10191-41-0 Usage
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 10191-41-0 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. 1mg = 1.1 IU
2. Alpha tocopherol is a natural product. The PhEur 6.0 describes
alpha-tocopherol as a clear, colorless or yellowish-brown, viscous,
oily liquid.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 10191-41-0 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. dl-α-Tocopherol is the racemic analog of α-Tocopherol (T526125), the most bioactive of the naturally occurring forms of Vitamin E. Richest sources are green vegetables, grains, and oils, particularly palm, safflower and sunflower oils.
dl-α-Tocopherol is an antioxidant that protects cell membrane lipids from oxidative damage.
2. DL-α-Tocopherol is used as an antioxidant that protects cell membrane lipids from oxidative damage.
3. These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials. These are suitable for use in several analytical applications including but not limited to pharma release testing, pharma method development for qualitative and quantitative analyses, food and beverage quality control testing, and other calibration requirements.
Production Methods
Naturally occurring tocopherols are obtained by the extraction or molecular distillation of steam distillates of vegetable oils; for example, alpha tocopherol occurs in concentrations of 0.1–0.3% in corn, rapeseed, soybean, sunflower, and wheat germ oils.Beta and gamma tocopherol are usually found in natural sources along with alpha tocopherol. Racemic synthetic tocopherols may be prepared by the condensation of the appropriate methylated hydroquinone with racemic isophytol.
General Description
TGF-β3 (transforming growth factor-β3) belongs to the TGF β superfamily. The TGFβ3 gene is mapped to human chromosome 14q24.3
Flammability and Explosibility
Nonflammable
Pharmaceutical Applications
Alpha tocopherol is primarily recognized as a source of vitamin E,
and the commercially available materials and specifications reflect
this purpose. While alpha tocopherol also exhibits antioxidant
properties, the beta, delta, and gamma tocopherols are considered
to be more effective as antioxidants.
Alpha-tocopherol is a highly lipophilic compound, and is an
excellent solvent for many poorly soluble drugs.Of widespread
regulatory acceptability, tocopherols are of value in oil- or fat-based
pharmaceutical products and are normally used in the concentration
range 0.001–0.05% v/v. There is frequently an optimum
concentration; thus the autoxidation of linoleic acid and methyl
linolenate is reduced at low concentrations of alpha tocopherol, and
is accelerated by higher concentrations. Antioxidant effectiveness
can be increased by the addition of oil-soluble synergists such as
lecithin and ascorbyl palmitate.
Alpha tocopherol may be used as an efficient plasticizer. It has
been used in the development of deformable liposomes as topical
formulations.
d-Alpha-tocopherol has also been used as a non-ionic surfactant
in oral and injectable formulations.
Biochem/physiol Actions
TGF-β3 (transforming growth factor-β3) regulates lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis, hematopoiesis and embryogenesis to maintain immune homeostasis. TGF-β plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. TGF-β3 specifically promotes chondrogenic differentiation.TGF-β3 is a strong growth inhibitor for normal and transformed epithelial, lymphoid, fibroblast, and keratinocyte cells. TGF-2 inhibits antitumor action of NK (natural killer) cells, T-cells, macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils. TGF-β3 is a tumor suppressor in the early stages of carcinogenesis, but in the later stages acts as a tumor promoter by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stimulating angiogenesis. TGF-β isoforms is known to participate in wound healing and tissue fibrosis. TGF-β3 is crucial for tissue restoration and scarless tissue repair. Mutation in the TGFβ3 gene is associated with development of non-syndromic cleft palate only (NS CPO), a rare congenital disease.
Safety
Tocopherols (vitamin E) occur in many food substances that are
consumed as part of the normal diet. The daily nutritional
requirement has not been clearly defined but is estimated to be
3.0–20.0 mg. Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is dependent
upon normal pancreatic function and the presence of bile.
Tocopherols are widely distributed throughout the body, with some
ingested tocopherol metabolized in the liver; excretion of metabolites
is via the urine or bile. Individuals with vitamin E deficiency are
usually treated by oral administration of tocopherols, although
intramuscular and intravenous administration may sometimes be
used.
Tocopherols are well tolerated, although excessive oral intake
may cause headache, fatigue, weakness, digestive disturbance, and
nausea. Prolonged and intensive skin contact may lead to erythema
and contact dermatitis.
The use of tocopherols as antioxidants in pharmaceuticals and
food products is unlikely to pose any hazard to human health since
the daily intake from such uses is small compared with the intake of
naturally occurring tocopherols in the diet.
The WHO has set an acceptable daily intake of tocopherol used
as an antioxidant at 0.15–2.0 mg/kg body-weight.
storage
Tocopherols are oxidized slowly by atmospheric oxygen and
rapidly by ferric and silver salts. Oxidation products include
tocopheroxide, tocopherylquinone, and tocopherylhydroquinone,
as well as dimers and trimers. Tocopherol esters are more stable to
oxidation than the free tocopherols but are in consequence less
effective antioxidants.
Tocopherols should be stored under an inert gas, in an airtight
container in a cool, dry place and protected from light.
Purification Methods
Dissolve dl--tocopherol in anhydrous MeOH (15mL/g) cool to -6o for 1hour, then chill in a Dry-ice/acetone bath; crystallisation is induced by scratching with a glass rod. The dl--acetate [52225-20-4] (see DL-vitamin E actetate below) is a viscous yellow liquid with m -7o, b 184o/0.01mm, 224o/0.3mm, d 4 20 0.953, n D 20 1.496. It is used as a standard for Vitamin E activity where the unit of activity is attained with 1mg of pure dl--acetate. [Friedrich “Vitamins” Water de Guyter Publ, Berlin 1988, Beilstein 17/4 V 168.]
Incompatibilities
Tocopherols are incompatible with peroxides and metal ions,
especially iron, copper, and silver. Tocopherols may be absorbed
into plastic.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted in Europe as a food additive. Included in the
FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IV injections, powder, lyophilized
powder for liposomal suspension; oral capsules, tablets, and
topical preparations). Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable
Non-medicinal Ingredients. Included in nonparenteral medicines
licensed in the UK.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 10191-41-0 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 1,0,1,9 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 1 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 10191-41:
(7*1)+(6*0)+(5*1)+(4*9)+(3*1)+(2*4)+(1*1)=60
60 % 10 = 0
So 10191-41-0 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C29H50O2/c1-20(2)12-9-13-21(3)14-10-15-22(4)16-11-18-29(8)19-17-26-25(7)27(30)23(5)24(6)28(26)31-29/h20-22,30H,9-19H2,1-8H3/t21-,22+,29+/m0/s1
10191-41-0Relevant articles and documents
New heterogeneous catalysts for greener routes in the synthesis of fine chemicals
Coman, Simona M.,Pop, Georgeta,Stere, Cristina,Parvulescu, Vasile I.,El Haskouri, Jamal,Beltrán, Daniel,Amorós, Pedro
, p. 388 - 399 (2007)
New strong Lewis acid SnTf-MCM-41 and SnTf-UVM-7 catalysts with unimodal and bimodal pore systems were prepared in a two-step synthesis in which the triflic acid (Tf) was incorporated to previously synthesized mesoporous tin-containing silicas. The Sn incorporation inside the pore walls was carried out through the Atrane method. The SnTf-UVM-7 catalysts were prepared by aggregating nanometric mesoporous particles defining a hierarchic textural-type additional pore system. Following these procedures, catalysts with different Si/Sn ratios-21.8 to 50.8 for SnTf-MCM-41 and 18.4 for SnTf-UVM-7-were prepared. These new materials were tested in the acylation of aromatic sulfonamides using acetic acid as the acylating agent and in the synthesis of (dl)-[α]-tocopherol through the condensation of 2,3,6-trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ) with isophytol (IP). The activity data indicate that these heterogeneous catalysts are very active, corresponding to high yields in acylated compounds as 65.5% and very high selectivity to (dl)-[α]-tocopherol (94%, for a conversion of 98%).
Synthesis of (all-rac)-α-tocopherol in supercritical carbon dioxide: Tuning of the product selectivity in batch and continuous-flow reactors
Kokubo, Yoshiaki,Hasegawa, Aiko,Kuwata, Shigeki,Ishihara, Kazuaki,Yamamoto, Hisashi,Ikariya, Takao
, p. 220 - 224 (2005)
α-Tocopherol was synthesized using a condensation reaction of 2,3,6-trimethylhydroquinone with isophytol in supercritical CO2 using batch and continuous-flow reactors. In the batch reaction catalyzed by a fluorinated molecular catalyst bearing strong Bronsted acidity, C 6F5CHTf2 (Tf=SO2CF3), an increase in the CO2 pressure causes a marked increase in the product selectivity for α-tocopherol, albeit with a slight decrease in the product yield. The solubility measurements by extraction experiments and the supercritical fluid NMR (scNMR) indicate that the homogeneous and non-polar reaction phase in scCO2 is crucial to obtain α-tocopherol with high selectivity. A continuous flow scCO2 process for the condensation reaction can be performed with a strong acid resin, Amberlyst 15, as a solid acid catalyst to give the desired product with high selectivity.
SYNTHESIS OF CHROMANOL DERIVATIVES
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, (2020/03/05)
The present invention relates to a process for the production of chromanol derivatives, more specifically to a process for preparing a compound of the general formula (I) wherein R1, R2 and R3 independently of each other are selected from hydrogen and methyl, R4 is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6-alkanoyl, and X is selected from C1-C20-alkyl and C2-C20-alkenyl.
