A green, reusable and highly efficient solid acid catalyst for the oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids using H 2O2 and KMnO4:H5PV 2Mo10O40 (10-molybdo-2-vanadophosphoric heteropolyacid)

Article abstract of DOI:10.2298/JSC100920135S

H₅PV₂Mo₁₀O₄₀-catalyzed oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids using hydrogen peroxide and KMnO₄ as oxidants under mild conditions is reported. This system provides an efficient, convenient and practical method for the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes. In this work, differences between Keggin and Well-Dawson type polyoxometalates are addressed in term of relative stability, hardness and acidity.

Full text of DOI:10.2298/JSC100920135S

J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (11) 1513–1522 (2011)
JSCS–4225
UDC 547.48+66.094.3+547.857.8+
546.215+546–328:544.4
Original scientific paper
A green, reusable and highly efficient solid acid catalyst for the
oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
using H2O2 and KMnO4:H5PV2Mo10O40 (10-molybdo-2-
-vanadophosphoric heteropolyacid)
1
1
2
*
ABDOLLAH FALLAH SHOJAEI , MOHAMAD ALI REZVANI and MAJID HERAVI
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 419961-3769 and
2Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Azzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
(Received 20 September 2010, revised 23 May 2011)
Abstract: H5PV2Mo10O40-catalyzed oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to the
corresponding carboxylic acids using hydrogen peroxide and KMnO4 as
oxidants under mild conditions is reported. This system provides an efficient,
convenient and practical method for the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes. In
this work, differences between Keggin and Well–Dawson type polyoxometa-
lates are addressed in term of relative stability, hardness and acidity.
Keyword: heteropolyacids; aldehydes; carboxylic acids; microwave irradiation;
polyoxometalates.
INTRODUCTION
The catalytic function of heteropolyacids (HPAs) and related polyoxometa-
late compounds has attracted much attention, particularly over the last two de-
1–4
cades.
In this context, heteropolyacids (HPAs) are promising catalysts. A
common and important class of these acids and those used in the majority of
catalytic applications are Keggin compounds of the general formula H XM O
n
12 40
5
(X = P, Si, As, Ge or B; M = Mo and/or W). These solid acids are usually
insoluble in non-polar solvents but highly soluble in polar ones. They can be used
in bulk or supported forms in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.
Furthermore, these HPAs have several advantages, including high flexibility in
the modification of the acid strength, ease of handling, environmental compatibi-
6
lity, non-toxicity, and experimental simplicity. Keggin type polyoxoanions have
been widely studied as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst for the oxida-
7
tion of organic compounds.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: marezvani298@yahoo.com
doi: 10.2298/JSC100920135S
1513
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SHOJAEI, REZVANI and HERAVI
Another catalytically important subclass of the Keggin compounds are the
mixed vanadium (V) substituted HPAs of the general formula H PV M
O
12–n 40
3+n
n
(M = Mo and W; n = 1 to 6). These compounds exhibit high activity in acid–base
type catalytic reactions; hence, they are used in many catalytic areas as homo-
geneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The most well known of these HPAs is
H PV Mo O .
5
2
10 40
8–12
In continuation of ongoing research
on the syntheses and application of
heteropolyacids in organic syntheses and due to the importance of derivatives of
aldehydes in chemical processes, the applicability of HPA for efficient oxidation
of aldehyde to the corresponding carboxylic acids is reported herein. Ishii and co-
workers reported a number of interesting reactions catalyzed by transition metal-
-substituted heteropolyacids, including oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic
13
acids. Shimizu and co-workers showed how product selectivity and activity de-
pend on the composition of the heteropolyanion and the type of counter cations
14
as well as the support surface area. In addition, they emphasized that pore size
distribution is very important. Mizuno and co-workers examined the oxidation of
15
octanal by O with both nickel- and iron-containing heteropolyacids. Zamaraev
2
and co-workers reported the catalytic properties of several cobalt-containing he-
teropolyanions, viz. tetra-alkylammonium salts of PW CoO
and CoW O
,
11
39.5
12 40.6
in alkene epoxidation by dioxygen in the presence of iso-butyraldehyde, under
16
ambient conditions. The mechanism and the catalytic activity of transition me-
tal-substituted heteropolyacids have been speculated since 1970 and later on, the
propensity of them to bind with molecular oxygen and the role of such dioxygen-
17
activated species in the oxidation of organic substrates was explored.
Microwave heating has been used for a wide variety of applications, inc-
18,19
luding the rapid synthesis of organic compounds.
Now, a very efficient and
simple method for the oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic
acids using H O and KMnO as the oxidizing reagent and catalyzed by mixed
2
2
4
vanadium (V)-substituted HPAs under mild conditions is reported.
EXPERIMENTAL
All reagents and solvents used in this work are available commercially (Merck) and used
as received, unless otherwise indicated. Previously reported methods were used to purify the
aldehydes.20 The preparation of the H5PV2Mo10O40 catalyst and other mixed heteropolyacids
and salts were based on a literature procedure, with modifications as reported below.21 The
acids of [NaP5W30O110
]
14-, [P2W18O62]6- and [P2Mo18O62]6- were prepared according to pub-
1
lished methods and were identified by infrared spectroscopy.22 The H-NMR spectra were
recorded on a Brucker 100 MHz Aspect 3000 FT-NMR instrument. The IR spectra were
recorded on a Buck 500 scientific spectrometer (KBr pellets).
21
Preparation of H5PV2Mo10O40
Sodium metavanadate (12.2 g, 100 mmol) was dissolved by boiling in 50 mL of water
and then mixed with (3.55 g, 25 mmol) of Na2HP04 in 50 mL of water. After the cooling the
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SOLID ACID CATALYST FOR THE OXIDATION OF ALDEHYDES
1515
solution, concentrated sulphuric acid (5 mL, 17 M, 85 mmol) was added, whereby a red
colour developed. Na2MoO4.2H2O (60.5 g, 250 mmol) dissolved in 100 mL of water was
added to the red solution under vigorous stirring, followed by the slow addition of concen-
trated sulphuric acid (42 mL, 17 m, 714 mmol). The hot solution was allowed to cool to room
temperature. The 10-molybdo-2-vanadophosphoric acid was then extracted with 500 mL of
diethyl ether. Air was passed through the heteropoly etherate (bottom layer) to free it of ether.
The solid residue was dissolved in water, concentrated to first crystal formation, as already
described, and then allowed to crystallize further. The large red crystals that formed were
filtered, washed with water, and air-dried.
Preparation of H4PVMo11O40
Na2HPO4 (3.55 g, 25 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mL of water and mixed with (3.05 g, 25
mmol) of sodium metavanadate that had been dissolved by boiling in 50 mL of water. The
mixture was cooled and acidified to a red colour with concentrated sulphuric acid (2.5 mL, 17
M, 42.5 mmol). To this mixture was added a solution of Na2MoO4.2H2O (66.5 g, 274.8
mmol) dissolved in 100 mL of water. Finally, 42.5 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid was
added slowly to the solution under vigorous stirring. With this addition, the dark red colour
changed to a lighter red. After cooling the aqueous solution, heteropoly acid was then ex-
tracted into 200 mL of diethyl ether. In this extraction, the heteropoly etherate was present as
the middle layer; the bottom layer (water) was yellow and probably contained vanadyl
species. After separation, a stream of air was passed through the heteropoly etherate layer to
free it of ether. The solid orange residue was dissolved in 50 mL of water, concentrated to the
first appearance of crystals in a vacuum desiccator over concentrated sulphuric acid, and then
allowed to crystallize further. The orange crystals that formed were filtered, washed with
water, and air-dried.
General procedures for the oxidation of benzaldehyde using H2O2 as the oxidizing agent
Method A (microwave irradiation conditions). Benzaldehyde, heteropolyacid compound
and H2O2 are mixed thoroughly in a small beaker. The mixture was placed in microwave oven
and irradiated for 3 min. at 10–80 % power (full power 1000 watts). Then to the final mixture
was added 10 % aqueous solution of NaHCO3 and the mixture was filtered. The carboxylic
acids were precipitated by adding 6 M HCl to the filtrate. The solid product was collected and
washed with H2O. Adding 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) reagent precipitated the product.
The products were characterized by comparison of their spectroscopic data (IR, 1H-NMR and
MS), and melting points with those of authentic samples.
Method B (magnetic stirrer (25 °C) conditions). To a stirred mixture of the aldehyde (2
mmol) and H2O2 (3 mmol) was added H5PV2Mo10O40 (0.25 mol %). Then stirring was con-
tinued at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. The progress of the reaction was
monitored by TLC.
Method C (reflux conditions). The aldehyde (5 mmol) was dissolved in a mixed solvent
(10 mL ethanol + 5 mL H2O). Then heteropolyacid (0.1g, 10-2 mmol) was added to the
solution. The reaction mixture was refluxed in a 25-mL round-bottom flask equipped with a
magnetic stirrer, reflux condenser and thermometer. While the solution was vigorously stirred
for 10 min, H2O2 (5mL, 165 mmol) was added to the solution. The reaction mixture was
stirred and refluxed for 3–10 h at 70 °C.
General procedure for the oxidation of benzyl aldehyde using KMnO4 as the oxidant
Preparation of oxidant (KMnO4). The oxidant is prepared by grinding equal amounts of
potassium permanganate and copper sulphate pentahydrate in a mortar until homogeneous or
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SHOJAEI, REZVANI and HERAVI
by adding a concentrated aqueous solution of potassium permanganate to alumina, giving a
paste that was then ground with an equal amount of copper sulphate pentahydrate. Addition of
alumina as a solid support did not improve the yields of these reactions. The best results were
obtained when KMnO4 was first mixed with copper sulphate pentahydrate (or a 20/80 mixture
of copper sulphate pentahydrate and alumina) to give a reagent that has previously been
extensively used as a heterogeneous oxidant.
General procedure for the oxidation using KMnO4 as oxidant
All reaction mixtures were refluxed in a 100-mL, two necked round-bottom flask equip-
ped with a magnetic stirrer, reflux condenser, and thermometer. Benzylaldehyde (5 mmol) and
a potion of the oxidant (4 g) was added to the mixed solvent (20 mL ethanol + 10 mL H2O)
and 0.5 g H5PV2Mo10O40 (0.025 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously and re-
fluxed for 4–8 h at 80 °C until TLC analysis indicated completion of the reaction. Then the
suspension was cooled and the aqueous layer separated by filtration through a short column of
sodium chloride. The water layer was acidified to pH 3 by the addition of hydrochloric acid.
The precipitate of benzoic acid was separated by filtration and washed with CH2Cl2 or cold
water (3×10 mL). If greater purity is required, the product could be recrystallized.
Recycling of the catalyst
At the end of the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, the catalyst was filtered and
washed with dichloromethane. In order to know whether the catalyst would succumb to
poisoning and lose its catalytic activity during the reaction, the reusability of the catalyst was
investigated. For this purpose, after completion of the reaction, dichloromethane was added to
the reaction mixture. All compounds were soluble in dichloromethane except the catalyst.
Thus, it could be separated by simple filtration, washed with dichloromethane, dried at 90 °C
for 1 h, and reused in another reaction with the same substrate. Even after five runs for the
reaction, the catalytic activity of H5PV2Mo10O40 was almost the same as that of freshly used
catalyst. The results are summarized in Table I. The IR spectra of the resulting solids indicate
that the catalyst can be recovered without structural degradation.
TABLE I. Reuse of the catalyst in the oxidation of 4-cholorobenzaldehyde (isolated yield is
based on the weight of the pure product obtained)
Times used
Isolated yield, %
1
2
3
4
5
95
92
94
91
93
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The oxidation of aromatic aldehydes by H O or KMnO was examined in
2
2
4
the presence of a variety of heteropolyacids and transition metal-substituted poly-
oxometaltes. Although it is difficult to explain the different activities of these
HPAs, certainly there is a complex relationship between the activity and structure
of the polyanion. By changing the constituent elements of the polyanion (both
hetero- and addenda-atoms), the acid strength of the HPAs and their catalytic
24
activity can be varied over a wide range. When the substrate was liquid, the
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SOLID ACID CATALYST FOR THE OXIDATION OF ALDEHYDES
1517
–3
mole ratio of sub:ox:cat was 1:3:10 but when substrate was solid the mole ratio
–3
–3
was 1:15:10 or 1:30:10 , depending on the reaction conditions. They are sum-
marized in Table II. It is noticeable that the time of reaction under microwave
25
irradiation was very short with respect to the analogous reactions. The Keggin-
-type polyoxometalates resulted in more effective reactions in comparison to the
Well–Dawson-type polyoxometalates (see later Table IV). However, H P Mo O
6 2
18 62
was more effective than H PW O in the oxidation of aldehydes. This may be
3
12 40
due to the difference in the reduction potentials of tungsten and molybdenum.
TABLE II. Oxidation of different aromatic aldehyde using H2O2 as oxidant under microwave
condition
Entry
Aldehyde aromatic
Power, W Reaction time, s Isolated yield, %
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4-Methylbenzaldehyde
4-Cholorobenzaldehyde
2,6-Dicholorobenzaldehyde
2,4-Dicholorobenzaldehyde
3,4-Dicholorobenzaldehyde
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
30
100
80
88
95
92
96
90
97
95
94
90
95
300
300
300
350
400
500
500
500
500
120
130
150
120
130
150
150
150
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde
3,4-Dinitrobenzaldyde
2,3-Dinitrobenzaldyde
Benzaldyde
Effect of the aldehyde substituent
The effects of various substituents on the yields of oxidation of a range of
aromatic aldehydes were examined using H PV Mo O as the catalyst. The re-
5
2
10 40
sults are given in Tables II and III. Halogens were chosen as electron-with-
drawing groups (Table II, entries 2–5), while methyl was chosen as an electron-
-donating substituent (Table II, entry 1). The yields were generally very good (>80
%) to excellent (>90 %) with no obvious relationship between the aromatic sub-
stituent and yield (compare entries 1 with 10 and 2 with 10). A highlight of the
method is the ease by which the product may be isolated via simple filtration fol-
lowing removal of the solvent.
TABLE III. Oxidation of aromatic aldehydes using H2O2 in presence of different solvents
under reflux conditions (isolated yield based on the weight of the pure product obtained)
Entry
1
Aldehyde
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Solvent
Time, h Isolated yield, %
20 ml Ethanol + 10 ml H2O
10 ml Ethanol + 20 ml H2O
15 ml ethanol + 15 ml H2O
30 ml Ethanol
30 ml H2O
Solvent free
20 ml Ethanol + 10 ml H2O
3
3
4
5
5
8
5
95
90
91
85
85
65
89
2
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde
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SHOJAEI, REZVANI and HERAVI
TABLE III. Continued
Entry
2
Aldehyde
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Solvent
Time, h Isolated yield, %
10 ml Ethanol + 20 ml H2O
15 ml Ethanol + 15 ml H2O
30 ml Ethanol
7
8
82
80
75
79
52
94
88
84
78
84
63
82
79
75
69
75
45
10
10
12
5
30 ml H2O
Solvent free
3
4
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde 20 ml Ethanol + 10 ml H2O
10 ml Ethanol + 20 ml H2O
15 ml Ethanol + 15 ml H2O
30 ml Ethanol
8
10
10
8
12
6
30 ml H2O
Solvent free
20 ml Ethanol + 10 ml H2O
10 ml Ethanol + 20 ml H2O
15 ml Ethanol + 15 ml H2O
30 ml Ethanol
Benzaldehyde
8
10
10
8
30 ml H2O
Solvent free
12
Effect of the catalyst structure
The effect of catalyst structure on the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes is
summarized in Table IV. 4-Chlorothiophenol was used as the model compound
and the amount of each catalyst was kept constant. In the Keggin-type polyoxo-
metalates series, H PV Mo O showed the highest catalytic activity. In gene-
5
2
10 40
ral, the heteropoly salt type catalysts were less efficient than the heteropolyacids.
The Keggin-type polyoxometalates led to a more effective reaction in compa-
rison with the Well–Dawson type polyoxometalates. Thus, H P Mo O was
6 2
18 62
again more effective than H P W O in the oxidation of aldehydes, possibly
6 2 18 62
due to the difference in the reduction potentials tungsten and molybdenum. How-
ever, the results indicated that the highest yield of products was obtained with
H PV Mo O as catalyst (Table III). This behaviour is found to be quite gene-
5
2
10 40
ral. The high activity of H PV Mo O in comparison of the other HPAs (Table
5
2
10 40
+
5+
IV) confirmed that in addition to H , the V probably played a catalytic role in
the reaction.
TABLE IV. Oxidation of aldehydes using KMnO4 as the oxidant in the presence of different
heteropolyacids using microwave radiation
Entry
1
Aldehyde
Catalyst
Reaction time, s
Power, W
100
Yield, %
4-Methylbenzaldehyde H5PV2Mo10O40
H6PV3Mo9O40
30
40
50
60
80
88
86
82
78
74
100
100
100
200
H4PVMo11O40
H3PMo12O40
H6P2Mo18O62
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SOLID ACID CATALYST FOR THE OXIDATION OF ALDEHYDES
1519
TABLE IV. Continued
Entry
1
Aldehyde
4-Methylbenzaldehyde
Catalyst
Reaction time, s
Power, W
Yield, %
H3PW12O40
H6P2W18O62
None
90
100
200
500
300
280
300
500
600
500
1000
2000
400
450
600
1000
1000
800
1000
2000
500
70
70
25
95
95
92
86
82
88
81
28
97
97
96
88
86
84
81
27
98
98
96
87
86
84
82
24
140
300
80
2
3
4
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde H5PV2Mo10O40
H6PV3Mo9O40
H4PVMo11O40
H3PMo12O40
100
110
120
130
130
140
320
120
100
150
180
180
170
180
480
130
100
160
200
280
250
300
540
H6P2Mo18O62
H3PW12O40
H6P2W18O62
None
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde
H5PV2Mo10O40
H6PV3Mo9O40
H4PVMo11O40
H3PMo12O40
H6P2Mo18O62
H3PW12O40
H6P2W18O62
None
H5PV2Mo10O40
H6PV3Mo9O40
H4PVMo11O40
H3PMo12O40
H6P2Mo18O62
H3PW12O40
H6P2W18O62
None
500
600
1000
1000
1300
1300
2500
Effect of microwave irradiation
In recent years, a practical dimension to microwave heating protocols was
added by accomplishing reactions on solid supports under solvent-free condi-
21
tions. These solvent-free microwave-assisted reactions provide an opportunity
to work with open vessels, thus avoiding the risk of high-pressure development
and increasing the potential of such reactions to large-scale production. For the
first time, results on this environmentally benign microwave approach for the
oxidation of aromatic aldehyde in the presence of H PV Mo O are described
5
2
10 40
herein. The results showed that, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde could easily be oxidized but
hydroxybenzaldehydes could not. Other mono-substituted benzaldehydes showed
different behaviours (Table IV).
A comparison of the methods
The results also showed that under microwave irradiation, the oxidation
readily proceeds over mixed addenda heteropolyacid H PV Mo O catalysts
5
2
10 40
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1520
SHOJAEI, REZVANI and HERAVI
loadings under solvent-free conditions in very short times (1–3 min) (Table V).
This can be due to the polar nature of the reaction intermediates that couple effi-
ciently with the microwaves and hence, increase the yield and accelerate the rate.
Clearly, this method minimizes the longer reaction times required under thermal
conditions.
TABLE V. Comparison of the different methods employed
Entry
1
Aldehyde
4-Methylbenzaldehyde
Test method
Time
Yield, %
Reflux (solvent)
Heated (without solvent)
Magnetic stirrer (25 °C)
Microwave irradiation
Reflux (solvent)
Heated (without solvent)
Magnetic stirrer (25 °C)
Microwave irradiation
Reflux (solvent)
heated (without solvent)
Magnetic stirrer (25 °C)
Microwave irradiation
Reflux (solvent)
Heated (without solvent)
Magnetic stirrer (25 °C)
Microwave irradiation
Reflux (solvent)
4 h
3.5 h
10 h
30 s
5 h
84
86
82
88
94
92
90
94
95
92
96
100
89
90
88
98
82
76
74
95
2
3
4
5
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
5 h
14 h
80 s
3 h
2.5 h
10 h
120 s
5 h
4.5 h
12 h
130 s
6 h
Heated (without solvent)
Magnetic stirrer (25 °C)
Microwave irradiation
7 h
10 h
150 s
Effect of the oxidant
This reaction was carried out using either H O or KMnO as the oxidizing
2
2
4
agent under mild conditions. The effect of the oxidant on the oxidation of aroma-
tic aldehydes in the presence of H PV Mo O is presented in Table VI.
5
2
10 40
TABLE VI. Oxidation of aldehydes by different oxidants in the presence of H5PV2Mo10O40
Entry
1
Aldehyde
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Oxidant
KMnO4
H2O2
None
KMnO4
H2O2
None
KMnO4
H2O2
Time, h
Yield, %
5
3
8
5
5
8
7
5
10
97
95
20
98
89
17
96
94
18
2
3
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
None
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SOLID ACID CATALYST FOR THE OXIDATION OF ALDEHYDES
1521
TABLE VI. Continued
Entry
Aldehyde
Oxidant
Time, h
Yield, %
4
5
6
7
8
9
4-Methylbenzaldehyde
KMnO4
H2O2
None
KMnO4
H2O2
None
KMnO4
H2O2
None
KMnO4
H2O2
None
KMnO4
H2O2
None
KMnO4
H2O2
None
4
4
8
5
6
8
8
7
10
8
7
10
8
7
10
8
92
98
27
96
69
25
88
92
11
90
91
10
87
91
11
89
92
10
Benzaldehyde
2,6-Dicholorobenzaldehyde
2,4-Dicholorobenzaldehyde
3,4-Dicholorobenzaldehyde
3,4-Dinitrobenzaldyde
7
10
CONCLUSIONS
By changing the constituent elements of the polyanion (both hetero and ad-
denda atoms), the acid strength of HPAs as well as their catalytic activity can be
varied over a wide range. For the first time, using the inexpensive and easily pre-
pared H PV Mo O solid catalyst, oxidation of aromatic aldehydes with elec-
5
2
10 40
tron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups to the corresponding carboxylic
acids was studied. The results showed that the catalyst type is important as well
as the solvent and temperature, but that the reaction withstands a range of sub-
stituents. The Keggin-type polyoxometalates were superior to the Well–Dawson
type polyoxometalates.
И З В О Д
„ЗЕЛЕНИ“, ПОНОВО УПОТРЕБЉИВ, ВИСОКО ЕФИКАСАН ЧВРСТИ КИСЕЛИ
КАТАЛИЗАТОР ЗА ОКСИДАЦИЈУ АЛДЕХИДА ДО ОДГОВАРАЈУЋЕ КИСЕЛИНЕ
СА H2O2 И KMNO4:H5PV2Mo10O40 (10-МОЛИБДО-2-ВАНАДО
ФОСФОРНЕ ХЕТЕРОПОЛИ КИСЕЛИНЕ)
ABDOLLAH FALLAH SHOJAEI1, MOHAMAD ALI REZVANI1 и MAJID HERAVI2
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, 419961-3769 и 2Department of
Chemistry, School of Science, Azzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
Предмет рада је оксидација ароматичних алдехида до одговарајућих карбоксилних ки-
селина, употребом водоник-пероксида као реагенса, уз H5PV2Mo10O40 као катализатора. На-
ведени систем представља ефикасан, погодан и практичан метод за оксидацију ароматичних
алдехида. Полиоксометалати Keggin и Well–Dawson типа су међусобно упоређени у односу
на њихову релативну стабилност, тврдоћу и киселост.
(Примљено 20. септембра 2010, ревидирано 23. маја 2011)
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SHOJAEI, REZVANI and HERAVI
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