Synthesis of Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4C2O4?n H2O Micropolyhedrons: Multimetal Synergy for High-Performance Glucose Oxidation Catalysis

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/asia.201900361

Owing to the synergy between metals, trimetal oxalate micropolyhedrons have been synthesized by means of a room-temperature coprecipitation strategy. The effect of their nanoscale size on their electrochemical performance toward glucose oxidation was investigated. In particular, the Co_0.5Mn_0.1Ni_0.4C₂O₄?n H₂O micropolyhedrons illustrated prominent electrocatalytic activity for the glucose oxidation reaction. Additionally, the Co_0.5Mn_0.1Ni_0.4C₂O₄?n H₂O micropolyhedrons, when used as an electrode material, illustrated an excellent lower limit of detection (1.5 μm), a wide detection concentration range (0.5–5065.5 μm), and a high sensitivity (493.5 μA mm^?1 cm^?2). Further analysis indicated that the effectively improved conductivity may have been due to the small size of the materials, and it was easier to form a flat film when Nafion was coated onto the glassy carbon electrode.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/asia.201900361

CHEMISTRY
AN ASIAN JOURNAL
www.chemasianj.org
Accepted Article
Title: Synthesis of Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4C2O4·nH2O Micropolyhedrons:
Multi-Metal Synergy for High-Performance Glucose Catalysis
Authors: Huan Pang, Nan Li, Qing Li, Mei Juan Yuan, Xiao Tian Guo,
and Sha Sha Zheng
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
DOI: 10.1002/ (please add manuscript number)
Article type:
Synthesis of Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
·nH
2
O Micropolyhedrons: Multi-Metal Synergy for
High-Performance Glucose Catalysis
Nan Li, Qing Li, Meijuan Yuan, Xiaotian Guo, Shasha Zheng and Huan Pang*
Nan Li, Qing Li, Meijuan Yuan, Xiaotian Guo, Shasha Zheng and Huan Pang*
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangling College
Yangzhou University
Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
E-mail: huanpangchem@hotmail.com; panghuan@yzu.edu.cn
Homepage: http://huanpangchem.wix.com/advanced-material
Keywords: synergy; glucose oxidation; Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
·nH O micropolyhedrons.
2
Due to the synergy between metals, trimetal oxalate micropolyhedrons are synthesized via a
room temperature coprecipitation strategy. The effect of their nanoscale size on their
electrochemical performance toward glucose oxidation was investigated. In particular, the
Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
2
·nH O micropolyhedrons illustrated prominent electrocatalytic activity for
the glucose oxidation reaction. Additionally, the Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
·nH O micropolyhedrons,
2
when used as an electrode material, illustrated an excellent lower limit of detection (1.5 μM), a
wide detection concentration range (0.5 μM-5065.5 μM) and a high sensitivity (493.5 μA mM-
1
-2
cm ). Further analysis indicated that the effectively improved conductivity may have been
due to the small size of the materials, and it was easier to form a flat film when Nafion was
coated onto the glassy carbon electrode.
1
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
1
. Introduction
High-performance catalytic devices have recently received a substantial amount of research
attention and have shown unique advantages.[1–5] Therefore, it is essential to explore efficient
and stable catalysts. Materials containing multiple metallic elements are more attractive from a
scientific and technical point of view than single metal materials, and these materials are
expected to exhibit new synergistic properties between the metals.[6–8] Multi-metal materials
can alter the electronic structure of the active metal centers and can also modulate the available
catalytically active sites to enhance the catalytic performance.[9–15] For instance, Wu and
coworkers[16] reported Fe1−xPtRu
nanocrystals that had improved electrocatalytic activity
x
toward methanol, which was ascribed to a change in the electronic structure of Pt due to
synergistic effects between the metals. In addition, as reported by Hu et al.[17], PdO reduces the
density of Pd electrons by doping with Co
3
4
O , and the formation of a large number of oxygen
vacancies in Co significantly improved the electrocatalytic performance. Moreover, the
3
O
4
multi-metal centers in the reaction system act synergistically with the substrate to effectively
increase the catalytic activity. Due to their synergistic effect, multi-metal materials show good
application prospects in catalysis.
In recent years, transition-metal oxalate nanomaterials have received considerable
attention in the study of electrochemical applications due to their low-costs, controllable
structures and unique physical and chemical properties.[18–20] Transition-metal oxalate
nanomaterials with exceptional electrochemical properties can be obtained by environmentally
friendly, economical and scalable synthetic methods.[21] The use of oxalate in supercapacitors
and batteries has been widely reported.[22,23] Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high
blood sugar. The analysis and detection of glucose in the human body is of great significance
for the diagnosis and control of diseases. The development of a low-cost, easy-to-synthesize,
high-sensitivity, highly selective and stable material for the detection of glucose has received
widespread public interest.[24] Oxalate nanomaterials exhibit unique advantages in catalytic
2
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
applications; however, the use of oxalate materials for the detection of glucose has rarely been
reported.
In this paper, we obtained Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
·nH O micropolyhedrons via a room
2
temperature coprecipitation strategy. Furthermore, the influence of the ratio of the Co/Mn/Ni
metals on the growth of Co-Mn-Ni oxalates was explored. The as-prepared oxalate materials
were used to modify on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the current generated by the
redox reaction between the oxalate/GCE and was utilized to catalyze glucose (GLU). By
comparison, Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
·nH
of the prepared samples and had a high sensitivity with a wide linear detection range of 0.5-
·nH O micropolyhedrons were a prominent catalyst for
2
O/GCE presented the best electrochemical performance
5
065.5 μM. The Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
2
the detection of GLU in human serum owing to their high sensitivity, low detection limit, good
selectivity and high stability.
2
. Results and discussions
In this study, a series of oxalate nanomaterials with three different Co/Mn/Ni metal ratios (M1:
Co0.5Mn0.4Ni0.1
C
C
2
2
O
4
4
·nH
2
O;
M2:
Co0.5Mn0.25Ni0.25
C
2
O
4
·nH
2
O;
and
M3:
Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
O
·nH
2
O) were obtained by a facile room temperature chemical
coprecipitation strategy. A detailed description of the procedures was provided in the
experimental section (Supporting Information). The molar ratio of Co/Mn/Ni in the trimetallic
oxalate can be easily controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of the Co/Mn/Ni precursors in the
reaction. The crystal structure and the phase purity of the oxalates were determined by X-ray
diffraction (XRD) (Figure 1). As seen in Figure 1, the as-obtained oxalates possessed the same
material composition, and all peaks of the prepared products were derived from the combined
result of three metals rather than a single oxalate. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra
of the oxalates are shown in Figure S1. The strong and broad absorption band at 3372 cm-1
could be identified as the stretching vibrations of O-H and adsorbed H
2
O molecules.[25,26] The
-1
band at 1650 cm could be attributed to the bending vibration of H
2
O molecules, indicating
3
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
that coordinated H
2
O molecules exist within the as-prepared oxalate materials. Moreover, the
-1
bands at 1622 cm belonged to the C=O vibrations of the carbonyl groups. The bands at 1359
-1
-1
cm and 1444 cm could be assigned to the O-C-O symmetric and asymmetric stretching
-1
vibrations, respectively, while the band at 814 cm could be assigned to the O-C-O bending
vibration. In addition, the band corresponding to the C-O bending vibrations was located at
1
321 cm-1.[27] The FTIR spectra of the as-synthesized oxalates further confirmed that the
different Co/Mn/Ni metal ratios resulted in the same material composition.
Figure 1. XRD patterns of the cobalt-manganese-nickel oxalate micropolyhedrons.
The morphologies and microstructures of the prepared oxalates were analyzed by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The SEM images of
the M1 and M2 samples are shown in Figure S2a and Figure S2b. As shown in Figure 2a,
numerous
uniform
·nH
micropolyhedrons
were
present
in
the
M3
sample
(Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
2
O). It was apparent from the SEM images that the sizes of the M1-
M3 samples gradually decreased as the ratio of the three metals in the samples was adjusted.
To further explore the internal structure of M3, a TEM image was obtained (Figure 2b), and it
was further found by high-resolution TEM (Figure S3a) and electron diffraction (Figure S3b)
that it was difficult to observe the lattice fringes in the images of the sample owing to the large
4
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
electron beam. In addition, the spectrum obtained from the energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDS) mapping (Figure 2c-h) shows that the elemental composition of sample
M3 contained the desired Co, Mn, Ni, C and O, and these elements were evenly distributed
throughout sample M3. Moreover, the detailed quantitative calculations are displayed in Figure
S4. It was concluded that a trimetallic oxalate composite was obtained, and the atomic ratio of
the metals was Co:Mn:Ni = 5:1:4, corresponding to the ratio of the metals in the raw materials.
Figure 2. The Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
·nH O micropolyhedrons: a) SEM image, b) TEM image
2
and c) EDS elemental mapping images of d) C, e) O, f) Co, g) Mn and h) Ni for the M3 sample.
Further information on the surface electronic states and chemical compositions of the
samples was obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Figure 3a further
demonstrates that the M1-M3 samples contained Co, Mn, Ni, C and O elements. The high-
resolution XPS spectrum of the C 1s region is shown in Figure S5a, which can be interpreted
as containing nonoxygenated carbon (C-C: 284.78 eV), C-O (286.51 eV) and carboxyl carbon
(C=O: 288.75 eV). Figure S5b shows the high-resolution XPS spectrum of the O 1s region, the
peaks of which can be ascribed to C=O (532.23 eV), C-O (532.68 eV) and H O (539.88 eV).
2
We can see from Figure 3b that the Co peak in the M3 XPS spectrum has a higher binding
5
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
energy than that of the other two samples and it can be found that the Ni and Mn binding
energies of the M1-M3 samples are also shifted (Figure 3c and Figure 3d), which may
effectively adjust the electronic environment of the active metal activity centers due to changing
the metal ratio of the material. These results indicated that there was an effect on the electronic
structure of the active metal centers due to adjusting the ratio of Co/Mn/Ni in the oxalate
materials. Further XPS analysis of the M3 sample is shown in Figure S6. As seen in Figure
S6a, there were two peaks in the high-resolution Co 2p spectra of the M3 sample at 781.82 eV
and 797.50 eV, corresponding to Co 2p3/2 and Co 2p1/2, respectively. In the high-resolution XPS
spectrum of the Ni 2p region (Figure S6b), the Ni 2p region of the M3 sample shows two
characteristic peaks at 856.27 eV and 873.88 eV, corresponding to the Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2
electronic configurations, respectively. As seen in Figure S6c, there were two peaks in the
high-resolution Mn 2p spectra of the M3 sample at 642.17 eV and 653.52 eV, corresponding to
Mn 2p3/2 and Mn 2p1/2, respectively, which are characteristic of Mn(II).
6
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
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Figure 3. XPS spectra of the M1-M3 samples: a) survey scan and the b) Co 2p, c) Ni 2p and
d) Mn 2p regions.
To investigate the electrochemical catalytic performance of the prepared oxalate materials,
a series of electrochemical tests were performed using a three-electrode system. The current
produced by the redox reactions between GLU and the Co-Mn-Ni oxalates was utilized in the
experiments to catalyze GLU. The electrochemical catalytic activities of devices prepared from
modified GCEs of the three samples were assessed by testing their electrocatalytic performance
toward GLU. The electrocatalytic process was shown in Scheme 1.
Scheme 1. Schematic diagram of oxalate materials modified GCE applied for catalyzing
GLU.
First, we measured each sample over the optimal voltage range for this experiment, which
-1
was -0.4 V to 0.8 V (scan rate: 100 mV s ). In Figure 4a, the oxidation peaks in the cyclic
voltammetry (CV) curves of the as-made samples clearly demonstrated that sample M3 had the
strongest response to GLU when the concentration of GLU was 500 μM. With increasing GLU
concentration in a 0.1 M NaOH electrolyte, the oxidation current of the M3 GCE increased
significantly, and the reduction current decreased slightly (Figure 5a). Furthermore, the other
two cobalt-manganese-nickel oxalate composite electrodes (M1-M2 electrodes) displayed
similar CV curves (Figure S7) as that of the M3 GCE, which proved that the as-prepared
7
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
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oxalate nanomaterials (samples M1-M3) were capable of catalyzing GLU and that the M3
sample exhibited the highest response current.
Before testing the current-time response upon injection of different concentrations of GLU,
the current-time response of the M3 GCE at the various potentials of 0.3, 0.35, 0.45 and 0.45
V was measured for 100 μM GLU in a 0.1 M NaOH electrolyte (Figure S8), which indicated
that 0.4 V was the optimal potential for catalyzing GLU. Figure 4b shows the current-time
comparison curves for the M1-M3 GCEs at 0.4 V upon consecutively adding different
concentrations of GLU in the range of 0.5 M to 800 M into a stirring 0.1 M NaOH electrolyte.
Figure 5b displays the current-time plot of the M3 GCE for different GLU concentrations, and
an obvious response can be seen in the inset for a GLU concentration as low as 0.5 μM. As
presented in Figure S9, the maximum steady-state current was reached within 2 s during the
addition of GLU to the stirred NaOH solution (Figure S9c), however, the maximum steady
state current of M1 and M2 GCEs is reached over 20s and 5s, respectively.(Figure S9a and
Figure S9b). Furthermore, a concentration-current linearity diagram for the M1-M3 GCEs was
obtained from the current-time plots of the different concentrations of GLU (Figure 4c), which
indicated that M3 GCE possessed the optimal linear relationship. The linear equation for the
M3 GCE response in the range of 0-5065.5 μM GLU is: I (μA) =0.03785 C (μM) +2.9074,
R=0.99809, and it can be found from the inset that the linear equation is I (μA) =0.0508 C (μM)
+1, R=0.99809, over the range of 0-565.5 μM GLU, with calculated sensitivities of 493.5 μM
-1
-2
-1
-2
mA cm and 662.3 μM mA cm , respectively (Figure 5c). Thus, an excellent lower limit of
detection (approximately 0.15 µM at S/N=3) for the M3 GCE was obtained.
In addition to the above discussion, the repeatability, anti-interference performance and
stability of the electrode are significant parameters for assessing the electrocatalytic
performance of oxalate composite materials toward GLU. Experimental reproducibility is an
essential indicator for whether the results are accidental. Figure 4d shows a typical current-
time comparison plot for the M1-M3 GCEs with 100 M glucose being added 10 times to a
8
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
stirring 0.1 M NaOH solution at a voltage of 0.4 V. Moreover, the selectivity of a catalyst is an
important factor in determining whether the material can effectively catalyze the target. Hence,
it is necessary to further study whether the modified electrode material generates a current in
response to other interferents, including uric acid (AA), dopamine hydrochloride (UA),
ascorbic acid (DA) and NaCl. Figure 4e shows the response curves of the M1-M3 GCEs to
consecutive injections of 100 M GLU, 5M AA, 5M UA, 5M DA, 5M NaCl, and
1
00M GLU into a stirring NaOH solution. The responses of the M1-M3 GCEs are significant
after the addition of GLU, with the most obvious response occurring on the M3 GCE.
Additionally, there was almost no response upon adding DA, UA, AA and NaCl. The results
indicated that the electrodes modified with the trimetal oxalate composite materials had
excellent selectivity and could be utilized for GLU detection. Additionally, the stability of the
current responses of the M1-M3 GCEs are shown in Figure 4f, and notably, M3 GCE had the
strongest initial current response, with only 0.45% attenuation of the current after 4000 s
(Figure 5d). The electrocatalytic properties of the M1 and M2 GCEs are shown in Figure S10
and Figure S11. As seen from the above discussion, the M3 electrode was more suitable than
the M1 and M2 GCEs for catalyzing GLU due to its better electrocatalytic performances.
9
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
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Figure 4. Electrochemical performance of the M1-M3 GCEs. a) CV curves of the M1-M3
GCEs in a 0.1 M NaOH electrolyte with 500 μM GLU. b) Current-time responses of the M1-
M3 GCEs at 0.4 V upon consecutive additions of different amounts of GLU (0.5 μM-80 M)
in 0.1 M NaOH. Inset: current-time response to GLU concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20
M. c) The corresponding calibration plot of the current versus GLU concentration ranging
from 0.5 to 5065.5 M. Inset: magnified view of the GLU concentrations ranging from 0.5 to
5
65.5 M. d) Current-time responses of the M1-M3 GCEs upon 10 additions of 100 μM GLU
into 0.1 M NaOH at 0.4 V. e) Current-time responses of the M1-M3 GCEs upon the addition
of 100 μM GLU, 5 μM AA, 5 μM UA, 5 μM DA, 5 μM NaCl, and 100 μM GLU into 0.1 M
1
0
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
NaOH at 0.4 V. f) The stabilities of the response currents over 4000 s for the M1-M3 GCEs
after the addition of GLU (100 μM).
Figure 5. Electrochemical performance of the M3-modified electrode. a) CV curves in 0.1 M
NaOH when different concentrations of GLU were added. b) Current-time responses of the M3-
modified electrode upon consecutive injections of GLU in 0.1 M NaOH at 0.40 V. c) The plot
of the electrocatalytic current of GLU vs. concentration in the range of 0.5 μM to 5065.5 M.
Inset: The plot of the electrocatalytic current of GLU vs. concentration in the range of 0.5 μM
to 565.5 M. d) The stability of the response current over 4000 s for the M3 GCE after the
addition of 100 μM GLU.
In brief, the M3-modified electrode had a higher electrocatalytic activity than the M1- and
M2-modified electrodes. Specifically, the M3 GCE had the highest response current, sensitivity
and stability and the lowest detection limit compared to those of the M1 and M2 GCEs. To
further assess the catalytic performance of the Co-Mn-Ni oxalates, several related references
for recent studies on GLU catalysis are shown in Table 1. It is obvious that the as-synthesized
1
1
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
2
·nH O /GCE not only has advantages in terms of its linear range and
detection limit but also has superior sensitivity in comparison to previously reported catalysts.
The significant improvement in the electrocatalytic performance of the M3 GCE can be
ascribed to the following factors. 1) The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
patterns of the M1-M3 GCEs are presented in Figure 6. By comparison, the M3 GCE presented
a smaller charge transfer resistance than that of the other two materials, indicating that the M3
sample possessed superior conductivity and a better charge transfer capability. 2) Although the
three Co-Mn-Ni oxalate materials had similar material compositions, the M3 sample had a
smaller size, which was more conducive to diffusion of the electrolyte, and could more easily
form a flat film with Nafion on the GCE (Figure S12). 3) By comparison, it was found that the
synergistic effect of the mixed metals changed the electronic environment of the active metal
centers and may have beneficially improved the catalytic performance.
Figure 6. The EIS patterns of the M1-M3 GCEs in 0.1 M NaOH.
1
2
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Table 1: Comparison of different electrode materials for GLU catalysis.
Electrode material
Potential
Linear
range (M) limit (M)
2-2500
2-3100
0.5-4030
2-4470
Detection
Sensitivity
(A mM cm )
420.4
11.43
308.71
Ref.
-1
-2
(V)
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
NiCFP
0.6
0.54
0.5
1
2
RGO-Ni(OH) /GCE
CuO/SPCE
0.6
0.1
0.4
Nickel-cobalt
0.55
302.99
phosphate/GCE
Co NDs-GCE
Ni@carbon
[
32]
33]
3
O
4
0.47
0.5
500-5000
24-1200
0.8
14.43
27.33
9.11
[
Nanocomposites/3D-KSCs
LDH@PPy
Porous Co nanobeads/rGO 0.55
NiNPs/PEDOT/RGO
NiCo-LDH/CC
NiCo-LDH/GNR/GCE
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
34]
35]
36]
37]
38]
39]
40]
0.55
5-50
0.8
47.5
1
5.12
0.6
1.7
0.8
0.15
46.04
39.32
36.15
0.12
344
255
367.45
493.5
662.3
150-6250
1-5100
1-1500
5-800
5-1000
4-5664
0.5-5065.5
0.5-565.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
CoII-MOF/Acb-0.2%/GCE 0.55
Ni-MOF/Ni/NiO/C
0.65
0.4
Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2 4 2
O ·nH O
Present
work
/GCE
3
. Conclusion
In conclusion, a series of Co-Mn-Ni oxalate micropolyhedrons were fabricated via a room
temperature coprecipitation strategy. Co-Mn-Ni oxalate-modified GCE electrodes were proven
to be an excellent electrode material for GLU catalysis due to the synergistic effects of the
multiple metals. By comparison, the electrode modified with Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
·nH O, which
2
had the smallest size of the samples, presented an excellent electrocatalytic performance with
a wide concentration detection range (0.5 μM-5065.5 μM), good linearity (R=0.99809), an
-1
-2
outstanding detection limit (0.15 μM), good sensitivity (493.5 A mM cm ) and high
selectivity. More importantly, this study is expected to provide not only an inexpensive and
easy-to-prepare material for catalyzing GLU but also expanded the potential use of oxalate
materials as high-performance GLU catalysts.
Supporting Information
Supporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or from the author.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-
2
1671170, 21673203, and 21201010), the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu
Higher Education Institutions (TAPP), Program for New Century Excellent Talents of the
University in China (NCET-13-0645), the Six Talent Plan (2015-XCL-030), Qinglan Project
of Jiangsu, Program for Colleges Natural Science Research in Jiangsu Province
1
3
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
(18KJB150036) as well as the Science and Technology Innovation Foster Foundation of
Yangzhou University (2016CXJ010). We also acknowledge the Priority Academic Program
Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and the technical support we received at
the Testing Center of Yangzhou University.
Received: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff))
Revised: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff))
Published online: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff))
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal
10.1002/asia.201900361
Due to the synergy between metals, trimetal oxalate micropolyhedrons are synthesized via a
room temperature coprecipitation strategy. The effect of their nanoscale size on their
electrochemical performance toward glucose oxidation was investigated. In particular, the
Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
2
·nH O micropolyhedrons illustrated prominent electrocatalytic activity for
the glucose oxidation reaction. Additionally, the Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
·nH O micropolyhedrons,
2
when used as an electrode material, illustrated an excellent lower limit of detection (1.5 μM), a
wide detection concentration range (0.5 μM-5065.5 μM) and a high sensitivity (493.5 μA mM-
1
-2
cm ). Further analysis indicated that the effectively improved conductivity may have been
due to the small size of the materials, and it was easier to form a flat film when Nafion was
coated onto the glassy carbon electrode.
Keywords: synergy; glucose oxidation; Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
Nan Li, Qing Li, Meijuan Yuan, Xiaotian Guo, Shasha Zheng and Huan Pang*
·nH O Micropolyhedrons: Multi-Metal Synergy for
C
2
O
4
·nH O micropolyhedrons.
2
Synthesis of Co0.5Mn0.1Ni0.4
C
2
O
4
2
High-Performance Glucose Catalysis
ToC figure
1
8
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