applica-
tween the surface and the molecules in solution which ensure a tions in medicinal chemistry, sulfamide groups have been incor-
stable immobilization. One limitation of the covalent strategy porated in self-assembling molecules [22-27], peptides [28],
lies in the irreversible permanent functionalization of the SAMs polymers [29], ligands [30], chiral auxiliaries [31-33] and in
which precludes reusable properties. A reversible strategy could organocatalysts [34-37]. In light of the importance of the
find applications in a wide range of fields such as the con- sulfamide functionality, our group has recently reported a
trolled engineering of SAMs, the formation of patterns with straightforward preparation of unsymmetrical sulfamides from
capture-and-release properties, the reusability of the surface for commercially available amines and N-hydroxyarenesulfon-
further functionalization or the ability to tune the properties of amide O-derivatives under simple conditions [38,39]. The
SAMs by controlled spatial functionalization. A scant number method works at room temperature without needing inert atmo-
of examples have reported reversible covalent reactions on sphere or dry solvent. The ease of formation of sulfamides and
SAMs on gold surfaces; for instance, Ravoo and Reinhoudt their propensity to be cleaved under mild conditions [40]
have described the formation of imine SAMs prepared by reac- prompted us to consider the sulfamide functional group for the
tion of an amino-terminated SAM with an aldehyde in solution linkage and the potential regeneration of amine-terminated
or the condensation of an aldehyde-terminated SAM with an SAMs on gold surface.
amine in solution [19]. These surfaces were stable in water but
readily erased by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at pH 3. The Here, we present a new strategy to modify in situ amino termi-
propensity of imines to be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions nated SAMs on gold based on the sulfamide chemistry and to
has also been harnessed for the formation of aromatic mixed partially regenerate the amino SAM. The surface modification
self-assembled monolayers containing both imine functionali- process is studied by water contact angle measurements
ties and protonated anilines on the surface [20]. In order to (WCA), Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spec-
bring a new class of reusable surfaces, we describe herein the troscopy (PM-IRRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
use of sulfamide chemistry for the generation of reversible (XPS).
patterns of sulfur-based SAMs on a gold surface (Scheme 1).
To the best of our knowledge, the formation of sulfamide for Results and Discussion
the chemical modification of monolayers on gold surfaces has In order to monitor the successful formation of the sulfamide
never been reported.
functional group on a gold surface, a reference molecule
Scheme 1: General strategy for surface functionalization based on sulfamide chemistry.
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
sulfamide 1 was first synthesized to prepare a model sulfamide
SAM (SAM 1). The XPS and infrared signatures of the
sulfamide moiety obtained from sulfamide 1 SAM were system-
atically used as reference when analyzing the modified gold
surfaces after the reaction process.
Synthesis of sulfamide 1
The disulfide 1 was synthesized following our previous proce-
dure from commercially available 4-aminophenyl disulfide and
the readily prepared 4-methyl-N-(tosyloxy)benzenesulfonamide
in the presence of triethylamine (Scheme 2) [38]. The desired
product sulfamide 1 was obtained in 60% yield after purifica-
tion on silica gel and was fully characterized before the prepara-
tion of sulfamide-terminated SAMs (Supporting Information
File 1).
Figure 1: Contact angles of the gold surface, the 4-ATP SAM, the
4-ATP SAM after reaction with ArSO2NHOSO2Ar
(Ar = 4-MeC6H4 or 4-FC6H4), respectively SAM a and SAM b and the
sulfamide 1 SAM.
Sulfamide formation on gold substrates
of the SAMs after the reaction, which is coherent with the intro-
The elaboration of the aniline terminated surface (SAM 4-ATP) duction of methyl or fluorine-terminated groups. The contact
is the first step in creating SAMs bearing a sulfamide group, see angles are lower than that for pure aromatic CF3 or CH3 termi-
Figure 1. For this purpose, 4-amino-thiophenol (4-ATP) was nated film ( ≈81° and ≈80°, respectively) [42]. This behaviour
first adsorbed on gold surfaces. The aniline-terminated can be explained by two reasons. (1) The conversion of the cou-
surface obtained can then react with ArSO2NHOSO2Ar pling reaction is not complete, some amino groups still remain
(
Ar = 4-MeC6H4 and 4-FC6H4), respectively SAM a and at the top of the layer and it contributes to the lower contact
SAM b, to form sulfamide cross linkage. The reaction on the angles values observed. (2) The sulfamide moieties in the aro-
surface was investigated through contact angle measurements, matic skeletons which are more hydrophilic than pure aromatic
PM-IRRAS and XPS analysis of the surfaces.
skeletons contribute to the decrease of the contact angle values
compared to the pure aromatic layers. Moreover, as it was
Water contact angle measurements were performed to investi- already observed in many works the F-containing SAM and the
gate the hydrophilic character of grafted surfaces after the dif- CH3 containing one, display similar contact angle values while
ferent reaction steps. The values presented in Figure 1 display F moiety is known to be more hydrophobic than the CH3 group
water contact angles for bare Au around 67 ± 2° as expected for [41-43]. As mentioned above, the SAMs a and b are probably
a clean gold surface [41]. Upon 4-ATP adsorption the water heterogeneous, thus the hydrophobic end groups resulting of the
contact angle decreases compared to the clean gold sample with coupling reaction are in the outer part of the monolayer and are
a value of 54 ± 2° indicating the increase of the hydrophilicity free to become disordered [43]. Moreover, the F end group is
of the surface, which is in agreement with the formation of an smaller than the CH3 one and thus may be more flexible, induc-
amino-terminated monolayer [19].
ing a more disordered layer and lowered hydrophobic proper-
ties than the one expected.
SAM a (4-MeC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4-MeC6H4) and SAM b
(
4-FC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4-FC6H4) exhibit both a similar con- The reference SAM 1 which is not heterogeneous also exhibits
tact angle around 65 ± 2° showing a more hydrophobic nature a similar value, lower than the expected one. In this case, the
Scheme 2: Synthesis of the reference molecule sulfamide 1.
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
lower value can be explained by the sulfamide moieties in the
aromatic skeletons which are more hydrophilic than pure aro-
matic skeletons but also by a more disordered layer as it is
common for SAM prepared with big molecules.
Although the water contact angle measurements suggest the for-
mation of the sulfamide moieties, in this work the contact angle
values are very similar for the SAMs a, b, 1 and the gold bare.
This technique is therefore not sufficient alone to ascertain the
good formation of the conversion; the different samples have
also been characterized by PM-IRRAS and XPS.
The PM-IRRAS spectrum of the sulfamide 1 SAM and the ATR
spectrum of sulfamide 1 at solid state are shown in Figure 2a.
Detailed bands assignments are summarized in Table 1. The
general spectroscopic profiles in two different states are compa-
rable, which suggests the successful adsorption of the sulfamide
1
on the gold surface. There is quite a good agreement between
both spectra, and the differences observed can be explained by
the specificity of both IR techniques; while ATR will provide
information from the bulk; in opposite, IRRAS following the
metal surface selection rules (MSSR [44]) implies that only
dipoles perpendicular to the surface will be observed. The
in-plane aromatic C=C vibrational modes and in-plane C–H de-
formation are summarized in Table 1, but the presence of two
benzene rings on the sulfamide makes the interpretation of the
molecule orientation on the surface difficult. Additionally to
these vibrations, the two spectra show a band at ≈1380 cm−1 at-
tributed to the symmetric deformation of the terminal methyl
group [45] of the sulfamide 1 and two bands at ≈1220 and
Figure 2: (a) IR spectra of sulfamide 1 in bulk (solid state) (bottom)
and adsorbed on gold (top). (b) PM-IRRAS spectra of the 4-ATP SAM.
The 4-ATP SAM is reacted with 4-FC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4-FC6H4
(SAM b) or 4-MeC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4-MeC6H4 (SAM a) and the
sulfamide 1 SAM (SAM 1).
≈
1511 cm−1 which is assigned to C–N stretching mode and the
N–H deformation of the sulfamide bond, respectively. On the
bulk spectrum, the symmetric and asymmetric SO2 stretching Figure S2), suggests that the 4-ATP benzene ring is oriented
modes are identified at 1328 and 1151 cm−1, respectively [46]; perpendicular to the surface with a small tilt angle to the sur-
while the single asymmetric SO2 vibration is observed on the face normal.
SAM PM-IRRAS spectra at 1153 cm−1. Therefore, by applica-
tion of the strict IRRAS dipole selection rules, the SO2 group After exposure of the 4-ATP SAM to TsNHOTs, several
should be oriented parallel to the surface.
changes are observed in the spectrum; previous bands observed
in the 4-ATP SAM spectrum are still present with several new
The PM-IRRAS spectrum of 4-ATP on gold is shown in bands appearing due to SAM b. The CH3 deformation vibration
Figure 2b and is dominated by a band at 1627 cm−1 assigned to at 1381 cm−1 and two weak bands at 1150 and 1330 cm−1 are
deformation modes of the amino group and bands of the assigned respectively to the following vibrational modes
benzene skeleton with a1 symmetries at 1592, 1488 cm−1 and
and
. The presence of these characteristic methyl
the in plane CH bending at 1179 cm−1, as it was already ob- and sulfamide bands already observed in the sulfamide 1
served in the literature [47]. Other weak bands, at 1261 and IR spectrum provides evidence that a part of the 4-ATP mole-
1
122 cm−1 are also visible on the spectrum and are attributed to cules have reacted with TsNHOTs. The absence of the δNH
the in plane CH deformations with b2 symmetry of the benzene sulfamide moiety and the appearance of the compared to
skeleton. Again, according to the IR metal surface selection the sulfamide 1 SAM spectra can be explained by difference on
rules, the lower relative ratio intensities of the b2 vibration the molecule orientation on the surface. To show the possibility
modes compared to the a1 vibrations in the SAM compared to to extend the reaction, the same experiment was performed with
the one of the 4-ATP bulk (Supporting Information File 1, substituted 4-FC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4-FC6H4. The SAM b spec-
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
Table 1: Assignment of the vibrational modes probed by PM-IRRAS.
Assignement
Sulfamide 1
SAM a
SAM b
SAM 4-ATP
Bulk
SAM
δNH primary amine
1627
1590
1627
1590
1627
1592
1591
1589
ring (a1)
δNH moiety
1511
1513
1484
1511 (w)
1488
1488
1450
1400
1488
1488
ring (a1)
ring (b2)
ring (b2)
δCH3
1373
1380
1276
1381
1328
1330 (w)
1330 (w)
1268
1275
1275
1240
1261
ring (b2)
νCFring
νCN
1214
1222
1184
1214 (w)
1180
1218
1179
1179
1180
ring (a1)
1151
1153
1150 (w)
1627
1157 (w)
1122 (vw)
1627
1122
ring (b2)
ring (a1)
1106
trum is very similar to the one of SAM a, Figure 2b. The main at 399.7 ± 0.1 eV attributed to sulfamide nitrogen (-NH-SO2-
differences are the absence of the methyl deformation and the NH-); notably, the N1s peaks of the SAMs a and b are best
presence of a band at 1240 cm−1 assigned to C–F stretching fitted with three contributions at 399.2 eV, 399.7 eV and
mode of fluorobenzene moiety [48].
401.2 eV ± 0.1 eV corresponding to a mixture of 4-ATP and
molecules with sulfamide groups on the surface confirming that
XPS experiments were also performed to analyze the modified the reaction occurs as it was previously observed by
surfaces, and the data confirmed the formation of the sulfamide PM-IRRAS and contact angle measurements.
groups (mainly with the appearance of the SO2 spectroscopic
signature at high binding energy around 168 eV). The conver- In this work the S2p signal is particularly important because it
sion rate of the reaction has also been calculated with elemental allows the characterization of the SAM formation via thiol
atomic analysis
moieties and especially evaluating the conversion rate of the
reaction since the XPS signature of the sulfamide moiety must
Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and gold were observed on the be very different from the one of thiol moiety.
different surfaces by XPS spectra and an additional fluor F1s
contribution was also observed on the surface of SAM b The all four samples highlight a strong S2p3/2,1/2 doublet at
(
4-FC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4-FC6H4).
162.0 ± 0.1 eV (S2p3/2) (blue) characteristic of the thiolate-gold
bond [50] with an additional XPS peaks doublet at lower
High resolution N1s and S2p XPS signals are presented in binding energy of 161.1 ± 0.1 eV (green) attributed to multico-
Figure 3. Before the reaction leading to the SAMs a or b, the ordinated sulfur bond to the gold surface [51]. On the 4-ATP, a
4
4
-ATP SAM N1s peak presents two contributions at 399.2 and and b SAMs, a minor S2p signal at 163.6 eV (orange) is allo-
01.2 ± 0.1 eV, respectively, attributed to nitrogen of deproto- cated to free thiol suggesting that a small fraction of thiol
nated (≈91%) and protonated (≈9%) amine groups [49]. The groups (≈16–19%) are not bonding via the sulfur atom. This
SAM 1 surface N1s peak highlights only one thin contribution contribution is not observed in the SAM 1 showing no unbound
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
Figure 3: High resolution S2p and N1s XPS spectra of the 4-ATP SAM, the 4-ATP SAM after reaction with 4-FC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4-FC6H4 (SAM b)
or TsNHOTs (SAM a) and the sulfamide 1 SAM (SAM 1). Right panel: Schematic view of the different SAMs created on gold surfaces.
molecules in the SAM. It can be explained by the different conversion rates can be cross-checked by comparing the area of
preparation procedure.
the sulfamide contributions with the area of protonated and not
protonated amino groups on the N1s signal. The conversion rate
It is known that oxidised sulfur highlights a doublet at high obtained by this way is very similar to the one obtained from
binding energy 167–169 eV but since there was no XPS data to the S2p signal, 32 and 48% for the SAM a and SAM b, respec-
our knowledge in the literature on sulfamide, the analysis of the tively.
reference SAM 1 is crucial. The S2p spectrum of the reference
sulfamide 1 SAM is dominated by a strong doublet with S2p3/2 All characteristic ratios of the SAMs a and b obtained by XPS
peak at 168.4 ± 0.1 eV (red) assigned to sulfamide moiety have been compared with the theoretical ratios calculated from
(
≈47% of total sulfur intensity). This latter attribution is con- the conversion rate estimated (Table 2). The good agreements
firmed by the relative intensity ratio characteristics of the mole- between the values confirm that the reaction occurs.
cule Ssulfamide/(Sbound + Sunbound) equal to 0.9 and N/Ssulfamide
equal to 2.2, which are very close to the theorical expected Sulfamide hydrolysis
values of 1 and 2 respectively. This contribution at As previously mentioned, reversible covalent chemistry on sur-
1
68.4 ± 0.1 eV assigned to the sulfamide moiety is clearly faces opens many potential applications but it is very little de-
present on the SAMs a and b S2p signal showing the formation veloped on gold surfaces. One of the main reasons could be ex-
of a sulfamide moiety.
plained by the necessity to work under mild conditions; it is
well known that the energy of interaction between sulfur and
The SAM b surface XPS analysis of the F1s region show one gold is in order of 45–50 kcal/mol and the desorption of the
symmetric peak at 687.3 ± 0.1 eV suggests a single fluorine thiols can occur at about 70 °C in hydrocarbon solvent [53].
environment on the surface, which is assigned to the fluoroben-
zene group (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3) [52].
The work of Crampton showed the possibility to cleave the
sulfamide group under mild conditions in solution to obtain the
The conversion rate can be evaluated by comparing the area of corresponding free amines [40]. In order to explore the possibil-
the sulfamide contributions with the area of the bounded and ity to cleave the sulfamide linkage on the surface to obtain the
unbounded sulfur on the S2p signal. The conversion rate with aniline terminated SAM surface, it is essential first to deter-
SAM a (TsNHOTs) and SAM b (4-FC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4- mine the best reaction conditions. The conversion rate of the
FC6H4) was estimated to be 31 and 47%, respectively. This hydrolysis of model sulfamide molecule in solution at four dif-
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
Table 2: Experimental (XPS) and theoretical characteristic ratios of the 4-ATP SAM, the 4-ATP SAM after reaction with 4-FC6H4SO2NHOSO2-4-
FC6H4 (SAM b) or TsNHOTs (SAM a) and SAM 1. The theoretical ratios were calculated with a conversion rate of 47 and 31% for SAM b and SAM a,
respectively.
N/S
SS=O/(Sbound+
Sunbound)
F/S
N/SS=O
N/(Sbound+
Sunbound)
Nsulf/
(NNH2+ NNH3+)
Nsulf /SS=O
4
-ATP (XPS)
0.96
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.96
1
–
–
–
–
4-ATP (theorical)
SAM a (XPS)
1
1
0.31
0.31
–
–
4.28
4.27
1.30
1.31
1.00
0.90
1.30
1.31
SAM a (theorical)
SAM b (XPS)
1.2
1
0.47
0.47
0.32
0.32
3.90
3.13
1.84
1.47
1.84
1.77
2,53
2
SAM b (theorical)
SAM 1 (XPS)
1
1
0.89
1
–
–
2.25
2
2
2
–
–
2
2
SAM 1 (theorical)
ferent temperatures 40, 60, 70 and 80 °C was first investigated after treatment with a mixture 5% H2O-pyridine at 70 °C after
by 1H NMR. The results are shown in Supporting Information two hours.
File 1, Figure S4.
XPS spectra show that carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and
To ensure the integrity of the SAM layer on gold, a tempera- gold are still present on the surface. High resolution N1s and
ture of 70 °C for the hydrolysis of the SAM 1 was chosen. It S2p XPS signals of the surface before and after hydrolysis are
corresponds to a reaction yield about 65% in solution after two very different (Figure 4). There is a decrease of both S2p and
hours of reaction.
N1s signal intensity due to the sulfamide cleavage. The charac-
teristic ratios are shown in the Table 3. The decrease of the
The sulfamide hydrolysis on the SAM surface is tested towards Ntotal/Sbounded ratio from 1.99 to 0.87 and the increase of Ntotal/
SAM 1 to show the possibility to recover the initial surface, SS=O from 2.2 to 2.7 after the hydrolysis highlights that
Figure 4: High resolution S2p and N1s XPS spectra of the SAM 1 before (top) and after hydrolysis (bottom). Right panel: Schematic view of the
SAMs hydrolysis.
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
Table 3: Experimental (XPS) and theoretical characteristic ratios of the SAM 1 after hydrolysis. The theoretical ratios were calculated with a surface
showing 67% of 4-ATP and 33% of the sulfamic acid derived from 4-ATP.
N/S
SS=O/(Sbound+ Sunbound)
N/SS=O
N/(Sbound+ Sunbound)
SAM 1 after hydrolysis (XPS)
0.65
0.75
0.33
0.33
2.62
3.02
0.87
1
SAM 1 after hydrolysis (theorical)
sulfamide 1 is cleaved leading to the formation of the initial species with different functional end groups have been pre-
aniline. However, the presence of contribution at high binding pared in 31% and 47% conversions from readily available
energy around 168.4 eV assigned to oxidized sulfur (≈33%) in aniline-terminated self-assembled monolayers. The resulting
the S2p high resolution XPS spectra shows that the hydrolyse is sulfamide-derived SAMs were characterized by water contact
not quantitative. The decrease of the Ntotal/Stotal ratio, suggests measurements, Fourier-transform infrared reflection absorption
the formation of additional sulfamic acid derived from 4-ATP. spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addi-
As a matter of fact, the sulfamic acid moiety has a contribution tion, hydrolysis studies have been carried out both in solution
at 168.4 eV in the S2p signal, the same binding energy than the and with sulfamide-derived SAMs. Under relatively mild condi-
sulfamide moiety. This can be explained by the fact that the tions, the partial regeneration of the 4-ATP surface has been ob-
sulfur in the sulfamic acid moiety is surrounded with three served by hydrolysis of a sulfamide-derived SAM. This strategy
oxygens and one nitrogen (-NH-SO3H-) and the sulfur in the paves the way to future applications in materials science and the
sulfamide moiety is surrounded with two oxygens but two nitro- results will be reported in due course.
gens (-NH-SO2-NH-). In total the two kinds of sulfur are
Experimental
surrounded with four heteroatoms leading to a contribution at
the same binding energy for the two sulfur atoms. Moreover, Synthesis of sulfamide 1
the N1s peak of the surface after hydrolysis can be fitted with Triethylamine (0.75 mmol, 105 µL, 3 equiv) was added to a
two contributions at 399.3 and 399.7 ± 0.1 eV, attributed to solution of bis(4-aminophenyl) disulfide (0.25 mmol, 62 mg,
amino group (≈66%) and sulfamic acid moiety (34%), respec- 1 equiv) in dichloromethane (1 mL). The solution was cooled
tively. One can note the absence of protonated amino group down to approximately 10 °C. ArSO2NHOSO2Ar
which should be observed around 401–402 eV. This can be (Ar = 4-MeC6H4) (0.55 mmol, 188 mg, 2.2 equiv) was dis-
easily explained by the use of pyridine, a strong base, during the solved in dichloromethane (1 mL) and added dropwise to the
hydrolysis process. Additionally, the low energy contributions cooled solution. The reaction was then left to warm up to room
attributed to multicoordinated sulfur bounds to the gold surface temperature for 16 h. Water (2 mL) was added to the solution.
in the S2p signal increased after the hydrolysis. This phenome- The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted
non may be due to the heating process during the hydrolysis. with dichloromethane. The organic phases were combined,
However, to be sure that no thiols were desorbed during the dried on anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concen-
hydrolysis, the Sbound/Au4f signal ratio before and after the trated under reduced pressure. The crude product was then puri-
hydrolysis is compared and is quite similar (e.g. 0,034 and fied by preparative chromatography on silica gel (pentane/
0
.032, respectively). We concluded that the hydrolysis process EtOAc, 1/1) to afford the desired sulfamide 1 as a white solid
did not induce any desorption of thiols but may have modified (88 mg, 60% yield). mp: 183–186 °C; 1H NMR (300 MHz,
the layer organization. DMSO-d6, 20 °C) δ 2.19 (s, 6H), 6.97 (app. d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz,
H), 7.04 (app. d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.10 (app. d, J(H,H) =
4
Even if the reaction is not completely reversible, it is worth 8.7 Hz, 4H), 7.37 (app. d, J(H,H) = 8.7 Hz, 4H), 10.10 (s, 2H),
noting that the conversion rate of the hydrolysis in these mild 10.32 (s, 2H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6, 20 °C) δ 20.2
conditions on the surface is as good as the one obtained in solu- (2C), 118.6 (4C), 119.1 (4C), 129.2 (2C), 129.4 (4C), 130.5
tion in the same conditions, e.g. 65%. While most of the (4C), 132.3 (2C), 135.2 (2C), 138.6 (2C); IR (neat): 3291, 3031,
previous works used only contact angle measurements to prove 2918, 2857, 1449, 1329, 1150, 903, 807, 622, cm-1; HRMS–ESI
the reversibility of their process, a careful characterization of (m/z): [M + H]+ calcd for C26H27N4O4S4 587.0915, found:
the surface has been carried out in this study [19].
587.0920.
Conclusion
Monolayer preparation
In conclusion, a new reaction on gold surfaces was reported A solution of 4 aminothiophenol (4-ATP, Fluka Inc. ≥95%) was
based on sulfamide chemistry. In this work, two sulfamide prepared at 0.001 M in absolute ethanol.
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
The gold surfaces are constituted of glass substrates of absolute ethanol, Milli-Q water and absolute ethanol during
(
11 mm × 11 mm), successively coated with a 50 Å thick layer 10 min each and dried under nitrogen flow.
of chromium and a 200 nm thick layer of gold, were purchased
from Arrandee (Werther, Germany). The gold-coated sub- The surfaces were analysed by water contact angle, PM-IRRAS
strates were annealed in a butane flame to ensure a good crys- and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS).
tallinity of the topmost layers and rinsed in a bath of absolute
ethanol during 15 min before adsorption.
PM-IRRAS analyses were performed in the air with the crystal
placed in the external beam of a Fourier transform infrared
All SAM preparations hve been performed on cleaned gold Nicolet 5700 spectrometer. The experimental setup was de-
samples checked by polarisation modulation reflection absorp- scribed in a previous paper [50]. All reported spectra are re-
tion infrared spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) and water contact corded at 8 cm−1 resolution by co-addition of 128 scans; using
angle (WCA) analysis.
the modulation of polarization techniques enabled us to perform
rapid analyses of the samples after immersion without purging
Gold samples were modified with 4-ATP by 24 h of immersion the atmosphere or requiring a reference spectrum.
in 0.001 M solutions in absolute ethanol, and rinsed
successively with absolute ethanol (10 min), Milli-Q water XPS analyses were collected on Thermo Scientific ESCALAB
(
5 min), absolute ethanol (5 min) and dried under nitrogen flow. 250 Xi and Omicron Argus X-ray photoelectron spectrometers.
The X-ray source was Al Kα radiation (1486.6 eV) monochro-
Gold samples were modified with sulfamide 1 by 24 h of matized radiation with a pass energy of 20 eV. The emissions of
immersion in 0.001 M solutions in dichloromethane, and rinsed photoelectrons from the sample were analyzed at a take-off
with successive bath of dichloromethane, absolute ethanol, angle of 90° under UHV conditions. After collection, the
Milli-Q water, and absolute ethanol during 5 min each and dried binding energies (BE) were calibrated against the Au4f7/2 BE at
under nitrogen flow.
84.0 eV. The accuracy of the reported binding energies can be
estimated to be ± 0.1 eV. The XPS peak areas were determined
after subtraction of a background. Element peak intensities were
Sulfamide formation on gold substrates
The gold surface functionalized by 4-ATP was immersed in corrected by Scofield factors [54]. All spectrum processing was
mL of dichloromethane; triethylamine (110 µL) was added to carried out using Thermo Scientific™ Avantage Data System
5
the stirring solution. The solution was cooled down to approxi- software or Casa XPS v.2.3.15 (Casa Software Ldt., UK).
mately 10 °C. ArSO2NHOSO2Ar (Ar = 4-MeC6H4, SAM a) or The spectral decomposition was performed by using
(
Ar = 4-FC6H4, SAM b) (0.6 mmol) was dissolved in 1 mL and Gaussian–Lorentzian (70%/30%) functions.
dichloromethane and added dropwise to the cooled solution.
The reaction was then left to warm up to room temperature Water contact angle measurements
for 4 h. The gold surface was removed, rinsed succes- Static water contact angles were measured under ambient condi-
sively in absolute ethanol (5 min), dichloromethane (5 min), tions (at 20 °C and 40% relative humidity) analyzing the drop
Milli-Q water (5 min) and finally in absolute ethanol (5 min). profile of sessile drops. 1 µL droplet of Milli-Q water was
deposited on the sample surface using a Krüss DSA100 appa-
Hydrolysis of model sulfamide molecule:
ratus (Germany) equipped with a CCD camera and an image
analysis processor. 4 droplets were analyzed on different loca-
NMR studies
1
0 mg of a para-toluene-derived sulfamide (4-MeC6H4NHSO2- tions on each sample and the test was performed in triplicate.
NH-4-MeC6H4) are dissolved in 0.5 mL of pyridine-d5. 50 μL The reported values are the averages of these 12 measurements
of D2O is added to the mixture and the reaction mixture is for each kind of surface.
placed in an NMR tube and analyzed with a 300 MHz spec-
trometer at different temperatures to determine the proportion of
Supporting Information
para-toluidine formed during the hydrolysis as a function of the
imposed temperature (40, 60, 70 and 80 °C).
Supporting Information File 1
Sulfamide 1 NMR, IR spectra of 4-ATP in bulk and
In situ hydrolysis of sulfamide 1 SAM on gold
The hydrolysis of sulfamide compounds was carried out by
immersion of gold SAM 1 presenting sulfamide 1 monolayer in
adsorbed on gold, F1s XPS spectrum of SAM b and
hydrolysis diagram of para-toluene-derived sulfamide.
[http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/content/
5
% H2O–pyridine (5 mL) at 343 K for two hours under stirring.
supplementary/1860-5397-13-64-S1.pdf]
After the reaction, the samples were rinsed in successive baths
656

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 648–658.
2
2
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5.Maeda, N.; Masuda, K.; Li, J.; Kabashima, S.-i.; Yoshikawa, I.; Araki, K.
Acknowledgements
Soft Matter 2010, 6, 5305. doi:10.1039/c0sm00654h
The authors acknowledge J. Vigneron for help with XPS data
collection and the CEFS2 center for the use of XPS instrument.
The authors would also like to thank IMPC (Institut des
Matériaux de Paris Centre, FR2482) and the C’ Nano projects
of the Region Ile-de-France for Omicron XPS apparatus
funding.
6.Kabashima, S.-i.; Tanaka, S.; Kageyama, M.; Yoshikawa, I.; Araki, K.
Langmuir 2011, 27, 8950. doi:10.1021/la200985m
7.Kabashima, S.-i.; Kageyama, M.; Okano, T.; Yoshikawa, I.; Araki, K.
J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 408, 107. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2013.07.012
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