Room-temperature and gram-scale synthesis of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals with 50-85% photoluminescence quantum yields

Article abstract of DOI:10.1039/c6cc01500j

All inorganic CsPbX₃ (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with 50-85% photoluminescence quantum yields and tunable emission in the range of 440-682 nm have been successfully synthesized at room temperature in open air. This facile strategy enables us to prepare gram-scale CsPbBr₃ NCs with a PLQY approaching 80%.

Full text of DOI:10.1039/c6cc01500j

View Article Online
View Journal
ChemComm
Accepted Manuscript
This article can be cited before page numbers have been issued, to do this please use: S. Wei, Y. Yang, X.
Kang, L. Wang, L. Huang and D. Pan, Chem. Commun., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6CC01500J.
This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the
Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been
accepted for publication.
Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after
acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading.
Using this free service, authors can make their results available
to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited
article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited
and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available.
You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the
Information for Authors.
Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes
to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s
standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still
apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held
responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript
or any consequences arising from the use of any information it
contains.
www.rsc.org/chemcomm

Please do not adjust margins
ChemComm
Page 1 of 4
View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC01500J
Chemical Communications
COMMUNICATION
Room‐Temperature and Gram‐Scale Synthesis of CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I)
3
Perovskite Nanocrystals with 50‐85% Photoluminescence Quantum
Received 00th January 20xx,
Accepted 00th January 20xx
Yields
1
,2
1,2
1
1,2
1
1
Song Wei, Yanchun Yang, Xiaojiao Kang, Lan Wang, Lijian Huang * and Daocheng Pan *
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
www.rsc.org/
All inorganic CsPbX
3
(X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals precursor solution, which leads to low batch-to-batch reproducibility.
This problem will become more prominent in the large-scale
production, and it can be resolved by developing a room-temperature
synthetic strategy. Since the crystalline organic/inorganic perovskite
(
PNCs) with 50-85% photoluminescence quantum yields and
tunable emission in the range of 440-682 nm have been
successfully synthesized at room temperature in the open air.
This facile strategy enables us to prepare gram-scale CsPbBr3
NCs with a PLQY approaching 80%.
3
0,31
20-23
(
CH
be formed at room temperature, which motivates us to synthesize
highly crystalline CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs at room temperature.
Lead halide-based perovskites have been extensively investigated as Recently, there are two reports on the room-temperature synthesis of
3
NH
3
PbX
3
, X=Cl, Br, I) thin films
and nanocrystals
can
3
1
-
the absorbing materials of thin film solar cells in the past six years,
3 2
CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs by a heterogeneous reaction. PbX
and a record power conversion efficiency of 20.1% has been (X=Cl, Br, I) were used as the starting materials and dissolved in N,
achieved. Comparatively, the lead halide-based perovskites have N-dimethylformamide (DMF). However, DMF can severely degrade
1
0
1
0
11-24
received little attention as luminescent materials.
Several recent and even dissolve CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs, which will lead to a
3
2
0
reports have demonstrated that lead halide-based perovskites can be decrease in production yield of PNCs. Therefore, developing a
11-15
served as a promising emitter in light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
homogeneous approach is of great significance for large-scale
Therefore, the synthesis of highly luminescent perovskite colloidal production of high quality CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs.
3
16-24
nanocrystals has become a particularly important research topic.
Recently, Kovalenko et al. firstly synthesized all inorganic CsPbX
X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals in an organic high-boiling- capped CsPbBr PNCs were obtained by mixing the Cs and Pb
Herein, we present a facile and rapid approach for the synthesis of
highly luminescent CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs. Firstly, fatty acid-
3
3
+
2+
(
3
1
6
-
point solvent (1-octadecene) by a hot-injection approach. The toluene solution with Br toluene solution at room temperature. A
variety of fatty acids with different chain lengths were used to
reaction was performed by swiftly injecting cesium oleate precursor
solution into PbX (X=Cl, Br, I) precursor solution at the
+
2+
prepare Cs and Pb precursor solution by dissolving CsOH (or
Cs CO ) and PbO, and the excess fatty acids were served as the
2
o
2
3
temperature of 140-200 C. As-prepared CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I)
3
capping agents. Note that all experimental procedures were
conducted in the open air. No aggregation was found in the crude
solution of CsPbBr3 PNCs. Then, alloyed CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I)
perovskite nanocrystals exhibit a tunable emission in the wavelength
range of 410-700 nm, narrow PL full width at half maximum
3
1
6
(
FWHM) of 12-42 nm and high PLQYs of 50-90%, which are
PNCs were synthesized via an in-situ anion exchange reaction by the
comparable to or even better than those highly luminescent CdSe addition of a certain amount of tetrabutylammonium chloride or
2
5-29
quantum dots (QDs) in the literature.
Compared with tetrabutylammonium iodide. Finally, as-prepared PNCs were
purified by using γ-butyrolactone and were re-dispersed in toluene
for various characterizations. The experimental details are provided
in Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI).
chalcogenide-based II-VI and I-III-VI semiconductor QDs, highly
luminescent PNCs can be synthesized at lower temperatures in
16-23
several seconds.
More importantly, the emission peaks of the
Figure 1a shows
photoluminescence spectra of CsPbBr
capping agent with different chain lengths (C -C ). Although a
a
series of UV-vis absorption and
perovskite nanocrystals can be finely controlled by an anion-
1
7,18
3
PNCs using fatty acid as the
exchange reaction.
For a hot-injection reaction, the size of
4
18
nanocrystals is highly related on the reaction temperature, whereas
the reaction temperature is uncontrollable upon the injection of cold
variety of fatty acids can be used to prepare well-dispersed CsPbBr
3
PNCs, their PLQYs exhibit an increasing trend with increasing alkyl
chain length (see Fig. S1). The PLQY of CsPbBr PNCs can exceed
3
8
0% when myristic acid or oleic acid was used as the capping agent,
1
State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of
whereas butyric acid-capped CsPbBr PNCs possess a low PLQY in
3
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022,
2
the range of 20-30%, probably due to a weak bonding strength.
However, these short-chain fatty acid-coated PNCs could provide
better carrier transportation, which makes them very attractive for
the optoelectronic device applications such as solar cells and light-
China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Email: huanglj@ciac.ac.cn and pan@ciac.ac.cn; Tel. +86‐431‐85262941
†
various characterizations. See DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available: Experimental details and
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
J. Name., 2013, 00, 1‐3 | 1
Please do not adjust margins

Please do not adjust margins
ChemComm
Page 2 of 4
COMMUNICATION
Journal Name
emitting diodes. Apart from fatty acids, some organic amines photoluminescence of CsPbBr
PNCs was dominated by the band-
View Article Online
3
(
butylamine, hexylamine, octylamine, oleylamine, and edge emission. Unlike II-VI and I-III-VI corDeOQI: D10s.,10a3l9l /fClu6oCrCe0sc15e0n0cJe
trioctylamine), 1-dodecanethiol, trioctylphosphine, trioctylphosphine decay curves of different fatty acids-capped CsPbBr PNCs can be
3
oxide and triphenylphosphine oxide were also used to synthesize well fitted with a single exponential function (Fig. 1b and Fig. S5),
CsPbBr PNCs at room temperature. However, no CsPbBr PNCs indicating that there is only one radiative recombination center in
3
3
were observed in the presence of these strong capping agents since CsPbBr PNCs, which favors attaining high PLQY. For butyric acid-,
3
the nucleation of CsPbBr PNCs will be completely inhibited at hexanoic acid-, octanoic acid-, dodecanoic acid-, tetradodecanoic
3
room temperature.
acid-, and oleic acid-capped CsPbBr QDs, they have a PL lifetime
3
of 13.3, 9.4, 9.8, 9.3, 13.3, and 20.4 ns, respectively, and these
1
6
Butyric acid
CsPbBr
3
(a)
(
b)
values are consistent with the earlier report of CsPbBr PNCs.
3
Hexanoic acid
Octanoic acid
Decanoic acid
Oleic acid
Tetradecanoic acid
Decanoic acid
Octanoic acid
Hexanoic acid
Butyric acid
Tetradecanoic acid
Oleic acid
400
500
600
700
0
30
60
90
120
150
Wavelength (nm)
Time (ns)
0
.295 nm
200)
(
c)
(d)
(
Br
Si
Cs:Pb:Br=1.00:1.07:3.23
10 nm
100 nm
Element Cs% Pb% Br%
CsPbBr 18.87 20.22 60.91
3
4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
Pb
C
Cs
Cs
7.8 nm
O
10
20
2
30
40
50
0
2
4
6
8
10
Theta (degree)
Energy (KeV)
Figure 1. (a) UV-vis absorption (solid) and PL (dash) spectra of
CsPbBr nanocrystals using various fatty acids as the capping agents. (b)
PL decay curves of CsPbBr nanocrystals. (c) XRD pattern of oleic acid-
capped CsPbBr nanocrystals. (d) EDS spectrum and chemical
composition of oleic acid-capped CsPbBr nanocrystals.
3
3
6
9
12
15
Size (nm)
3
3
Figure 2. TEM (a) and HR-TEM (b) images of oleic acid-capped
CsPbBr nanocrystals. (c) Size distribution of CsPbBr nanocrystals.
3
3
3
In our case, hydrophobic tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB)
was dissolved in toluene and was used as the Br precursor. Other
quaternary ammonium bromides including tetrabutylammonium
bromide (TBAB), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and
dihexadecyldimethylammonium bromide were also chosen to
-
3
The crystal structure of CsPbBr PNCs was characterized by X-
ray diffraction (XRD), and the XRD pattern is shown in Fig. 1c. As-
prepared CsPbBr PNCs possess a cubic structure (JCPDS No.54-
3
0
752), demonstrating that crystalline CsPbBr PNCs can be formed
3
o
o
at room temperature. The XRD peaks located at 2θ=15.3 , 20.9 and
synthesize CsPbBr PNCs. Note that these quaternary ammonium
3
o
3
1.0 can be assigned to the diffractions from (100), (110), and (200)
PNCs was
bromides have low solubility in toluene, thus chloroform was used
as the solvent to synthesize CsPbBr PNCs. It was found that the planes, respectively. Chemical composition of CsPbBr
3
3
highly luminescent CsPbBr PNCs can be only prepared by using determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), as shown in
3
TOAB and TBAB as the precursors. Additionally, the effect of Fig. 1d. CsPbBr3 PNCs have
organic solvent on the synthesis of oleic acid-capped CsPbBr PNCs 1.00:1.07:3.23, which is close to 1:1:3 stoichiometry. Transmission
a Cs/Pb/Br molar ratio of
3
was studied. For the hot-injection reaction, 1-octadecene was
commonly used as the solvent. Because our synthesis was performed
at room temperature, various nonpolar organic solvents such as
toluene, xylene, chloroform, dichloromethane, and hexane can be
adopted to prepare CsPbBr3 PNCs. Fig. S2 presents UV-vis
absorption and PL spectra of oleic-acid-capped CsPbBr3 PNCs
synthesized in various organic solvents. When toluene and xylene
are used as the solvent, the PL quantum yields of CsPbBr3
nanocrystals are higher than those of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals
synthesized in hexane and dichloromethane (see Fig. S3).
Additionally, the reaction temperature has a profound effect on the
electron microscopy (TEM) was used to exam the morphology and
the particle size of CsPbBr PNCs, as shown in Fig. 2a and 2b. Oleic
3
acid-capped CsPbBr PNCs have an average size of 7.8 nm and a
3
narrow size distribution (Fig. 2c). A high-resolution TEM image of
CsPbBr3 PNCs (Fig. 2b) revealed high crystallinity with lattice
spacing of 0.295 nm, which is very close to that of (200) plane
measured by XRD (0.297 nm). The nanoparticle morphology of
CsPbBr3 PNCs was further confirmed by 3D atomic force
microscope (AFM) image, as shown in Fig. S6.
Although highly luminescent CsPbBr3 PNCs have been
PLQY of CsPbBr PNCs. As the reaction temperature increases from successfully synthesized by a hot-injection approach in the literature,
3
o
o
16-19
3
0 C to 90 C, we observed a dramatic decrease in PLQY (Fig. S4). only small amount of CsPbBr
The optimum reaction temperature was found to be 20-30 C. CsPbBr PNCs were prepared at room temperature in the open air
3
PNCs was produced.
Since our
o
3
Surprisingly, even though the synthesis of CsPbBr PNCs was for only 10 s, this facile synthetic procedure can be readily extended
3
o
performed at 0 C, the PLQY can still reach as high as 68%. In to a gram level. ~1.0 L of the crude solution of CsPbBr3
previous reports, group II-VI and I-III-VI core QDs usually
exhibited a bi-exponential or a tri-exponential fluorescence decay,
PNCs can
be obtained in one batch, containing ~1.0 g of CsPbBr PNCs.
Optical characterizations indicated that these large-scale CsPbBr3
PNCs are of high optical quality and have a PLQY of up to 78%,
3
34-37
and the surface-related emission was commonly observed.
The
2
| J. Name., 2012, 00, 1‐3
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
Please do not adjust margins

Please do not adjust margins
ChemComm
Page 3 of 4
Journal Name
COMMUNICATION
which is close to that of the best small-scale CsPbBr
3
PNCs (85%), chloride or tetrabutylammonium iodide to the crudVeiewsoArltuictlieoOnnlionef
CsPbBr PNCs, a continual blue shift or aDOrIe:d10s.1h0i3f9t /Cof6CPCL01p50e0akJ
confirming that our synthetic process is very simple and highly
reproducible. Fig. 3a and 3b present a comparison of large-scale and
3
-
position was observed, indicating that Br ions in CsPbBr PNCs
3
-
-
were gradually replaced by Cl or I ions, which leads to a series of
tunable PL in the range of 440-682 nm, as shown in Fig. 4. FWHMs
small-scale CsPbBr PNC solutions under normal indoor light (a)
3
and UV light (b) illumination. TEM observations show that large-
of the photoluminescence of CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs are very
3
scale CsPbBr PNCs have an average size of 8.4 nm and a narrow
3
narrow (12-34 nm), and their PLQYs are 50-85% relative to
size distribution, as shown in Fig. 3c and Fig. S7. HR-TEM image
coumarin 6 in ethanol (QY=78%). Alloyed CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I)
3
(
Fig. 3c, inset) revealed that large-scale CsPbBr PNCs were single
3
PNCs were confirmed by their XRD patterns and elemental analyses,
as shown in Fig. S8 and Table S1.
crystalline.
Cl
Br
I
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 4. (a) Photograph of CsPbX
different emission colors under UV light illumination. (b) A series of PL
spectra of oleic acid-capped CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals.
3
(X=Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals with
3
The chemical and thermal stability of PNCs is critically important
for their long-term applications. Although the lead halide-based
perovskites exhibit excellent optical properties, they can be rapidly
degraded by water, methanol, and ethanol. The main challenge of
PNCs is their low stability in the presence of moisture. To evaluate
2
00 nm
3
8
the stability of CsPbBr
crude solution of oleic acid-capped CsPbBr
in ambient moisture conditions (RH≈40-60%). It was found that the
PL intensity of CsPbBr PNCs shows a maximum value after one
3
PNCs, the PL spectra were recorded for the
3
PNCs which was stored
10 nm
3
day air storage, which is 10-20% improvement with respect to that of
as-prepared PNCs (see Fig. 5a). This enhancement is probably due to
the molecular adsorption of water on the surface of CsPbBr PNCs
3
Figure 3. (a) Digital images of large-scale and small-scale CsPbBr
solutions under normal indoor light (a) and UV light (b) illumination. (c)
TEM and HR-TEM (inset) images of large-scale CsPbBr NCs.
3
NC
3
by the formation of perovskite hydrate, which can effectively
passivate the surface defects and improve the PLQY of PNCs. This
changing their sizes and/or tuning their compositions. Because the observation is consistent with the recent report. Snaith et al. found
The optical band gap of quantum dots can be adjusted by
1
6
39
PLQYs, emission peak positions, and emission spectral widths of that the moisture can significantly improve the PLQY of
quantum dots are highly dependent on their sizes and size
distributions, varying the chemical compositions of the quantum dots
is more feasible to adjust the band gaps of the quantum dots,
especially for CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs. The emission peak
3 3 3
CH NH PbX thin film by passivating the defects at the grain
39
boundaries. Nevertheless, a gradual decrease in PL intensity was
observed when further prolonging the storage time, which is mainly
associated with the gradual settlement of PNCs at the bottom of the
positions of CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs can be finely controlled in a
3
3
bottle. These aggregated CsPbBr PNCs cannot be re-dispersed, but
wide range of 410-700 nm by a simple anion post-exchange
1
7,18
they still exhibit strong photoluminescence under UV light
reaction.
Once the highly luminescent CsPbBr3 PNCs are
obtained, high quality alloyed CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) PNCs with full illumination, as shown in Fig. S9. Finally, the temperature-
3
-
color emission can be easily synthesized by substituting Br ions dependent PL property of CsPbBr PNC thin film was investigated.
3
-
-
with Cl or I ions. Upon the addition of tetrabutylammonium
CsPbBr
3
PNC thin film was deposited by spin-casting a purified
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
J. Name., 2013, 00, 1‐3 | 3
Please do not adjust margins

Please do not adjust margins
ChemComm
Page 4 of 4
COMMUNICATION
Journal Name
CsPbBr
3
PNC solution. Temperature-dependent PL spectra were 8 N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, W. S. Yang, Y. C. Kim, S. Ryu, J. Seo and S. I. Seok,
View Article Online
Nature, 2015, 517, 476.
monitored by a CCD-based fiber optic spectrometer in air at
different temperatures, as shown in Fig. S10. CsPbBr PNC thin film
shows a continual decrease in PL intensity as the temperature
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC01500J
9
W. Nie, H. Tsai, R. Asadpour, J. C. Blancon, A. J. Neukirch, G. Gupta, J.
Crochet, M. Chhowalla, S. Tretiak, M. A. Alam, H. Wang and A. D.
3
Mohite, Science, 2015, 347, 522.
increases (see Fig. 5b), whereas the PL peak positions keep almost 10 W. S. Yang, J. H. Noh, N. J. Jeon, Y. C. Kim, S. Ryu, J. Seo, S. I. Seok,
Science, 2015, 348, 1234.
unchanged, which is different from those of group II-VI QDs. For II-
1
1 Z. Tan, R. S. Moghaddam, M. L. Lai, P. Docampo, R. Higler, F. Deschler,
M. Price, A. Sadhanala, L. M. Pazos, D. Credgington, F. Hanusch, T.
Bein, H. J. Snaith and R. H. Friend, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2014, 9, 687.
VI QDs, the thermal quenching of the PL intensity and red-shifted
4
0,41
PL peak are commonly observed in the literature.
heating/cooling cycles, the PL intensity of CsPbBr
After three
3
PNC thin film 12 G. Li, Z. K. Tan, D. Di, M. L. Lai, L. Jiang, J. Lim, R. H. Friend and N. C.
Greenham, Nano Lett., 2015, 15, 2640.
3 J. Song, J. Li, X. Li, L. Xu, Y. Dong and H. Zeng, Adv. Mater., 2015,
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502567.
4 N. Yantara, S. Bhaumik, F. Yan, D. Sabba, H. A. Dewi, N. Mathews, P.
Boix, H. Demir and S. G. Mhaisalkar, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2015, 6, 4360.
15 O. Jaramillo-Quintero, R. Sanchez, M. Rincon and I. MoraSero, J. Phys.
Chem. Lett., 2015, 6, 1883.
shows a 24% decrease. To date, the chemical stability of PNCs is
still a big issue. Further research is necessary to find an effective
method to improve the stability of PNCs against moisture by
depositing an inorganic or organic water-repellent shell on the
surface of PNCs
1
1
2
1
1
0
5
0
5
0
1
6 L. Protesescu, S. Yakunin, M. I. Bodnarchuk, F. Krieg, R. Caputo, C. H.
Hendon, R. X. Yang, A. Walsh and M. V. Kovalenko, Nano Lett. 2015,
15, 3692.
7 G. Nedelcu, L. Protesescu, S. Yakunin, M. Bodnarchuk, M. J. Grotevent
and M. V. Kovalenko, Nano Lett., 2015, 15, 5635.
8 Q. A. Akkerman, V. D’Innocenzo, S. Accornero, A. Scarpellini, A.
Petrozza, M. Prato and L. Manna, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 10276.
9 A. Swarnkar, R. Chulliyil, V. K. Ravi, M. Irfanullah, A. Chowdhury and
A. Nag, Angew. Chem. 2015, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508276.
0 F. Zhang, H. Zhong, C. Chen, X. Wu, X. Hu, H. Huang, J. Han, B. Zou
and Y. Dong, ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 4533.
1 L. C. Schmidt, A. Pertegás, S. González-Carrero, O. Malinkiewicz, S.
Agouram, G. Mínguez Espallargas, H. Bolink, R. Galian and J. Pérez-
Prieto, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 850.
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
(
a)
(b)
heating
heating
heating
st
1
2
3
nd
rd
1
1
1
2
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
20
40
60
80
o
100
Time (days)
Temperature ( C)
Figure 5. (a) The PL stability test of oleic acid-capped CsPbBr
nanocrystal solution stored in ambient environment. (b) Temperature-
dependent PL intensity of CsPbBr nanocrystal thin film.
3
3
2
2 J. A. Sichert, Y. Tong, N. Mutz, M. Vollmer, S. Fischer, K. Z. Milowska,
R. Cortadella, B. Nickel, C. Cardenas-Daw, J. Stolarczyk, A. Urban and J.
Feldmann, Nano Lett., 2015, 15, 6521.
In summary, we report a room-temperature synthetic strategy for
preparing highly luminescent CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite
3
quantum dots. CsPbBr
3
PNCs were synthesized by a homogeneous 23 H. Huang, F. Zhao, L. Liu, F. Zhang, X. Wu, L. Shi, B. Zou, Q. Pei and H.
Zhong, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7, 28128.
reaction in a variety of nonpolar organic solvents by using cesium (I)
and lead (II) fatty acid salts as well as quaternary ammonium
bromides as the precursors. All the experimental procedures are
conducted in the open air, and our approach can be readily extended
2
2
4 S. Bai, Z. Yuan and F. Gao, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2016, DOI:
0.1039/C5TC04116C.
1
5 R. Xie, U. Kolb, J. Li, T. Basché and A. Mews, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005,
127, 7480.
to a gram level. As-prepared CsPbX
3
(X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite 26 J. J. Li, Y. A. Wang, W. Guo, J. C. Keay, T. D. Mishima, M. B. Johnson
and X. Peng, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 12567.
nanocrystals exhibit tunable photoluminescence in the range of 440
nm to 682 nm and high photoluminescence quantum yields of 50-
5%. These high quality CsPbX (X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite
3
2
2
7 D. Pan, Q. Wang, S. Jiang, X. Ji and L. An, Adv. Mater., 2005, 17, 176.
8 X. Zhong, M. Han, Z. Dong, T. J. White and W. Knoll, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
8
2
003, 125, 8589.
nanocrystals could have a high potential as an emitter in light- 29 W. Nan, Y. Niu, H. Qin, F. Cui, Y. Yang, R. Lai, W. Lin and X. Peng, J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 19685.
0 C. G. Wu, C. Chiang, Z. Tseng, M. Nazeeruddin, A. Hagfeldt and M.
Gratzel, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 2725.
1 C. Chiang, Z. L. Tseng and C. G. Wu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 15897.
2 S. Sun, D. Yuan, Y. Xu, A. Wang and Z. Deng, ACS Nano, 2016, 10 ,
emitting diodes.
3
Acknowledgement
3
3
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Grant No. 91333108; 51302258; 51172229; 51202241).
3
648.
3
3
3
3 X. Li, Y. Wu, S. Zhang, B. Cai, Y. Gu, J. Song and H. Zeng, Adv. Funct.
Mater., 2016, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201600109.
4 X. Wang, L. Qu, J. Zhang, X. Peng and M. Xiao, Nano Lett., 2003, 3,
Notes and references
1
103.
5 D. Pan, Q. Wang, J. Pang, S. Jiang, X. Ji and L. An, Chem. Mater., 2006,
8, 4253.
1
2
3
A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai and T. Miyasaka, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2
009, 131, 6050.
1
M. M. Lee, J. Teuscher, T. Miyasaka, T. N. Murakami and H. J. Snaith,
Science, 2012, 338, 643.
3
3
3
6 W. Zhang and X. Zhong, Inorg. Chem., 2011, 50, 4065.
7 Y. Chen, S. Li, L. Huang and D. Pan, Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 1295.
8 T. Leijtens, G. E. Eperon, N. K. Noel, S. Habisreutinger, A. Petrozza and
H. J. Snaith, Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, DOI:10.1002/aenm.201500963.
9 G. E. Eperon, S. N. Habisreutinger, T. Leijtens, B. J. Bruijnaers, J. J. Van
Franeker, D. W. deQuilettes, S. Pathak, R. Sutton, G. Grancini, D. Ginger,
R. Janssen, A. Petrozza and H. J. Snaith, ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 9380.
0 Y. Zhao, C. Riemersma, F. Pietra, R. Koole, C. Donegá, A. Meijerink,
ACS Nano, 2012, 6, 9058.
J. Burschka, N. Pellet, S. J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, P. Gao, M. K.
Nazeeruddin and M. Grätzel, Nature, 2013, 499, 316.
M. Liu, M. B. Johnston and H. J. Snaith, Nature, 2013, 501, 395.
G. Xing, N. Mathews, S. Sun, S. S. Lim, Y. M. Lam, M. Grätzel, S.
Mhaisalkar, T. C. Sum, Science, 2013, 342, 344.
4
5
3
6
7
H. Zhou, Q. Chen, G. Li, S. Luo, T. B. Song, H. S. Duan, Z. Hong, J. You,
Y. Liu and Y. Yang, Science, 2014, 345, 542.
A. Mei, X. Li, L. Liu, Z. Ku, T. Liu, Y. Rong, M. Xu, M. Hu, J. Chen, Y.
Yang, M. Grätzel and H. Han, Science, 2014, 345, 295.
4
4
1 G. W. Walker, V. C. Sundar, C. M. Rudzinski, A. W. Wun, M. G.
Bawendi and D. G. Nocera, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83, 3555.
4
| J. Name., 2012, 00, 1‐3
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
Please do not adjust margins