565-59-3

Usage

Uses

Used in Chemical Industry:
2,3-Dimethylpentane is used as a reactant in the liquid-phase oxidation of 2,4-dimethylpentane. This process is crucial for the production of various chemical intermediates and final products, which can be utilized in different industries.
Used in Research and Development:
2,3-Dimethylpentane is also used in studies focused on the preparation and determination of physical constants of a number of alkanes and cycloalkanes. This research helps in understanding the properties and behavior of these compounds, which can be valuable for their applications in various fields, such as fuel, solvents, and chemical synthesis.

Source

In diesel engine exhaust at a concentration of 0.9% of emitted hydrocarbons (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). Schauer et al. (1999) reported 2,3-dimethylpentane in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 720 μg/km. California Phase II reformulated gasoline contained 2,3-dimethylpentane at a concentration of 29.4 g/kg. Gas-phase tailpipe emission rates from gasoline-powered automobiles with and without catalytic converters were 5.34 and 714 mg/km, respectively (Schauer et al., 2002).

Environmental fate

Photolytic. A photooxidation rate constant of 3.4 x 10-12 cm3/molecule?sec was reported for the gas-phase reaction of 2,3-dimethylpentane and OH radicals (Atkinson, 1990). Chemical/Physical. Complete combustion in air yields carbon dioxide and water vapor. 2,3- Dimethylpentane will not hydrolyze because it has no hydrolyzable functional group.

InChI:InChI=1/C7H16/c1-5-7(4)6(2)3/h6-7H,5H2,1-4H3/t7-/m1/s1

Upstream product

• 2465-56-7 methylene 
• 79-29-8 2,3-dimethylbutane 
• 108-08-7 2,4-dimethylpentane 
• 560-21-4 2,3,3-Trimethyl-pentane 
• 565-75-3 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 
• 187737-37-7 propene 
• 75-28-5 Isobutane 
• 78-78-4 methylbutane 
• 128443-64-1 1-chloro-3,4-dimethyl-pentane 
• 3404-72-6 2,3-dimethylpent-1-ene 
• 74-85-1 ethene 
• 142-82-5 n-heptane 
• 595-41-5 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentanol 
• 19781-24-9 3,3-dimethyl-2-pentanol 

Downstream Products

• 562-49-2 3,3-dimethylpentane 
• 591-76-4 2-Methylhexane 
• 1638-26-2 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane 
• 108-08-7 2,4-dimethylpentane 
• 589-34-4 3-methyl-hexane 
• 142-82-5 n-heptane 
• 1192-18-3 cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane 
• 822-50-4 trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane 
• 7385-78-6 3,4-dimethylpent-1-ene 
• 3404-72-6 2,3-dimethylpent-1-ene 
• 7357-93-9 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 
• 10574-37-5 2,3-dimethylpent-2-ene 
• 4914-91-4 (Z)-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 
• 4914-92-5 (E)-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Silica-immobilized ionic liquid Br?nsted acids as highly effective heterogeneous catalysts for the isomerization of: N -heptane and n -octane

Metal-free imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) Br?nsted acids 1-methyl imidazolium hydrogen sulphate [HMIM]HSO4 and 1-methyl benzimidazolium hydrogen sulphate [HMBIM]HSO4 were synthesized. Their physicochemical properties were investigated using spectroscopic and thermal techniques, including UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry, and TGA. The ILs were immobilized on mesoporous silica gel and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption, and thermogravimetric analysis. [HMIM]HSO4?silica and [HMBIM]HSO4?silica have been successfully applied as promising replacements for conventional catalysts for alkane isomerization reactions at room temperature. Isomerization of n-heptane and n-octane was achieved with both catalysts. In addition to promoting the isomerization of n-heptane and n-octane (a quintessential reaction for petroleum refineries), these immobilized catalysts are non-hazardous and save energy.

Impact of the Spatial Organization of Bifunctional Metal–Zeolite Catalysts on the Hydroisomerization of Light Alkanes

Improving product selectivity by controlling the spatial organization of functional sites at the nanoscale is a critical challenge in bifunctional catalysis. We present a series of composite bifunctional catalysts consisting of one-dimensional zeolites (ZSM-22 and mordenite) and a γ-alumina binder, with platinum particles controllably deposited either on the alumina binder or inside the zeolite crystals. The hydroisomerization of n-heptane demonstrates that the catalysts with platinum particles on the binder, which separates platinum and acid sites at the nanoscale, leads to a higher yield of desired isomers than catalysts with platinum particles inside the zeolite crystals. Platinum particles within the zeolite crystals impose pronounced diffusion limitations on reaction intermediates, which leads to secondary cracking reactions, especially for catalysts with narrow micropores or large zeolite crystals. These findings extend the understanding of the ??intimacy criterion” for the rational design of bifunctional catalysts for the conversion of low-molecular-weight reactants.

GAS-TO-LIQUID REACTOR AND METHOD OF USING

A device and a process to propagate molecular growth of hydrocarbons, either straight or branched chain structures, that naturally occur in the gas phase to a molecular size sufficient to shift the natural occurring phase to a liquid or solid state is provided. According to one embodiment, the device includes a grounded reactor vessel having a gas inlet, a liquid outlet, and an electrode within the vessel; a power supply coupled to the electrode for creating an elecirostatic field within the vessel for converting the gas to a liquid and or solid state.

Production of Gasoline Fuel from Alga-Derived Botryococcene by Hydrogenolysis over Ceria-Supported Ruthenium Catalyst

Hydrogenolysis of hydrogenated botryococcene (Hy-Bot) was conducted over various supported Ru catalysts, Ir/SiO2, and Pt/SiO2–Al2O3. Ru/CeO2 with very high dispersion showed the highest yield (70 %) of gasoline-range (C5–C12) alkanes at 513 K. The main gasoline-range products were dimethylalkanes. This yield is comparable to or higher than the gasoline yields from botryococcene in the literature, which were obtained at much higher temperature. Ir/SiO2 also showed a high fuel yield, but the activity was much lower than that with the Ru catalysts. The reaction over Pt/SiO2–Al2O3 slowed down before total conversion of Hy-Bot was achieved. Ru/CeO2 was stable in the hydrogenolysis of Hy-Bot without loss of activity and selectivity during reuses. The carbon balance was low for the hydrogenolysis of Hy-Bot over all catalysts if the main products are heavy hydrocarbons, whereas for the hydrogenolysis of squalane the carbon balance was kept near 100 %. 1H NMR spectra of the product mixture and thermogravimetric analyses of the product mixture and the recovered catalyst revealed that the formation of aromatic compounds, polymeric products, and coke was negligible for the carbon balance. In a model reaction using substrate compounds with a substructure of Hy-Bot, only 2,5-dimethylhexane, which has a C6 chain with two Cprimary?Ctertiary bonds, produced a cyclic product, 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane, which has a higher boiling point than the substrate. This dehydrocyclization reaction makes the product distribution in the hydrogenolysis of Hy-Bot more complex.

PROCESS OF MAKING OLEFINS OR ALKYLATE BY REACTION OF METHANOL AND/OR DME OR BY REACTION OF METHANOL AND/OR DME AND BUTANE

Methods of simultaneously converting butanes and methanol to olefins over Ti-containing zeolite catalysts are described. The exothermicity of the alcohols to olefins reaction is matched by endothermicity of dehydrogenation reaction of butane(s) to light olefins resulting in a thermo- neutral process. The Ti-containing zeolites provide excellent selectivity to light olefins as well as exceptionally high hydrothermal stability. The coupled reaction may advantageously be conducted in a staged reactor with methanol/DME conversion zones alternating with zones for butane(s) dehydrogenation. The resulting light olefins can then be reacted with iso-butane to produce high-octane alkylate. The net result is a highly efficient and low cost method for converting methanol and butanes to alkylate.

Influence of the Br?nsted acidity, SiO2/Al 2O3 ratio and Rh-Pd content on the ring opening. Part II. Selective ring opening of methylcyclohexane

Monometallic and bimetallic Pd-Rh catalysts with various Rh/Pd atomic ratios (=0.5, 1 and 2) and a total metal charge of 1 wt% supported on SiO 2-Al2O3 (SIRAL 40, 20, 5) were studied for the ring opening of methylcyclohexane (MCH). The results were compared with those obtained previously for ring opening of decalin. It was found that the total acidity and the Br?nsted acidity of the support have a higher influence on the activity for ring opening of naphthenic bicycles than on the activity for opening single rings. The influence of the metal charge is more important on the reaction of MCH. All the catalysts display a high MCH conversion, which increases with the reaction temperature. The bimetallic catalyst with the Rh/Pd ratio equal to 2 and supported on SIRAL 40 has the highest yield to ring opening products.

Influence of chlorine on the catalytic properties of supported rhodium, iridium and platinum in ring opening of naphthenes

Pt, Ir and Rh were deposited on SiO2 or Al2O 3 using chlorinated precursors and various amounts of HCl in the impregnation medium. The Br?nsted and Lewis acidities increased with the chlorine content of the alumina supported catalysts. The silica-supported catalysts only presented Lewis acid sites. The catalysts were evaluated in methylcyclopentane (MCP) and methylcyclohexane (MCH) ring-opening (RO) under pressure (2.85 and 3.95 MPa, respectively), from 200 to 425 C. For MCP conversion, the acidity of the alumina support had no sensitive effect on the activity and selectivity to RO products, and few effects on the distribution of RO products. No isomerization or hydrocracking products were observed, confirming that these reactions occurred mainly on the metal function, which was not modified by the presence of chlorine. The nature of the support, SiO 2 or Al2O3, had a strong effect on both the activity (1.9 against 0.5 mol h-1 g-1metal for Ir/Al2O3 and Ir/SiO2, respectively at 225 C) and selectivity to RO products (99.6% against 97.5% for Ir/Al2O 3 and Ir/SiO2, respectively, at 80% of MCP conversion) for Ir catalysts only. Interestingly, the Rh/SiO2 exhibited a high selectivity for converting MCP to RO products, similar to Ir/Al 2O3, i.e. 99.6% at 80% of conversion. Depending on the metal and the supports, three types of behavior were observed for MCH ring-opening: (i) a direct ring-opening on the metal function whatever the support for Ir, (ii) a first step of isomerization, and then a need of a sufficiently acidic support, for Pt and (iii) an intermediate behavior for Rh, which was able to either directly convert MCH in absence of acidic support or favor a bifunctional mechanism on chlorinated alumina.

Ring opening of decalin and methylcyclohexane over alumina-based monofunctional WO3/Al2O3 and Ir/Al 2O3 catalysts

Ring-opening reactions of decalin and MCH were studied over monofunctional acid (WO3/Al2O3) and metal (Ir/Al 2O3) catalysts containing, respectively, up to 5.3 at. W/nm2 and 1.8 wt% Ir. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, low-temperature CO adsorption followed by infrared spectroscopy, and H2 chemisorption. A reaction network was proposed for both molecules and used to determine the kinetic parameters. Kinetic modeling allowed relating characterization results and catalytic performance. For WO3/Al2O3 catalysts, ring contraction precedes ring opening of both molecules. The evolution of ring contraction activity was consistent with the development of relatively strong Bronsted acid sites. Ring opening occurs according to a classic acid mechanism. For Ir/Al2O3 catalysts, only direct ring opening was observed. Ring opening proceeds mostly via dicarbene mechanism. Analysis of products indicated that monofunctional metal catalysts are better suited than acid solids for upgrading LCO.

PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A HYDROCARBON

A method of alkane homologation is provided, comprising contacting: a reactive alkane; a methylating agent; an optional diamondoid modifier; and an activating catalyst, thereby generating a hydrocarbon product having a greater number of carbon atoms than the reactive alkane.