10049-07-7

Basic information

• Product Name: Rhodium trichloride
• Synonyms: RHODIUM TRICHLORIDE;RHODIUM CHLORIDE;RHODIUM(+3)CHLORIDE;RHODIUM(III) CHLORIDE;rhodium(iii)chloride(1:3);rhodiumchloride(rhcl3);(III) RHODIUM (III) CHLORIDE HYDRATE;Rhodium ( Ⅲ) chloride
• CAS NO: 10049-07-7
• Molecular Formula: Cl₃Rh
• Molecular Weight: 209.26
• EINECS: 233-165-4
• Product Categories: Inorganics;Rhodium Salts;Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry;Chemical Synthesis;RhodiumMetal and Ceramic Science;Salts;metal halide
• Mol File: 10049-07-7.mol

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 450 °C
• Boiling Point: 717 °C (730 mmHg)
• Appearance: Red-brown/Powder
• Density: 5.38
• Storage Temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
• Water Solubility: Insoluble in water. Soluble in hydroxide and cyanide solutions.
• Sensitive: Hygroscopic
• Stability: hygroscopic
• Merck: 14,8188
• CAS DataBase Reference: Rhodium trichloride(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Rhodium trichloride(10049-07-7)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Rhodium trichloride(10049-07-7)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: Xn
• Statements: 22-41
• Safety Statements: 36/39-26-24-24/25
• WGK Germany: 3
• RTECS: VI9275000
• F: 21
• TSCA: Yes
• HazardClass: 8
• Hazardous Substances Data: 10049-07-7(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Uses

1. Homogeneous Catalysis:
Rhodium trichloride is used as a catalyst in homogeneous catalysis, particularly in the industrial production of acetic acid.
2. Optics and Reflectors:
Rhodium trichloride is used to coat optic fibers and optical mirrors, as well as for crucibles, thermocouple elements, and headlight reflectors due to its reflective properties and resistance to high temperatures.
3. Manufacturing Rhodium Trifluoride:
Rhodium trichloride serves as a precursor in the production of rhodium trifluoride, which has various applications in different industries.
4. Electrocatalysis in Energy, Sensing, and Biomedical Sectors:
Rhodium trichloride can be used as a precursor to dope graphene with Rh nanoparticles, creating hybrids for electrocatalysis in energy, sensing, and biomedical applications.
5. Preparation of [Rh(NH3)6]Cl3:
Rhodium trichloride is also used in the preparation of hexaamminerhodium(III) chloride, a complex compound with potential applications in various fields.
6. Physical Properties:
The trihydrate form of rhodium trichloride is a dark red powder that is deliquescent, loses water at 100°C, and is very soluble in water. It is also soluble in alcohol and hydrochloric acid but insoluble in ether.
7. Chemical Properties:
Rhodium trichloride exhibits various chemical properties, such as being easily deliquescent, having a melting point of 450～500°C (decomposition), and a boiling point of 800°C (sublimation). It can be reduced by hydrogen at 70°C and reacts with concentrated acids like nitric acid and sulfuric acid upon heating.

Preparation

Rhodium trichloride is prepared by heating rhodium with chlorine gas at 250°C:2Rh + 3Cl2 → 2RhCl3Also, the chloride salt may be obtained by treating the yellow hydrous oxide, Rh2O3.5H2O, with hydrochloric acid. The solution is carefully evaporated to form a dark red and water-soluble salt, rhodium trichloride tetrahydrate, RhCl3.4H2O. Heating the tetrahydrate in a stream of hydrogen chloride gas at 180°C forms the anhydrous salt, RhCl3.

Reactions

Catalyst in conjunction with "pybox" for the asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones.C-C bond forming reactions.

Hazard

Toxic by ingestion.

Safety Profile

Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes. Experimental reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic data. Mutation data reported. Incompatible with pentacarbonyl iron + zinc. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-. See also RHODIUM and CHLORIDES

Potential Exposure

Rhodium trichloride is used in hydrosilylation, hydrogenation, carbonylation, oxidation, arylation. See also “Rhodium Metal.” In plating operations and in catalyst preparation, the metal will be used as the trichloride.

Shipping

UN3260 Corrosive solid, acidic, inorganic, n.o.s., Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8-Corrosive material, Technical Name Required.

Purification Methods

Probable impurities are KCl and HCl. Wash the chloride well with small volumes of H2O to remove excess KCl and KOH and dissolve it in the minimum volume of conc HCl. Evaporate it to dryness on a steam bath to give wine-red coloured RhCl3.3H2O. Leave it on the steam bath until the odour of HCl is lost-do not try to dry further as it begins to decompose above 100o to the oxide and HCl. It is not soluble in H2O but soluble in alkalis or CN solutions and forms double salts with alkali chlorides. [Anderson & Basolo Inorg Synth VII 214 1963.]

Incompatibilities

Sensitive to humidity. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materi- als, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, and epoxides.

Waste Disposal

Recovery and reclaiming wherever possible in view of high economic value. See “Rhodium Metal.”

InChI:InChI=1/3ClH.Rh/h3*1H;/q;;;+2/p-3

Synthetic route

chlorine (7782-50-5) + rhodium (378784-00-0, 7440-16-6) → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) finely divided metallic Rh is heated in dry Cl2 at to 540 °C ;;	100%
In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; exposing Rh to flowing Cl2 (0.05-0.80 atm) at 300-1150°C;
In neat (no solvent) rhodium black is heated at 800 °C in dry Cl2 and cooled slowly inflowing Cl2;;

rhodium(III) chloride trihydrate → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In solid in air or in Ar atmosphere; TG and DTA monitoring, X-ray diffraction anal.;

rhodium (378784-00-0, 7440-16-6) + phosphorus trichloride (7719-12-2, 52843-90-0) → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) heating;;
In not given heating;
In neat (no solvent) heating;;

phosphorus pentachloride (10026-13-8, 874483-75-7) + rhodium (378784-00-0, 7440-16-6) → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) heating with Rh;;
In not given heating;

di(rhodium)tetracarbonyl dichloride → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; dihydrogen peroxide In propan-1-ol Kinetics; byproducts: CO, CO2, H2O; oxidation of {Rh(CO)2Cl}2 with H2O2 in propanol contg. HCl is investigated, intermediate discussed; reaction monitored by UV/VIS spectroscopy;
With hydrogenchloride; dihydrogen peroxide In methanol Kinetics; byproducts: CO, CO2, H2O; oxidation of {Rh(CO)2Cl}2 with H2O2 in methanol contg. HCl is investigated, intermediate discussed; reaction monitored by UV/VIS spectroscopy;
With hydrogenchloride; dihydrogen peroxide In ethanol Kinetics; byproducts: CO, CO2, H2O; oxidation of {Rh(CO)2Cl}2 with H2O2 in ethanol contg. HCl is investigated, intermediate discussed; reaction monitored by UV/VIS spectroscopy;

chlorine (7782-50-5) + rhodium (378784-00-0, 7440-16-6) + sodium chloride (7647-14-5) → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) mixt. of Rh and NaCl in Cl2 stream (red heat);;

chlorine (7782-50-5) + rhodium (378784-00-0, 7440-16-6) → Rh2Cl5 + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) heating finely divided Rh in a Cl2-stream;;

tripotassium hexachlororhodate(III) monohydrate → potassium chloride + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; heating in dry HCl-stream; loss of water proceeds slowly at 360 °C, rapidly at 440 °C to form insol. RhCl3;; KCl is leached by water;;

tripotassium hexachlororhodate(III) monohydrate → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; dried K3(RhCl6)*H2O (105-110 °C); heating to 440 °C in a dry Cl2-stream;; washing with water;;

rhodium(VI) oxide hydrate → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride byproducts: Cl2;
In hydrogenchloride byproducts: Cl2;

RhSn3 + chlorine (7782-50-5) → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) heating RhSn3 to 440 °C in a rapid stream of dry Cl2; air and moisture must be excluded;; Sn contents corresponding to RhSn(<3) causes formation of mixtures of RhCl3 and Rh;;

rhodium trichloride hydrate → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With air In neat (no solvent) heating RhCl3.aq in air;;
heating nerly until the glowing heat;;
heating nerly until the glowing heat;;

rhodium trichloride hydrate → hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + rhodium(III) oxide + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With air In neat (no solvent) heating; decomposition;;	A n/a B n/a C 0%

rhodium trichloride hydrate + chlorine (7782-50-5) → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) heating to 175-180 °C in a stream of dry HCl-gas, then to 440 °C in a Cl2-stream, cooling in CO2-stream;;

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + rhodium(III) oxide → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride prepn. by dissolving Rh2O3 in the least amt. of hot concd. HCl;

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + tetra[μ-acetato-bis(methanol)]dirhodium → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) + rhodium (378784-00-0, 7440-16-6)

sodium hexachlororhodate(III) → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With alkali In hydrogenchloride addn. of alkali to Na3(RhCl6)-soln. and dissolving ppt. in HCl;;

sodium hexachlororhodate(III) dodecahydrate → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) + sodium chloride (7647-14-5)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; heating slowly in a stream of dry HCl; dehydration proceeds slowly at 350 °C, rapidly at 440 °C to form insol. RhCl3; by-product NaCl is leached by water;;

sodium hexachlororhodate(III) dodecahydrate → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; sulfuric acid In not given reacting with concd. H2SO4 leads to rhodium(III) oxide chlorides that were treated with gaseous HCl to yield RhCl3*2/3H2O; heating to 360 °C with HCl gas;;
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; Na3(RhCl6)*12H2O is dried at 105-110 °C and then heated to 440 °C in a stream of dry Cl2;; washing with water;;
With HCl; H2SO4 In not given reacting with concd. H2SO4 leads to rhodium(III) oxide chlorides that were treated with gaseous HCl to yield RhCl3*2/3H2O; heating to 360 °C with HCl gas;;

chloropentaamminerhodium(III) chloride → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With chlorine calcination in dry Cl2;;
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) calcination in a dry Cl2-stream;;
With Cl2

tris(ammonium) hexachlororhodate(III) → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) heating to 440 °C in a stream of dry Cl2;; product does not contain impurities;;
With nitrogen In neat (no solvent) calcination in a dry N2-stream;; product does not contain impurities;;

Rh(amodiaquine-4-(7-chloro-4-quinolyl)amino-2-diethylaminomethylphenol)Cl3 → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) static air atmosphere, 260°C; thermogravimetry;

ammonium chlororhodate(III) * 1(1 1/2) H20 → chloropentaamminerhodium(III) chloride + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) 440°C;;
In neat (no solvent) 440°C;;

rhodium(IV) oxide dihydrate → rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride byproducts: Cl2;

ammonium chloride + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) + sodium nitrite (7632-00-0) → rhodium(III) ammonium sodium hexanitrite

Conditions	Yield
With sodium carbonate In hydrogenchloride aq. HCl soln. of RhCl3 partly neutralized by sodium carbonate; to soln. added soln. of NaNO2 and mixt. heated on water bath for 1 h; NH4Cl addedto soln.; ppt. sepd., washed with NH4Cl and min. amt. cold water; dried in air; detn. by XRD;	99%

rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) + tricyclohexylphosphine (2622-14-2) → HRhCl2(tricyclohexylphosphine)2 (70897-33-5, 63736-69-6)

Conditions	Yield
In water; isopropyl alcohol bubbled N2 through a stirred soln. of RhCl3; added tricyclohexylphosphine; refluxed for 18 h under stirring; filtered; washed with ethanol; dried in vacuo;	99%

3-(2-thiazolylazo)-2,6-diaminopyridine (22409-45-6) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → [Rh(3-(2-thiazolylazo)-2,6-diaminopyridine(+2H))](5+)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium sulfate In water Kinetics; placing of soln. of 3-(2-thiazolylazo)-2,6-diaminopyridine) and RhCl3 ationic strength I = 1.50 (0.497 M Na2SO4) into tube; addn. of water, pla cing of tube on boiling water bath, heating for 50-60 min, cooling in a wessel with water (10°C); monitoring by UV;	99%

(C2H5OOC(CH2)3OC6H4)4C20H10N4 + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → (C2H5OOC(CH2)3OC6H4)4C20H8N4RhCl (1351286-94-6)

Conditions	Yield
In benzonitrile (N2), porphyrin refluxed in benzonitrile for 5 min, treated with 2 equiv. of RhCl3, refluxed for 3 h; cooled, dried (vac.) with heating,treated with CH2Cl2, washed (aq.NaCl),org. layer dried (Na2SO4), filtered, concd., chromy.(silica gel - CH2Cl 2/EtOH 100:1), elem. anal.;	98%

rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) + potassium iodide (7681-11-0) → triethylenediaminerhodiumiodide*ethylenediamine*methanol

Conditions	Yield
With ethylenediamine In methanol; water RhCl3 and KI are warmed in mixt. of ethylendiamine and water, after cooling methanol is added; washing (methanol), drying (vac.); elem. anal.;	96%

chromonethiobarbituric acid (263146-62-9) + water (7732-18-5) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → [Rh(C15H9N2O6S)(H2O)4](2+)*2Cl(1-)*5H2O=[Rh(C15H9N2O6S)(H2O)4]Cl2*5H2O

Conditions

Yield

With ammonium hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water byproducts: HCl; the complex was prepd. by mixing a hot aq. soln. of the metal chloride (4 mmol) with hot dioxane soln. of the ligand (4 mmol); the react. mixt. was then refluxed; aq. ammonia soln. (1:10) was slowly added with stirring (pH 5.0-5.5); the ppt. was filtered, washed with hot dioxane and diethyl ether and dried over anhyd. CaCl2; elem. anal.;

92%

glyoxalbis(N-phenyl)osazone (1534-21-0, 29841-71-2) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) + triphenylphosphine (603-35-0) → trans-Rh(glyoxalbis(N-phenyl)osazone)(PPh3)Cl2 (1264746-52-2)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol (Ar); to soln. of osazone in EtOH, RhCl3 and PPh3 were added, refluxed for 40 min; solid was separated, soln. was cooled at 20°C, filtered, residue was dried in air and collected, elem. anal.;	92%

pyridine (110-86-1) + hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → {Rhpy4Cl2}Cl*6H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water pyridine was added to aq. soln. of RhCl3 and heated (water bath) for two hours;; cooling; pptn.; addn. of concd. HCl soln. yields further pptn.; washing (first: concd. HCl soln./H2O / second: H2O); recrystn. (little boiling water); drying (100 °C);;	90%
In water byproducts: {Rh py3 Cl3}; pyridine was added to aq. soln. of RhCl3 and heated (water bath) for two hours; pptn. of (Rhpy3Cl3) when heating;; cooling; pptn.; addn. of concd. HCl soln. yields further pptn.; washing (first: concd. HCl soln./H2O / second: H2O); recrystn. (little boiling water); drying (100 °C);;	90%
In water byproducts: {Rh py3 Cl3}; pyridine was added to aq. soln. of RhCl3 and heated (water bath) for two hours; pptn. of (Rhpy3Cl3) when heating;; cooling; pptn.; addn. of concd. HCl soln. yields further pptn.; washing (first: concd. HCl soln./H2O / second: H2O); recrystn. (little boiling water); drying (100 °C);;	90%

2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (25005-97-4) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → (RhCl3)2(2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine)*0.5CH3OH

Conditions	Yield
With methanol In methanol mixing of RhCl3 and tppz (2:1 mole ratio) in methanol, refluxing in an open-top condenser, pptn. (after 1 h), further refluxing (24 h), cooling to room temp.; filtration, washing (boiling anhyd. methanol or ethanol), drying (vac.); elem. anal.;	89%

ethene (74-85-1) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → bis(ethylene)rhodium(I) chloride dimer

Conditions	Yield
In not given bubbling of ethylene through RhCl3 soln. for 22 h;	86%

pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (55-22-1) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → trans-[Rh(isonicotinic acid)3(isonicotonic acid(-H))Cl2] (1268626-58-9)

Conditions	Yield
With NaOH In hydrogenchloride; ethanol EtOH soln. of ligand added to aq. HCl soln. of RhCl3, mixt. refluxed with vigorous stirirng; cooled, pH 4.5 (NaOH), ppt. filtered off, washed (hot water, acetone), dried in air, elem. anal.;	85%

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + 3-Methylpyridine (108-99-6) + hydrazine hydrochloride (2644-70-4) + water (7732-18-5) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → trans-dichlorotetrakis(β-picoline)rhodium(III) chloride dihydrate

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride small amt. of hydrazine hydrochloride added to soln. of Rh salt in 0.5 MHCl, heated on water bath, β-picoline added to hot soln. under sti rring, cooled, mixed with equal vol. of concd. HCl; ppt. filtered off, washed with ice water, dried in air; elem. anal.;	85%

rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) + tris(1-methylethyl)phosphine (6476-36-4) → (((CH3)2CH)3P)2Rh(H)Cl2 (36656-55-0, 139163-38-5, 139238-78-1)

Conditions	Yield
In water; isopropyl alcohol bubbled N2 through a stirred soln. of RhCl3 for 1 h; added triisopropylphosphine; refluxed for 33 h under stirring; filtered; washed with acetone; dried in vacuo;	82%

ethyleneimine (151-56-4) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → 3(ClCH2CH2NH3)(1+)*{RhCl6}(3-)=(ClCH2CH2NH3)3{RhCl6}

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In hydrogenchloride aziridine dissolved in conc. HCl (cooling), addn. of saturated RhCl3 soln. in conc. HCl (molar ratio aziridine:RhCl3 3:1); solvent evapd. on a water bath, crystn., cooled, filtered, residue washed with acetone and ether, dried in vac. (P2O5); elem. anal.;	80%

2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (25005-97-4) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) → (RhCl3)(2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) (125859-05-4)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol mixing of RhCl3 and tppz (1:2 mole ratio) in ethanol, refluxing in an open-top condenser, pptn. (after 1 h), further refluxing (24 h), cooling to room temp.; filtration, washing (boiling anhyd. methanol or ethanol), drying (vac.); elem. anal.;	80%

ammonium tetrafluroborate (13826-83-0) + rhodium(III)chloride (10049-07-7) + 5-oxa-2,8-dithia[9](2,9)-1,10-phenanthrolinophane (350014-32-3) → [Rh(5-oxa-2,8-dithia[9](2,9)-1,10-phenanthrolinophane)Cl2]BF4 (350014-40-3)

Conditions	Yield
In water; acetonitrile mixt. of ligand and RhCl3 in MeCN/H2O refluxed under N2 for 5 h, a largeexcess of NH4BF4 added; pptd. by concn. (vac.), recrystd. by slow diffusion of Et2O vapor into an MeCN soln.;	80%

Upstream product

• 378784-00-0 rhodium 
• 7719-12-2 phosphorus trichloride 
• 10026-13-8 phosphorus pentachloride 
• 7782-50-5 chlorine 
• 7647-14-5 sodium chloride 
• 7647-01-0 hydrogenchloride 
• 115338-66-4 rhodium{C₆H₃(CH₂NMe₂)2-o,o'}(1,5-cyclooctadiene) 
• 82622-01-3 Li₂{C₆H₃(CH₂NMe₂)2-o,o'}2 

Downstream Products

• 378784-00-0 rhodium 
• 12092-47-6 di-μ-chloro-bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)dirhodium 
• 7782-50-5 chlorine 
• 676-80-2 methane-d3 
• 558-20-3 methane 
• 1632-99-1 ethane-d6 
• 683-73-8 Ethylene-d4 
• 1494-06-0 bis(pentafluorophenyl) disulfide 
• 15004-86-1 [Rh(ethylenediamine)3]Cl₃ * 3H₂O 
• 15608-29-4 rhodium(III) bromide 
• 7647-01-0 hydrogenchloride 

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