Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Efficiency for All CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, and I) Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Generic Synthesis Approach

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201900374

In a generic synthesis approach, all three CsPbX₃ (X=Cl, Br and I) perovskite nanocrystals having near unity quantum yields is reported. This has been achieved by injecting the desired amount of preformed alkylammonium halide salts which acted as a dual source providing halide ions and the capping agent to an equimolar amount of non-halide Pb and Cs precursors in a reaction flask at an optimized reaction temperature. The composition sensitivity of Pb to Cs ratio, high temperature reaction, and injection of ammonium halide remained the key parameters for obtaining the high quantum yields. Details of the reaction process, use of different reagents and setting up the reaction parameters are reported.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201900374

A Journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker
Angewandte
International Edition Chemie
www.angewandte.org
Accepted Article
Title: Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Efficiency for All
CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br and I) Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Generic
Synthesis Approach
Authors: Anirban Dutta, Rakesh Kumar Behera, Poulami Pal, Sujoy
Baitalik, and Narayan Pradhan
This manuscript has been accepted after peer review and appears as an
Accepted Article online prior to editing, proofing, and formal publication
of the final Version of Record (VoR). This work is currently citable by
using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) given below. The VoR will be
published online in Early View as soon as possible and may be different
to this Accepted Article as a result of editing. Readers should obtain
the VoR from the journal website shown below when it is published
to ensure accuracy of information. The authors are responsible for the
content of this Accepted Article.
To be cited as: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 10.1002/anie.201900374
Angew. Chem. 10.1002/ange.201900374
Link to VoR: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201900374
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201900374

Angewandte Chemie International Edition
10.1002/anie.201900374
Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Efficiency for All
CsPbX (X = Cl, Br and I) Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Generic
3
Synthesis Approach
Anirban Dutta, Rakesh Kumar Behera, Poulami Pal, Sujoy Baitalik* and Narayan Pradhan*
o
Abstract: In a generic synthesis approach, all three CsPbX
3
(X = Cl,
temperature (typically ~ 220-260 C). The preformed ammonium
salts, which acted both as the halide source and capping ligands
remained the major driving force for obtaining these high-quality
cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals with near unity
PLQY. The approach led to 100% conversation and does not
need the ice-bath cooling like most of the high temperature
methods leading to these highly emissive nanocrystals.
Br and I) perovskite nanocrystals having near unity quantum yields is
reported. This has been achieved by injecting the desired amount of
preformed alkylammonium halide salts which acted as a dual source
for providing halide ions and the capping agent to an equimolar
amount of non-halide Pb and Cs precursors taken in reaction flask at
an optimized reaction temperature. The composition sensitivity of Pb
to Cs ratio, high temperature reaction and injection of ammonium
halide remained the key parameters for obtaining the high quantum
yields. Details of the reaction process, use of different reagents and
setting up the reaction parameters are studied and reported in this
communication.
P
erovskite nanocrystals have recently emerged as efficient light
emitting materials for their unprecedented high
photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY). Among these,
the high temperature as synthesized red emitting CsPbI is
reported having near unity absolute quantum yield, green
emitting CsPbBr typically showed the range 60-80% and for the
high energy blue emitting CsPbCl nanocrystals mostly
[
1]
3
3
3
[
2]
remained in the low range (<10%). However, it has been
further established that doping and post-synthesis treatments
with different metal/nonmetal salts and specific acids helped for
[
3]
further increasing the PLQY. To our best knowledge, Manna
and coworkers reported the record 65% PLQY for as-
Figure 1. a) Schematic presentation of the reaction protocol for
obtaining near unity quantum yields in CsPbX
Digital images of CsPbCl (blue), CsPbBr (green) and CsPbI
red) nanocrystals dispersed solution under irradiation (365 nm).
Absorption and corresponding PL spectra of b) CsPbCl , c)
CsPbBr and d) CsPbI nanocrystals obtained in our adopted
3
nanocrystals.
[
4]
synthesized CsPbCl
lies for the high energy emitting CsPbCl
wide bandgap and are more prone to generate surface states.
Being all the three colors (blue, green and red) emitted from
CsPbCl to CsPbBr and CsPbI are important for the
3
and 92% for CsPbBr
3
.
The challenge still
3
3
3
3
nanocrystals having
(
[
3m]
3
3
3
3
3
3
approach showing near unity quantum yields. Excitation
wavelength was 350 nm.
optoelectronic applications, developing new strategies for
obtaining such high-quality nanocrystals and understanding their
formation mechanism are important for both fundamental studies
and technological applications.
For establishing the optimized reaction parameters, several
reported facts on the synthesis of different perovskite
nanocrystals were first analyzed. For the high-temperature hot-
injection synthesis, typically Cs precursor was injected to the
reaction flask having lead halide along with suitable ligands in
Keeping these in mind, herein, a rational synthetic protocol is
reported which led to near unity quantum yields for all as
synthesized CsPbX (X = Cl, Br and I) nanocrystals. This was
3
achieved by keeping the precisely equimolar ratio of Pb to Cs
precursors in amine and halide free solution in the reaction flask
and triggering the reaction by injecting an appropriate amount of
preformed oleylammonium halide salts at the desired reaction
[
5]
octadecene (ODE). In these cases, lead halides were used
both as lead and halide source and their concentration remained
always higher than that of Cs for maintaining 1:3 of Cs to halide
3
ratio in CsPbX nanocrystals. It is also reported that unreacted
Pb ions which possibly led to lead terminated surface, could
create deep leave trap states and diminish the emission
intensity Further, it is widely known that halide vacancy also
A. Dutta, R. K. Behera, Dr N. Pradhan
Department of Materials Science,Technical Research Center, Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
.[6]
creates defect states and hence, the presence of excess halides
or on post halide salt treatment had enhanced the emission
700032.
[3c, 3h, 7]
E-mail: (NP) camnp@iacs.res.in
intensity of these nanocrystals.
All these established facts
P. Pal, Prof (Dr) S. Baitalik Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of
Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032
E-mail: (SB) sbaitalik@hotmail.com
prompted us to design very precise synthesis protocol for
obtaining the best possible quantum yields from all halides
CsPbX nanocrystals. Accordingly, the following key parameters
3
Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of the
document.
were considered: (1) an equimolar amount of halide free Cs to
Pb precursor were taken in the reaction system, (2) respective
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Angewandte Chemie International Edition
10.1002/anie.201900374
preformed alkylammonium halides were injected at higher
reaction temperature which provided the halide ions and also the
capping ammonium ions, (3) excess halide concentration always
maintained to generate halide rich nanocrystals and (4)
reactions were carried out at higher temperature (typically
near unity PLQY and hence, the discussion further is focused on
these two set of halide nanocrystals.
Figure 2a presents the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)
pattern of CsPbCl
3
nanocrystals (PLQY = 0.97) and the peak
positions resembled with cubic phase of bulk CsPbCl
3
.
o
o
between 220 C to 260 C) for better surface passivation, and
obtaining monodisperse and phase pure nanocrystals. These
parameters maintained ideal condition for obtaining high
emissive nanocrystals. Figure 1a shows schematic presentation
of the generic reaction and digital images of the cuvettes having
three different halide perovskites under illumination.
Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image of the sample is
shown in Figure 2b which showed the nanocrystals retained in
cube shape with dimension ~12 nm(High resolution TEM image
3
is provided in Figure S3a). For the case of CsPbBr , the powder
XRD pattern (Figure 2c) showed orthorhombic phase with
distinguished peaks of (002) and (111). Shape of these
nanocrystals also attended the typical cube shape (Figure 2d)
having size ~15 nm (High resolution TEM image is provided in
Representative absorption and photoluminescence (PL)
spectra for each case of CsPbX
Figure 1b-d. The nature and position of all these spectra
resembled with reported CsPbCl CsPbBr and CsPbI
3
nanocrystals are presented in
3
Figure S3b). Powder XRD pattern and TEM image of CsPbI are
also provided in Supporting Information (Figure S4) which
confirmed the cubic phase and also cube shape of these
nanocrystals.
3
,
3
3
nanocrystals. All these nanocrystals showed the absolute
quantum yield within 0.9 to 1 and details of the measurements
are provided in Supporting Information. A representative case
study for CsPbCl nanocrystals showing near unity PLQY is
3
presented in Figure S1. The approach also remained robust
where above 90% reactions lead to above 0.9 PLQY (Figure
Further, to understand the decay process of these
nanocrystals, the time-correlated single photon counting
measurements were carried out and both as synthesized
3 3
CsPbCl and CsPbBr nanocrystals exhibited bi-exponential PL
S2a) was observed for CsPbCl
also suggests that these blue emitting nanocrystals are stable
for considerable days.
3
. The stability plot (Figure S2b)
decay kinetics (Figure 3a and Figure 3b). Details of the lifetime
and fitting parameters are provided in Table S2. A shorter
lifetime (0.61 ns) was observed for the first component in
3
CsPbCl nanocrystals with high relative contribution (98.5%) in
comparison to the relatively longer lifetime (5.4 ns, ~1.5%
contribution) of the second component. This suggested that
decay predominantly followed in single recombination pathway.
Similarly, CsPbBr
3
nanocrystals showed
a
shorter first
component lifetime of 3.85 ns and a longer second component
lifetime of 7.79 ns with relative contribution of 51.5 and 48.5 %
respectively. This results also in well agreements with the
existing literature report of near unity PLQY of CsPbBr
nanocrystals obtained by post synthesis surface treatment.
3
[
3d], [3l]
Figure 3. a) and b) PL decay plot for CsPbCl
3
and CsPbBr
3
3
nanocrystals respectively. For CsPbCl and CsPbBr
3
Figure 2. a) Powder X-ray diffraction pattern of cubic phase
nanocrystals the PL decay recorded at 411 nm and 515 nm
respectively. In both the cases excitation wavelength was 370
nm.
CsPbCl
X-ray diffraction pattern of orthorhombic CsPbBr
d) corresponding TEM image of the same sample.
3
nanocrystals, b) corresponding TEM image. c) Powder
3
nanocrystals,
While all the above results confirmed that the adopted
synthetic strategy led to near unity PLQYs; but these were only
observed in the particular optimized reaction conditions. For
understanding, this exact combination of various parameters,
the PLQYs of these nanocrystals were also measured with
tuning the reaction conditions. For the first instance, Cs to Pb
precursor ratio was varied and Figure 4a depicted the plot of
Table S1 summarizes the recent reports of different highly
emitting perovskite nanocrystals. From these, it is revealed that
several reports on as synthesized CsPbI nanocrystals having
3
near unity PLQY already reported though the major challenges
of these nanocrystals remained with their phase change and
crystal instability. In comparison, the major challenge lies with
3 3
the high energy emitting CsPbCl and also CsPbBr for obtaining
PLQY versus change in these precursor ratios for both CsPbCl
3
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Angewandte Chemie International Edition
10.1002/anie.201900374
and CsPbBr
3
nanocrystals. The results confirmed that 1:1 ratio of
perovskite crystals and preferably led to 2D layered perovskites
[
9]
Cs to Pb served as the best for obtaining near unity PLQY.
Importantly, a sharp rise and fall of the PLQY from unity were
along with 3D perovskites (Figure S5). Further, increase of
o
reaction temperature (160-220 C), mixture of cubes and 2D
observed for CsPbCl
3
and even a minimal variation to the ratio
platelets (3D perovskite) were formed (Figure S6-9); but at 240
o
(
~5%) also reduced PLQY. This confirmed the sensitivity of the
C exclusive cubes of CsPbCl
3
were formed. Similarly, for
Cs and Pb in the reaction system for obtaining the near unity
PLQY for these nanocrystals. While changing this ratio, different
products were obtained for all halides. The details of the various
products (their powder XRD patterns) are provided in Table SI1
in Supporting Information. From these observations, it is
revealed that minute variation of the composition does not alter
CsPbBr
3
, the optimized reaction temperature for obtaining the
o
phase pure cube shape nanocrystals was above 220 C.
Apart from all above factors, the exclusive protocol adopted
here in comparison to all reported methods was the introduction
of ammonium halide as ammonium and halide ion source. Once,
halide ions were released the ammonium ions became free
charged species and possess high possibility in participating on
surface bonding of the formed perovskite nanocrystals. This
unique approach indeed helped in obtaining the high quality all
lead halide nanocrystals.
the phase of the cubic CsPbCl
reduce the PLQY. However, for CsPbBr
3
nanocrystals, but significantly
and CsPbI , their
3
3
crystal phase remain more sensitive compared to the optical
properties.
The approach of halide ion introduction into the reaction
system also is important for bringing the high PLQY. Using
In conclusion, a generic synthesis approach for obtaining
near unity quantum yields for all CsPbX (Cl, Br and I) is
3
PbCl
2
in the reaction flask while the method was followed as per
reported. This was achieved by precisely optimizing the reaction
conditions where cross products were prevented, phase change
was restricted, surfaces were strongly passivated and interfering
species for inducing defects in the nanocrystals were minimized.
This led to obtaining the desired nanocrystals having near unity
PLQYs. In addition, the roles of variations of Cs to Pb ratio,
reaction temperature, metal to halide ratio and use of preformed
ammonium salts were investigated and discussed. While
perovskite nanocrystals were in high demand for their
unprecedented high emission intensity, this approach leading all
to near quantum yield would certainly contribute its generic
impact and usefulness for the community, both for today’s and in
future research in the field.
[
5],[2e]
the literature report,
the PLQY was almost reduced to
suggesting the halide ions introduction and also their
[2e]
half,
concentration were sensitive to PLQY.
Further, it is also to be noted here that in all these reactions
pre-formed oleylammonium halide salts were used. In our
previous reports, it has been established that these preformed
salts helped in stabilizing the nanocrystals at higher reaction
temperatures and also prevented the change of crystal phase to
considerable extent during annealing or post harvesting
[2b, 2e, 3a, 8]
purification process.
In these cases, maintaining the
ammonium salt concentration was important and its amount was
retained higher than the compositional predication. For bromide,
relatively higher ammonium salt was required to achieve phase
pure near unity PLQY nanocrystals, but for chloride almost twice
the compositional prediction salt was required for obtaining the
same. This might be required for providing excess chloride ion to
passivate these defect prone nanocrystals.
Acknowledgements
DST and TRC (AI/1/62/IACS/2015) at IACS are acknowledged
for funding. AD, RKB and PP acknowledge CSIR, India for
fellowship.
3
Keywords: CsPbX , generic synthesis, near unity quantum yield,
blue emission, CsPbCl
3
REFERENCES
[
1] a) Q. A. Akkerman, G. Raino, M. V. Kovalenko, L. Manna, Nat. Mater.
2018, 17, 394; b) K.-H. Wang, L. Wu, L. Li, H.-B. Yao, H.-S. Qian, S.-H. Yu,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2016, 55, 8328; c) F. Zhang, H. Zhong, C. Chen, X.-g.
Wu, X. Hu, H. Huang, J. Han, B. Zou, Y. Dong, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 4533; d) V.
Malgras, J. Henzie, T. Takei, Y. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57,
Figure 4. a) Absolute PLQY variations with change of Cs to Pb
8881; e) Q. Zhang, Y. Yin, ACS Cent. Sci. 2018, 4, 668; f) Y.Tong, E. Bladt, M.
precursor molar ratio taken in the reaction system for the
F.Ayguler, A. Manzi, K. Z. Milowska, V.A.Hintermayr, P.Docampo, S.Bals,
3 3
synthesis of CsPbCl and CsPbBr nanocrystals. b) Absolute
A.S.Urban, L. Polavarapu, J. Feldmann, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55,
PLQY variations with the reaction temperature.
13887; g) A. Swarnkar, R. Chulliyil, V. K. Ravi, M. Irfanullah, A. Chowdhury, A.
Reaction temperature was also played here significant role
for obtaining highly emissive nanocrystals. For the case of
Nag, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 15424; h) H. Huang, M. I. Bodnarchuk,
S. V. Kershaw, M. V. Kovalenko, A. L. Rogach, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2,
2071; i) Y. Tong, B. J. Bohn, E. Bladt, K. Wang, P. M.-Buschbaum, S. Bals, A.
S. Urban, L. Polavarapu, J. Feldmann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56,
13887; j)Y. Li, H. Huang, Y. Xiong, S. V. Kershaw, A. L. Rogach, Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 5833.
CsPbCl
3 3
and CsPbBr , Figure 4b shows the plot of PLQY
variations with reaction temperature and it clearly reflected that
higher the reaction temperature better was the PLQY. It was
o
observed that at low temperature (<160 C) ammonium ions
compete with Cs for superseding in occupying the A site of the
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Angewandte Chemie International Edition
10.1002/anie.201900374
[
2] a) Y. Kim, E. Yassitepe, O. Voznyy, R. Comin, G. Walters, X. Gong, P.
Kanjanaboos, A. F. Nogueira, E. H. Sargent, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
015, 7, 25007; b) A. Dutta, S. K. Dutta, S. Das Adhikari, N. Pradhan, Angew.
2
Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 9083; c) H. Huang, B. Chen, Z. Wang, T. F. Hung, A.
S. Susha, H. Zhong, A. L. Rogach, Chem. Sci. 2016, 7, 5699; d) F. Liu, Y.
Zhang, C. Ding, S. Kobayashi, T. Izuishi, N. Nakazawa, T. Toyoda, T. Ohta, S.
Hayase, T. Minemoto, K. Yoshino, S. Dai, Q. Shen, ACS Nano 2017, 11,
10373; e) A. Dutta, R. K. Behera, S. K. Dutta, S. Das Adhikari, N. Pradhan, J.
Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 6599; f) J. Pan, Y. Shang, J. Yin, M. De Bastiani,
W. Peng, I. Dursun, L. Sinatra, A. M. El-Zohry, M. N. Hedhili, A.-H. Emwas, O.
F. Mohammed, Z. Ning, O. M. Bakr, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 562; g) S.
Wei, Y. Yang, X. Kang, L. Wang, L. Huang, D. Pan, Chem. Commun. 2016,
52, 7265.
[
3] a) R. K. Behera, S. Das Adhikari, S. K. Dutta, A. Dutta, N. Pradhan, J.
Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 6884; b) G. H. Ahmed, J. K. El-Demellawi, J. Yin,
J. Pan, D. B. Velusamy, M. N. Hedhili, E. Alarousu, O. M. Bakr, H. N.
Alshareef, O. F. Mohammed, ACS Energy Lett. 2018,3, 2301; c) A. Koscher
Brent, K. Swabeck Joseph, D. Bronstein Noah, A. P. Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 2017, 139, 6566; d) Y. Wu, C. Wei, X. Li, Y. Li, S. Qiu, W. Shen, B. Cai,
Z. Sun, D. Yang, Z. Deng, H. Zeng, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 2030; e) F. D.
Stasio, S. Christodoulou, N. Huo, G. Konstantatos, Chem. Mater. 2017, 29,
7663; f) G. Li, J. Huang, H. Zhu, Y. Li, J.-X. Tang, Y. Jiang, Chem. Mater.
2018, 30, 6099; g) Z.-J. Yong, S.-Q. Guo, J.-P. Ma, J.-Y. Zhang, Z.-Y. Li, Y.-M.
Chen, B.-B. Zhang, Y. Zhou, J. Shu, J.-L. Gu, L.-R. Zheng, O. M. Bakr, H.-T.
Sun, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 9942; h) B. J. Bohn, Y. Tong, M. Gramlich,
M. L. Lai, M. Doeblinger, K. Wang, R. L. Z. Hoye, P. Mueller-Buschbaum, S.
D. Stranks, A. S. Urban, L. Polavarapu, J. Feldmann, Nano Lett. 2018, 18,
5231; i) S. Huang, B. Wang, Q. Zhang, Z. Li, A. Shan, L. Li, Adv. Opt. Mater.
2018, 6, 1701106; j) A. B. F. Vitoreti, S. Agouram, M. Solis de la Fuente, V.
Munoz-Sanjose, M. A. Schiavon, I. Mora-Sero, J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122,
4222; k) N. Mondal, A. De, A. Samanta, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 32; l) M. I.
1
Bodnarchuk, S. C. Boehme, S. ten Brinck, C. Bernasconi, Y. Shynkarenko, F.
Krieg, R. Widmer, B. Aeschlimann, D. Gunther, M. V. Kovalenko, I. Infante,
ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 63; m) D. P. Nenon, K. Pressler, J. Kang, B. A.
Koscher, J. H. Olshansky, W. T. Osowiecki, M. A. Koc, L.-W. Wang, A. P.
Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 17760; n) S. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.
Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Shen, X. Zhuang, P. Lu, W. W. Yu, S. V. Kershaw, A. L.
Rogach, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 90; o) M. Zhang, Z.-Q. Tian, D.-L.
Zhu, H. He, S.-W. Guo, Z.-L. Chen, D.-W. Pang, New J. Chem. 2018, 42,
9
496.
4] M. Imran, V. Caligiuri, M. Wang, L. Goldoni, M. Prato, R. Krahne, L. De
Trizio, L. Manna, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 410, 2656.
5] L. Protesescu, S. Yakunin, M. I. Bodnarchuk, F. Krieg, R. Caputo, C. H.
Hendon, R. X. Yang, A. Walsh, M. V. Kovalenko, Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 3692.
6] a) H. Uratani, K. Yamashita, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 742; b) D.
[
[
[
Lu, Y. Zhang, M. Lai, A. Lee, C. Xie, J. Lin, T. Lei, Z. Lin, C. S. Kley, J. Huang,
E. Rabani, P. Yang, Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 6967.
[
7] a) P. Liu, W. Chen, W. Wang, B. Xu, D. Wu, J. Hao, W. Cao, F. Fang,
Y. Li, Y. Zeng, R. Pan, S. Chen, W. Cao, X. W. Sun, K. Wang, Chem. Mater.
017, 29, 5168; b) W. Li, Y.-Y. Sun, L. Li, Z. Zhou, J. Tang, O. V. Prezhdo, J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 15753.
8] A. Dutta, S. K. Dutta, S. Das Adhikari, N. Pradhan, ACS Energy Lett.
018, 3, 329.
9] a) G. Almeida, L. Goldoni, Q. Akkerman, Z. Dang, A. H. Khan, S.
2
[
2
[
Marras, I. Moreels, L. Manna, ACS Nano 2018, 12, 1704; b) S. Das Adhikari,
A. Dutta, S. K. Dutta, N. Pradhan, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 1247; c) V. K.
Ravi, P. K. Santra, N. Joshi, J. Chugh, S. K. Singh, H. Rensmo, P. Ghosh, A.
Nag, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 4988.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Angewandte Chemie International Edition
10.1002/anie.201900374
Title: Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Efficiency for All
3
CsPbX (X = Cl, Br and I) Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Generic
Synthesis Approach
Authors: A. Dutta, R. K. Behera, P. Pal, S. Baitalik,* N. Pradhan*
3
Graphical Abstract: A rational synthesis CsPbX (X = Cl, Br
and I) nanocrystals is reported which led all three perovskites to
near unity photoluminescence quantum yield. Details of the
reaction chemistry and the parameters adopted in these generic
reactions are investigated and reported in the communication.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.