614 Yiqing Zhang et al.
24. Bianchini, R., L. Calucci, C. Lubello and C. Pinzino (2002) Interme-
diate free radicals in the oxidation of wastewaters. Res. Chem. Inter-
mediat. 28, 247–256.
25. Elovitz, M. S. and U. Von Gunten (1999) Hydroxyl radical/ozone
ratios during ozonation processes. I. The R(ct) concept. Ozone Sci.
Eng. 21, 239–260.
26. Vanderford, B. J., F. L. Rosario-Ortiz and S. A. Snyder (2007)
Analysis of p-chlorobenzoic acid in water by liquid chromatogra-
phy–tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1164, 219–223.
27. Jin, J., M. G. El-Din and J. R. Bolton (2011) Assessment of the UV/
Chlorine process as an advanced oxidation process. Water Res. 45,
1890–1896.
28. Rosenfeldt, E. J., K. G. Linden, S. Canonica and U. von Gunten
(2006) Comparison of the efficiency of ꢁOH radical formation during
ozonation and the advanced oxidation processes O3/H2O2 and UV/
H2O2. Water Res. 40, 3695–3704.
40. Liu, P., W. Duan, Q. Wang and X. Li (2010) The damage of outer
membrane of Escherichia coli in the presence of TiO2 combined
with UV light. Colloids Surf. B 78, 171–176.
41. Wu, D. H., H. You, D. R. Jin and X. C. Li (2011) Enhanced inacti-
vation of Escherichia coli with Ag-coated TiO2 thin film under UV-
C irradiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 217, 177–183.
42. Chandra, T., S. C. Silver, E. Zilinskas, E. M. Shepard, W. E. Brod-
erick and J. B. Broderick (2009) Spore photoproduct lyase catalyzes
specific repair of the 5R but not the 5S spore photoproduct. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 131, 2420–2421.
43. Zigman, S., J. Reddan, J. B. Schultz and T. McDaniel (1996) Struc-
tural and functional changes in catalase induced by near-UV radia-
tion. Photochem. Photobiol. 63, 818–824.
44. Okada, K., Y. Takahashi, K. Ohnishi, O. Ishikawa and Y. Miyachi
(1994) Time-dependent effect of chronic UV irradiation on superox-
ide dismutase and catalase activity in hairless mice skin. J. Derma-
tol. Sci. 8, 183–186.
29. Klassen, N. V., D. Marchington and H. C. McGowan (1994) H2O2
ꢀ
determination by the I3 method and by KMnO4 titration. Anal.
45. Cerf, O. and F. Metro (1977) Tailing of survival curves of Bacillus
licheniformis spores treated with hydrogen peroxide. J. Appl. Micro-
biol. 42, 405–415.
46. Cho, M., J.-H. Kim and J. Yoon (2006) Investigating synergism dur-
ing sequential inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores with several
disinfectants. Water Res. 40, 2911–2920.
Chem. 66, 2921–2925.
30. He, X., M. Pelaez, J. A. Westrick, K. E. O’Shea, A. Hiskia, T. Tri-
antis, T. Kaloudis, M. I. Stefan, A. A. de la Cruz and D. D. Diony-
siou (2012) Efficient removal of microcystin-LR by UV-C/H2O2 in
synthetic and natural water samples. Water Res. 46, 1501–1510.
31. Bohrerova, Z. and K. G. Linden (2007) Standardizing photoreactiva-
tion: Comparison of DNA photorepair rate in Escherichia coli using
four different fluorescent lamps. Water Res. 41, 2832–2838.
32. Xu, B., N. Gao, H. Cheng, S. Xia, M. Rui and D. Zhao (2009) Oxi-
dative degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) by UV/H2O2 pro-
cess. J. Hazard. Mater. 162, 954.
33. Benabbou, A., Z. Derriche, C. Felix, P. Lejeune and C. Guillard
(2007) Photocatalytic inactivation of Escherischia coli: Effect of con-
centration of TiO2 and microorganism, nature, and intensity of UV
irradiation. Appl. Catal. B 76, 257–263.
34. Wu, D., H. You, J. Du, C. Chen and D. Jin (2011) Effects of UV/
Ag-TiO2/O3 advanced oxidation on unicellular green alga Dunaliella
salina: Implications for removal of invasive species from ballast
water. J. Environ. Sci. 23, 513–519.
35. Xu, B., N.-Y. Gao, X.-F. Sun, S.-J. Xia, M. Rui, M.-O. Simon-
not, C. Causserand and J.-F. Zhao (2007) Photochemical degrada-
tion of diethyl phthalate with UV/H2O2. J. Hazard. Mater. 139,
132–139.
47. Hadjok, C., G. Mittal and K. Warriner (2008) Inactivation of human
pathogens and spoilage bacteria on the surface and internalized
within fresh produce by using a combination of ultraviolet light and
hydrogen peroxide. J. Appl. Microbiol. 104, 1014–1024.
ꢀ
48. Zacarõas, S. M., M. C. Vaccari, O. M. Alfano, H. A. Irazoqui and
G. E. Imoberdorf (2010) Effect of the radiation flux on the photocat-
alytic inactivation of spores of Bacillus subtilis. J. Photochem. Pho-
tobiol., A 214, 171–180.
49. Cross, J., R. Currier, D. Torraco, L. Vanderberg, G. Wagner and
P. Gladen (2003) Killing of Bacillus spores by aqueous dissolved
oxygen, ascorbic acid, and copper ions. Appl. Environ. Microb. 69,
2245–2252.
50. Jung, Y. J., B. S. Oh and J.-W. Kang (2008) Synergistic effect of
sequential or combined use of ozone and UV radiation for the disin-
fection of Bacillus subtilis spores. Water Res. 42, 1613–1621.
51. Glaze, W. H., Y. Lay and J.-W. Kang (1995) Advanced oxidation
processes. A kinetic model for the oxidation of 1,2-Dibromo-3-chlo-
ropropane in water by the combination of hydrogen peroxide and
UV radiation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 34, 2314–2323.
36. Sontakke, S., C. Mohan, J. Modak and G. Madras (2012) Visible
light photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli with combustion
synthesized TiO2. Chem. Eng. J. 189–190, 101–107.
37. Khadre, M. and A. Yousef (2001) Sporicidal action of ozone and
hydrogen peroxide: A comparative study. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 71,
131–138.
52. Cho, M., H. Chung, W. Choi and J. Yoon (2004) Linear correlation
between inactivation of E. coli and OH radical concentration in TiO2
photocatalytic disinfection. Water Res. 38, 1069–1077.
~
53. Larson, M. A. and B. J. Marinas (2003) Inactivation of Bacillus sub-
tilis spores with ozone and monochloramine. Water Res. 37, 833–
38. Zdolsek, J., H. Zhang, K. Roberg, U. Brunk and H. Sies (1993)
H2O2-mediated damage to lysosomal membranes of J-774 cells. Free
Radical Res. 18, 71–85.
39. Virto, R., P. Manas, I. Alvarez, S. Condon and J. Raso (2005) Mem-
brane damage and microbial inactivation by chlorine in the absence
and presence of a chlorine-demanding substrate. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71, 5022–5028.
844.
ꢀ
54. Barbeau, B., R. Desjardins, C. Mysore and M. Prevost (2005)
Impacts of water quality on chlorine and chlorine dioxide efficacy in
natural waters. Water Res. 39, 2024–2033.
55. Makky, E. A., G.-S. Park, I.-W. Choi, S.-I. Cho and H. Kim (2011)
Comparison of Fe(VI) (FeO42ꢀ) and ozone in inactivating Bacillus
subtilis spores. Chemosphere 83, 1228–1233.