2480-86-6Relevant articles and documents
Fourier transform Raman assignment of guaiacyl and syringyl marker bands for lignin determination
Takayama, Miyuki,Johjima, Toru,Yamanaka, Takeshi,Wariishi, Hiroyuki,Tanaka, Hiroo
, p. 1621 - 1628 (1997)
A near infrared fourier transform Raman (NIR-FTR) spectroscopic technique was utilized to characterize lignin in wood. The Raman bands for C=C stretching derived from 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl (guaiacyl) nuclei and from 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl (syringyl) nuclei exist independently. The NIR-FTR analysis of a series of lignin model compounds indicated that a syringyl band was shifted to a lower frequency compared to a guaiacyl band. This shift was also observed in chemically synthesized lignin (DHP). Syringyl DHP, in which all the aromatic nuclei consist of syringyl type, exhibited a C=C stretching band at 1594 cm-1, while guaiacyl DHP exhibited the band at 1599 cm-1. These bands were designated as syringyl and guaiacyl marker bands, respectively. Chemical and physical treatment of hardwood and softwood exhibited different characteristics. One of the reasons is the chemical structure of lignin. Softwood mainly contains only guaiacyl lignin, while hardwood contains both guaiacyl and syringyl lignin, and the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio varies among species. Under high-resolution conditions (1 cm-1), the NIR-FTR spectra of 10 hardwoods (wood meal samples) revealed that both syringyl and guaiacyl marker bands existed. On the other hand, the spectra of softwoods contained only a guaiacyl marker bands existed. On the other hand, the spectra of softwoods contained only a guaiacyl marker band. The S/G ratio in hardwood calculated from the peak area intensity ratio of two marker bands shows a linear relationship with the S/G ratio obtained from conventional nitrobenzene oxidation analysis with the correlation factor > 0.96. Furthermore, if peak component separation analysis was combined, low-resolution spectral data gave a similar S/G ratio. Either syringyl of guaiacyl marker bands can be assigned in the NIR-FTR spectra of wood blocks (saw-cut surface). This spectral technique may provide an easy-handling and non-destructive analytical method for lignin determination.
Improved Pd/Ru metal supported graphene oxide nano-catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of vanillyl alcohol, vanillin and lignin
Arora, Shalini,Gupta, Neeraj,Singh, Vasundhara
supporting information, p. 2018 - 2027 (2020/04/07)
Pd and Ru nanoparticles supported on graphene oxide (GO) [Pd?GO and Ru?GO] and bimetallic [Pd/Ru?GO] were prepared and well characterized by XRD, FT-IR, EDS, TEM, XPS and ICP-AES analyses. The prepared nano-catalysts were tested for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin monomer molecules-vanillyl alcohol and vanillin. In comparison with previously reported methods, Ru?GO and bimetallic Pd/Ru?GO catalysts showed high activity and selectivity, under milder conditions, at room temperature and 145 psi H2 pressure, for the formation of p-creosol, a value added product, as a potential future biofuel with antibacterial and anti-insecticidal properties. The multifold advantages of both these catalysts are in terms of reduced catalyst loading with a lower metal content and ambient temperture conditions resulting in higher conversion of the starting material. Furthermore, the efficacy of the developed methodology using Ru?GO and bimetallic Pd/Ru?GO catalysts under the optimized conditions was tested on the phenolic components of commercial lignin obtained by photo-catalytic fragmentation using TiO2, to obtain a mixture after HDO which contained vanillyl alcohol and p-creosol among others, as indicated by HPLC-MS analysis.
Selective hydrodeoxygenation of hydroxyacetophenones to ethyl-substituted phenol derivatives using a FeRu?SILP catalyst
Bordet, Alexis,Goclik, Lisa,Leitner, Walter,Offner-Marko, Lisa
supporting information, p. 9509 - 9512 (2020/09/02)
The selective hydrodeoxygenation of hydroxyacetophenone derivatives is achieved opening a versatile pathway for the production of valuable substituted ethylphenols from readily available substrates. Bimetallic iron ruthenium nanoparticles immobilized on an imidazolium-based supported ionic liquid phase (Fe25Ru75?SILP) show high activity and stability for a broad range of substrates without acidic co-catalysts. This journal is
