Paper
RSC Advances
activated in three different steps and enhance the activity of 14 J. Gao, H. Gu and B. Xu, Acc. Chem. Res., 2009, 42, 1097–1107.
intermediates in each step (Scheme 1).
15 Y. Kang, L. Zhou, X. Li and J. Yuan, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21,
3704–3710.
16 Y.-w. Jun, Y.-M. Huh, J.-s. Choi, J.-H. Lee, H.-T. Song, S. Kim,
S. Kim, S. Yoon, K.-S. Kim and J.-S. Shin, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2005, 127, 5732–5733.
4. Conclusions
In this study, a new core-double shell nanostructure of Fe3-
O4@SiO2@RF@SO3H nanocatalyst was successfully synthesized 17 C. Jin, Y. Wang, H. Tang, H. Wei, X. Liu and J. Wang, J.
and characterized using FT-IR, VSM, SEM, TEM, EDAX, TGA, Physic. Chem. C, 2014, 118, 25110–25117.
and XRD analyses. FT-IR, EDAX, and TGA showed successful 18 C. R. Vestal and Z. J. Zhang, Nano Lett., 2003, 3, 1739–1743.
stabilization of sulfuric acid acidic groups on the Fe3O4@- 19 G. Huang, C. Zhang, S. Li, C. Khemtong, S.-G. Yang, R. Tian,
SiO2@RF surface. FESEM and TEM analyses conrmed the
spherical core-double-shell structure of the products. This new
J. D. Minna, K. C. Brown and J. Gao, J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19,
6367–6372.
nanocatalyst was successfully applied in a one-step reaction to 20 S. Taheri, H. Veisi and M. Hekmati, New J. Chem., 2017, 41,
synthesize the hexahydroquinoline derivatives with high purity 5075–5081.
and yield. Fe3O4@SiO2@RF@SO3H nanocatalyst was simply 21 P. Yang, Y. Xu, L. Chen, X. Wang and Q. Zhang, Langmuir,
recycled and reused 10 times without signicant reduction in its 2015, 31, 11701–11708.
efficiency. Moreover, the efficiency of this new nanocatalyst was 22 X. Liu, S. Li, J. Mei, W.-M. Lau, R. Mi, Y. Li, H. Liu and L. Liu,
compared with the previously reported catalysts, which indi-
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 14429–14438.
cated shorter reaction time, higher yields, solvent-free condi- 23 Y. Shao, L. Zhou, C. Bao, Q. Wu, W. Wu and M. Liu, New J.
tions, and higher reaction cycle of the proposed nanocatalyst. Chem., 2016, 40, 9684–9693.
Finally, EDAX and VSM results of the recycled Fe3O4@SiO2@- 24 J. Choma, D. Jamioła, K. Augustynek, M. Marszewski and
RF@SO3H conrmed its high stability.
M. Jaroniec, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 3972–3974.
25 S.-H. Wu, C.-Y. Mou and H.-P. Lin, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42,
3862–3875.
26 J. Liu, S. Z. Qiao, H. Liu, J. Chen, A. Orpe, D. Zhao and
G. Q. Lu, Angew. Chem., 2011, 123, 6069–6073.
27 Q. Zhang, I. Lee, J. B. Joo, F. Zaera and Y. Yin, Acc. Chem. Res.,
2012, 46, 1816–1824.
28 M. Zhao, K. Deng, L. He, Y. Liu, G. Li, H. Zhao and Z. Tang, J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 1738–1741.
29 Y. Li, J. Jin, D. Wang, J. Lv, K. Hou, Y. Liu, C. Chen and
Z. Tang, Nano Res., 2018, 11, 3294–3305.
Conflicts of interest
There is no conicts of interest.
References
1 S. Kumar, P. Sharma, K. K. Kapoor and M. S. Hundal,
Tetrahedron, 2008, 64, 536–542.
2 D. Schade, M. Lanier, E. Willems, K. Okolotowicz,
P. Bushway, C. Wahlquist, C. Gilley, M. Mercola and 30 J. Lu, W. Zhou, L. Wang, J. Jia, Y. Ke, L. Yang, K. Zhou, X. Liu,
J. R. Cashman, J. Med. Chem., 2012, 55, 9946–9957.
Z. Tang and L. Li, ACS Catal., 2016, 6, 1045–1053.
3 L.-M. Wang, J. Sheng, L. Zhang, J.-W. Han, Z.-Y. Fan, H. Tian 31 X. Wang, L. Fan, D. Gong, J. Zhu, Q. Zhang and B. Lu, Adv.
and C.-T. Qian, Tetrahedron, 2005, 61, 1539–1543.
Funct. Mater., 2016, 26, 1104–1111.
4 M. M. Heravi, K. Bakhtiari, N. M. Javadi, F. F. Bamoharram, 32 Z. Zhang, F. Wang, Q. An, W. Li and P. Wu, J. Mater. Chem. A,
M. Saeedi and H. A. Oskooie, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2007,
264, 50–52.
5 S. R. Cherkupally and R. Mekala, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2008,
56, 1002–1004.
6 M. Maheswara, V. Siddaiah, G. L. V. Damu and C. V. Rao,
ARKIVOC, 2006, 2, 201–206.
7 J. L. Donelson, R. A. Gibbs and S. K. De, J. Mol. Catal. A:
Chem., 2006, 256, 309–311.
8 C. S. Reddy and M. Raghu, Chin. Chem. Lett., 2008, 19, 775–
779.
9 R. Surasani, D. Kalita, A. D. Rao, K. Yarbagi and
K. Chandrasekhar, J. Fluorine Chem., 2012, 135, 91–96.
10 A. Amoozadeh, S. Rahmani, M. Bitaraf, F. B. Abadi and
E. Tabrizian, New J. Chem., 2016, 40, 770–780.
2015, 3, 7036–7043.
33 M. Xu, D. Chen, P. Huang, Z. Wan, Y. Zhou and Z. Ji, J. Mater.
Chem. C, 2016, 4, 6516–6524.
34 S. M. Majhi, P. Rai and Y.-T. Yu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,
2015, 7, 9462–9468.
35 X. Y. Yu, L. Yu and X. W. Lou, Adv. Energy Mater., 2016, 6,
1501333.
36 R. Zou, M. F. Yuen, L. Yu, J. Hu, C.-S. Lee and W. Zhang, Sci.
Rep., 2016, 6, 20264.
37 P. Tan, Y. Jiang, X.-Q. Liu, D.-Y. Zhang and L.-B. Sun, ACS
Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2016, 4, 2223–2231.
38 T. Wu, Y. Liu, X. Zeng, T. Cui, Y. Zhao, Y. Li and G. Tong, ACS
Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8, 7370–7380.
39 R. Purbia and S. Paria, Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 19789–19873.
11 J. Safaei-Ghomi, R. Aghagoli and H. Shahbazi-Alavi, Z. 40 X. Fang, S. Liu, J. Zang, C. Xu, M.-S. Zheng, Q.-F. Dong,
Naturforsch. B, 2018, 73, 269–274. D. Sun and N. Zheng, Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 6908–6916.
12 E. Tabrizian and A. Amoozadeh, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2016, 6, 41 R. Liu and R. D. Priestley, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 6680–
6267–6276. 6692.
13 A. H. Lu, E. e. L. Salabas and F. Schuth, Angew. Chem., Int. 42 Y. Liu, W. Wang, Q. Chen, C. Xu, D. Cai and H. Zhan, Inorg.
¨
Ed., 2007, 46, 1222–1244.
Chem., 2019, 58(2), 1330–1338.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020
RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 41703–41712 | 41711