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RSC Advances
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a refrigerator at 4 C for about 24 h to allow gelation. Then, it completion, the catalyst was separated via ltration and the
was thawed at room temperature for 5 h, followed by immersion mixture analyzed with GC.
into ethanol (99 vol%) for coagulation. Immersing the gel in
deionized water for 2 days gives the opportunity to the solvent
Conflicts of interest
exchange process. Freeze-drying was carried out for the sample
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during 2 days at ꢁ48 C to obtain CA (1.4 g).
There are no conicts to declare.
For the modication of CA with polysiloxane and titania NPs
(
(
ST@CA), a mixture of CA (2.0 g), TiO
5 ml) was heated to 60 C, aged for 2 h, and washed with Acknowledgements
2
NPs (0.05 g), and MTMS
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acetone (3 ꢂ 5 ml). The obtained white solid (2.12 g) was dried
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We gratefully acknowledge nancial support from the Iranian
National Science Foundation.
in vacuum at 60 C for 5 h.
The chemical modication of ST@CA with GQDs gave
STG@CA. A heater-stirrer mixed a balloon containing ST@CA
(
2.0 g), DCC (0.5 g), DMAP (0.1 g), and GQDs (0.5 g) in DMSO (10
Notes and references
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ml) at 90 C for 24 h. GQD was prepared from heating citric acid
at 200 C during 15 min. Finally, the precipitate of mixture was
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14
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ltered off, washed with acetone (3 ꢂ 5 ml), and dried in
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vacuum at 60 C for 5 h to give white solid (2.1 g).
For the preparation of STGP@CA, a mixture of STG@CA (2.0
g) and PdCl2 (0.05 g) in H O (20 ml) was stirred at room
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temperature for 24 h. Then, addition of 10 ml solution of NaBH
0.1 g) during 0.5 h to the reaction vessel and stirring the
4
(
mixture for 3.5 h gave STGP@CA (2.0 g) aer ltration, washing
with water (20 ml), and drying the product in the vacuum oven
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at 70 C as a cream color solid (2.0 g).
Determination of Pd on STGP@CA using FAAS
3
A mixture of STGP@CA (0.05 g) and HCl : HNO (3 : 1) (10 ml)
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was sonicated for 3 h. Then, the mixture was ltered off and the
total volume of the ltrate made up to about 20 ml with distilled
water. The nal solution was aspirated into the ame of the AAS
against the blank prepared with STG@CA. The Pd concentra-
tion was obtained using calibration curve prepared with Pd
solution standards.
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Wettability and liquid absorption capacity of STGP@CA
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WCA measurement (OCA20) equipped with a high-speed
camera indicated the surface wettability of STGP@CA. Water
droplets (1 ml) were deposited on the surface of the aerogels and
the static contact angles measured immediately. For liquid
absorption test, STGP@CA (0.1 g) was immersed into 50 ml oil
for a certain time and then picked out for the measurements.
The weight of STGP@CA lled with liquids aer the aerogel
wiped with a lter paper to remove excess liquids can be used in
the eqn (1) for determining of the liquid absorption capacity:
9 F. Jiang and Y. L. Hsieh, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 6337–
6
342.
C ¼ (W – W )/W
(1)
1
0
0
1
0 (a) S. Wang, X. Peng, L. Zhong, J. Tan, S. Jing, X. Cao,
W. Chen, C. Liu and R. Sun, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3,
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Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 4015–4039; (b) S. Benitez-Martinez and
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where W and W are the weights of STGP@CA before and aer
absorption, respectively.
0 1
772–8781; (b) A. Kafy, H. C. Kim, L. Zhai, J. W. Kim,
1
Typical procedure for the oxidation of ethylbenzene
A stirrer mixed ethylbenzene (1 ml), STGP@CA (0.036 mmol or
0
.2 g), and H O (10 ml) at room temperature under air bubbling 12 (a) X. T. Zheng, A. Ananthanarayanan, K. Q. Luo and P. Chen,
2
ꢁ
1
rate 20 ml min for 24 h. The progress of the reaction was
monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Upon
Small, 2015, 11, 1620–1636; (b) S. Keshipour and K. Adak,
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