20 - Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium

Add time:09/24/2019    Source:sciencedirect.com

Publisher SummaryThis chapter discusses the history, abundance, distribution, and extraction of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium. With the exception of actinium, which is found naturally only in traces of uranium ores, these elements are by no means rare though they were once thought to be so. Scandium is very widely but thinly distributed, and its only rich mineral is the rare thortveitite. Yttrium and lanthanum are both obtained from lanthanide minerals and the method of extraction depends on the particular mineral involved. Digestions with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or caustic soda are all used to extract the mixture of metal salts. The chapter also provides an overview of the applications and the uses of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium. Yttrium has important roles in the field of electronics, providing the basis of phosphors used to produce the red color on television screens, and in the form of garnets being employed as microwave filters in radar. The chapter also discusses the physical properties, chemical reactivity, and group trends of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium.

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