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| CAS No.: | 50-00-0 |
|---|---|
| Name: | Formaldehyde |
| Article Data: | 2948 |
| Cas Database | |
| Molecular Structure: | |
|
|
|
| Formula: | CH2O |
| Molecular Weight: | 30.0263 |
| Synonyms: | FM 282;Fannoform;Floguard 1015;Fordor;Formaldehyde-12C;Formalin;Formalin LM;Formalin Taisei;Formalith;Formic aldehyde;Lysoform;Methaldehyde;Methanal;Methyl aldehyde;Methylene oxide;Morbicid;NSC 298885;Optilyse;Oxomethane;Oxymethylene;Paraform;Superlysoform;Fyde;Formol;Super Absorbent Polymer;Formaldehyde solution;TH3159 Additive Package for Diesel Engine Oil;Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov. Extract;BFV;F-gen;Sodium Citrate; |
| EINECS: | 200-001-8 |
| Density: | 1.09 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Melting Point: | -15 °C |
| Boiling Point: | 97 °C |
| Flash Point: | 133 °F |
| Solubility: | soluble in water |
| Appearance: | Clear liquid |
| Hazard Symbols: |
 T
|
| Risk Codes: | 23/24/25-34-40-43-39/23/24/25 |
| Safety: | 36/37-51-45-36/37/39-26 |
| Transport Information: | UN 1198 3/PG 3 |
| PSA: | 17.07000 |
| LogP: | 0.45100 |
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| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With PQQTME; calcium perchlorate; 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene In acetonitrile Oxidation; | 100% |
| at 370℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 1h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Inert atmosphere; Flow reactor; | 100% |
| With sulfuric acid Electrochemical reaction; | 100% |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| In benzene Ambient temperature; Irradiation; | A 100% B 100% |
- 93-56-1
phenylethane 1,2-diol
- 62820-00-2
4-cyano-N,N-dimethylaniline-N-oxide
A
- 50-00-0
formaldehyd
B
- 4714-62-9
4-cyano-N-methylaniline
C
- 100-52-7
benzaldehyde
D
- 1197-19-9
4-cyano-N,N-dimethylaniline
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With chloro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)chromium(III) In acetonitrile for 0.666667h; Rate constant; Ambient temperature; Irradiation; oxygen transfer was investigated, different irradiation time; | A n/a B n/a C 100% D 100% |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| In benzene Ambient temperature; Irradiation; | A 100% B 100% |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With hydrogenchloride; sodium hydroxide; sodium perchlorate; chlorine at 24.9℃; Mechanism; Rate constant; Equilibrium constant; multistep reaction: 1.) water, 298 deg K, 2.) water, 298 deg K; reactions under var. conditions; | A 100% B n/a C n/a |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| In water at 24.9℃; Rate constant; Mechanism; Thermodynamic data; Irradiation; I=0.5 mol-1 L-1; various pH; ΔH(excit.), ΔS(excit.); | A 100% B n/a |
| With water In 1,4-dioxane at 25℃; | |
| With water In 1,4-dioxane at 25℃; Kinetics; Mechanism; |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With potassium hydroxide In methanol | A 100% B 61% |
- 26492-31-9
p-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline-N-oxide
A
- 50-00-0
formaldehyd
B
- 100-23-2
N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With 1H-imidazole; meso-tetraphenylporphyrin iron(III) chloride; DMA-OCH3 In chloroform at 25℃; for 0.5h; | A n/a B 100% |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxoic acid for 2h; | A n/a B 100% |
- 85437-82-7
((bis(dimethylamino)phosphinyl)oxy)dimethylamine
A
- 50-00-0
formaldehyd
B
- 2717-67-1, 17606-84-7, 37765-15-4
trans-nitrosomethane dimer
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxoic acid for 2h; | A n/a B 100% |
| With 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxoic acid for 2h; | A n/a B 100% |
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History
Formaldehyde was first reported by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov (1828-1886), but it was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm von Hofmann.
Consensus Reports
NTP 10th Report on Carcinogens. IARC Cancer Review: Group 2A IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 7 (1987),p. 211.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) ; Human Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 29 (1982),p. 345.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) ; Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 29 (1982),p. 345.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) . EPA Genetic Toxicology Program. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory. EPA Extremely Hazardous Substances List.
Standards and Recommendations
OSHA PEL: TWA 0.75 ppm; STEL 2 ppm
ACGIH TLV: CL 0.3 ppm (sensitizer); Suspected Human Carcinogen
DFG MAK: 0.5 ppm (0.6 mg/m3); Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans
NIOSH REL: (Formaldehyde) Limit to lowest feasible level
DOT Classification: 9; Label: None (UN 2209); DOT Class: 3; Label: Flammable Liquid (UN 1198)
Analytical Methods
For occupational chemical analysis use OSHA: #ID-102 or NIOSH: Formaldehyde (Oxazolidine), 2502; (Chromotropic Acid), 3500.
Specification
Formaldehyde (CAS NO.50-00-0) is the simplest aldehyde, ans it exists in water as the hydrate H2C(OH)2. Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are referred to as formalin. Formaldehyde(50-00-0) is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion) of methane as well as other carbon compounds, e.g. forest fires, in automobile exhaust, and in tobacco smoke. In the pure form, Formaldehyde in the pure form is a gas with a boiling point of -21°C but is unstable and readily trimerizes to trioxane or polymerizes to paraformaldehyde. Formaldehyde is stable only in water solution, commonly 37 to 56% formaldehyde by weight and often with methanol (3 to15%) present as a stabilizer.
Physical properties about Formaldehyde are: (1)ACD/LogP: 0.35; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 0.35; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 0.35; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.09; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.09; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 36.93; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 36.93; (8)#H bond acceptors: 1; (9)Index of Refraction: 1.235; (10)Molar Refractivity: 6.536 cm3; (11)Molar Volume: 43.84 cm3; (12)Polarizability: 2.591 10-24cm3; (13)Surface Tension: 12.6099996566772 dyne/cm; (14)Density: 0.685 g/cm3; (15)Flash Point: -75.062 °C; (16)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 22.308 kJ/mol; (17)Boiling Point: -19.501 °C at 760 mmHg; (18)Vapour Pressure: 3463.82006835938 mmHg at 25°C
Preparation of Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is produced solely from methanol by using a silver catalyst or a metal oxide catalyst. Either process can be air oxidation or simple dehydrogenation.
2CH3OH + O2 → 2HCH=O + 2H2O
CH3OH → HCH=O + H2
Those two reactions occur simultaneously in commercial units in a balanced autothermal reaction because the oxidative reaction furnishes the heat to cause the dehydrogenation to take place. In the process, fresh and recycle methanol are vaporized, superheated, and passed into the methanol-air mixer. Atmospheric air is purified, compressed, and preheated to 54 °C in a finned heat exchanger. The products leave the converter (a water-jacketed vessel containing the catalyst) at 620 °C and at 34 to 69 kPa absolute. About 65 percent of the methanol is converted per pass. Temperatures are on the order of 450 to 900 °C and there is a short contact time of 0.01 second. The reactor effluent contains about 25% formaldehyde, which is absorbed with the excess methanol and piped to the make tank. The latter feeds the methanol column for separation of recycle methanol overhead, the bottom stream containing the formaldehyde and a few percent methanol. The water intake adjusts the formaldehyde(50-00-0) to 37% strength (marketed as formalin). The catalyst is easily poisoned so stainless-steel equipment must be used to protect the catalyst from metal contamination.
Uses of Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is a common building block for the synthesis of more complex compounds and materials. As a disinfectant and biocide: as it kills most bacteria and fungi (including their spores), an aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be useful as a disinfectant . It is also used as a preservative in vaccines. In photography: Formaldehyde can be used in low concentrations for process C-41 (color negative film) stabilizer in the final wash step. Tissue fixative and embalming agent: Formaldehyde solutions are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology. Formaldehyde-based solutions are also used in embalming to disinfect and temporarily preserve human and animal remains.
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves;
Use only in well-ventilated areas;
In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible);
Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection;
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)InChI=1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2;
(2)InChIKey=WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
(3)SmilesC=O
The toxicity data is as follows:
Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source cat LCLo inhalation 400mg/m3/2H (400mg/m3) "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982Vol. -, Pg. 69, 1982. cat LDLo intravenous 30mg/kg (30mg/kg) BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 8, Pg. 275, 1952.
dog LDLo intravenous 70mg/kg (70mg/kg) International Polymer Science and Technology. Vol. 3, Pg. 93, 1976. dog LDLo subcutaneous 350mg/kg (350mg/kg) International Polymer Science and Technology. Vol. 3, Pg. 93, 1976. frog LDLo parenteral 800ug/kg (.8mg/kg) International Polymer Science and Technology. Vol. 3, Pg. 93, 1976. guinea pig LD50 oral 260mg/kg (260mg/kg) Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 23, Pg. 259, 1941. human TCLo inhalation 17mg/m3/30M (17mg/m3) SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGESJAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 165, Pg. 1908, 1957.
man LDLo unreported 477mg/kg (477mg/kg) "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970Vol. 2, Pg. 73, 1970. man TCLo inhalation 300ug/m3 (.3mg/m3) BEHAVIORAL: AGGRESSION
SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER CHANGES: OLFACTIONGigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 12(7), Pg. 20, 1968. man TDLo oral 643mg/kg (643mg/kg) GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION
GASTROINTESTINAL: ULCERATION OR BLEEDING FROM STOMACHJapanese Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 4, Pg. 261, 1991. man TDLo oral 646mg/kg (646mg/kg) GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
GASTROINTESTINAL: ULCERATION OR BLEEDING FROM STOMACH
GASTROINTESTINAL: GASTRITISJapanese Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 4, Pg. 261, 1991. mouse LC50 inhalation 454gm/m3/4H (454000mg/m3) Current Toxicology. Vol. 1, Pg. 47, 1993. mouse LD50 oral 42mg/kg (42mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLDNational Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A125-539, mouse LD50 subcutaneous 300mg/kg (300mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: BRONCHIOLAR CONSTRICTION
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMAActa Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 6, Pg. 299, 1950. mouse LDLo intraperitoneal 16mg/kg (16mg/kg) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 23, Pg. 288, 1972.
rabbit LD50 skin 270uL/kg (.27mL/kg) Union Carbide Data Sheet. Vol. 4/21/1967, rabbit LDLo intravenous 48mg/kg (48mg/kg) Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 5, Pg. 213, 1955.
rabbit LDLo subcutaneous 240mg/kg (240mg/kg) JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 62, Pg. 984, 1914. rat LC50 inhalation 203mg/m3 (203mg/m3) BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY CHANGEGigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 18(2), Pg. 55, 1974. rat LD50 intravenous 87mg/kg (87mg/kg) Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 221, Pg. 166, 1954.
rat LD50 oral 100mg/kg (100mg/kg) Food and Chemical Toxicology. Vol. 26, Pg. 447, 1988.
rat LD50 subcutaneous 420mg/kg (420mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: BRONCHIOLAR CONSTRICTION
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMAActa Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 6, Pg. 299, 1950. women LDLo oral 1mL/kg (1mL/kg) GASTROINTESTINAL: ALTERATION IN GASTRIC SECRETION
CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES
BEHAVIORAL: COMAIntensive Care Medicine. Vol. 23, Pg. 708, 1997. women LDLo oral 108mg/kg (108mg/kg) "Practical Toxicology of Plastics," Lefaux, R., Cleveland, OH, Chemical Rubber Co., 1968Vol. -, Pg. 328, 1968.