10138-52-0

Basic information

• Product Name: Gadolinium(III) chloride
• Synonyms: Gadoliniumchloride; Gadolinium trichloride; Gadolinium(III) chloride; NSC 174322
• CAS NO: 10138-52-0
• Molecular Formula: Cl₃Gd
• Molecular Weight: 263.60
• EINECS: 233-386-6
• Mol File: 10138-52-0.mol

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: 609℃
• Boiling Point: 1580°C
• Appearance: white crystalline solid
• Density: 4500 kg m^-3
• Vapor Pressure: 33900mmHg at 25°C
• CAS DataBase Reference: Gadolinium(III) chloride(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Gadolinium(III) chloride(10138-52-0)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Gadolinium(III) chloride(10138-52-0)

Safety Data

• Hazardous Substances Data: 10138-52-0(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Uses

Used in Medical Imaging:
Gadolinium(III) chloride is used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for enhancing image contrast. Its paramagnetic properties allow for better visualization of internal structures and improved diagnostic accuracy.
Used in Electronics:
Gadolinium(III) chloride is used as a phosphor in color TV tubes. Its properties contribute to the production of vibrant and clear color displays in electronic devices.
Used in Research and Development:
Gadolinium(III) chloride is employed in various scientific research applications, such as in the study of magnetic properties and the development of new materials with unique characteristics. Its versatility makes it a valuable compound in the field of chemistry and materials science.

InChI:InChI=1/3ClH.Gd/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3

Synthetic route

[Gd(chloride)2(water)6]Cl → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent, solid phase) byproducts: H2O; Schlenk techniques; heating Gd compd. under vacuum (1E-3 Torr);	99%

gadolinium(III) oxide → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
With HCl; NH4Cl In hydrogenchloride soln. evapd. at 80°C in vac.; residue heated at 1E-3 Torr to 430°C; distn. (1E-5 Torr, Ta vessel);	90%
With hydrogenchloride In hydrogenchloride Gd2O3 dissolved in concd. HCl; soln. evapd., residual chloride purified by high-temperature react. with NH4Cl (J.Kutscher and A.Schneider, Z.Anorg.Allg.Chem., 389 (1972) 157);
In not given
J.F. Desreux, in Lanthanide Probes in Life, Chemical and Earth Science. Theory and Practice, ed. J.-C. G. Buenzli and G.R. Choppin, Elsevier Science Publ. B.V. Amsterdam, 1989, ch. 2, pp. 43-64;

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + gadolinium(III) oxide → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride metal oxide treated with 1:1 hydrochloric acid; soln. filtered, evapd. to dryness, crystals dried in vaccum dessicator over CaCl2;	85%
In water dissolving of Gd2O3 in a slight excess of concd. HCl in doubly distd. water; evapn. of excess HCl;
In neat (no solvent) oxide was treated with concd. HCl; evapd.; residue dissolved in H2O; evapd.;

gadolinium(III) oxide + erbium(III) oxide + potassium chloride + chlorine (7782-50-5) → erbium(III) chloride (10138-41-7) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
With pyrographite In gas byproducts: CO; by chlorination-chem. vapor transport react.; mixt. of Er2O3 and Gd2O3 with carbon and KCl (1:1:6:1 at. ratio) placed in alumina reactor and chlorinated with dry Cl2 (20 cm**3/min) at 800 K for 2 h; gas replace by Ar:Cl2 at 800-1300 K; detn. of separation factor;	A 40.58% B 14.91%

gadolinium(III) oxide + aluminium chloride dimer → aluminum oxochloride + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Al2Cl6 prepd. from Al and Cl2; in Duran tube, at 400°C (Cl2); chemical vapour phase transport with Al2Cl6 from 400 to 310°C, 24 h;	A n/a B 14%

gadolinium(III) oxide + ammonium chloride → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
according to Meyer, G., Ax, P., Mater. Res. Bull. 1982, 17, 1447.;
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: NH3, H2O; (Ar); excess of NH4Cl; 520 K for 4 h; removal of excess of NH4Cl at 700 K in vac.; sublimation (1250 K);

gadolinium(III) chloride hydrate → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
With NH4Cl In neat (no solvent) heating of GdCl3*99H2O in the presence of NH4Cl (Handbuch der preparativen anorganischen Chemie, Herausg. G. Brauer, Studgardt, 1975);
With NH4Cl; chlorine byproducts: H2O; crystalline hydrate mixt. with ammonium chloride dehydration in chlorinestream;

gadolinium(III) oxide + thionyl chloride (7719-09-7) → gadolinium(III) oxochloride + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent)
In neat (no solvent)

gadolinium(III) oxide + aluminium trichloride (7446-70-0) → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) absence of moisture; large excess AlCl3, evacuated quartz tube, 573 K; fractional sublimation over 450 to 650 K gradient, removal of residual AlCl3 on heating in Cl2/N2 stream;

tetrachloromethane (56-23-5) + gadolinium(III) oxide → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
dry box, nitrogen stream; direct chlorination using CCl4;
at 550°C, 15 h;
In neat (no solvent) heating to 825 K in 4 - 5 h, chlorination by isothermal treatment in a stream of CCl4 at 825 K for 5 - 6 h; elem. anal.;

gadolinium(III) oxide + chlorine (7782-50-5) → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
With pyrographite In solid byproducts: CO; at 800°C for 2 h;
With aluminium trichloride; pyrographite In neat (no solvent) byproducts: CO; chlorination at 800 K for 2 h, heating up to 1300 K in CO-HCl mixt., CVTalong temp. gradient at 1300 K for 6 h;
With aluminium trichloride; pyrographite In neat (no solvent) chlorinating of rare earth/carbon (molar ration 3/1) mixt. (Cl2 flow rate 20 ml/min, 800 K, 2 h), heating in CO/HCl flow (800-1200 K), chemical vapor transport (AlCl3, 1300 K, 6 h, CO carrier gas, 40 ml/min); atomic emission spectrometric monitoring;

gadolinium(III) chloride hexahydrate → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: water; dehydration in an HCl-stream;
With SOCl2 In neat (no solvent) refluxed for 24 h;

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + Gd2O3 → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride Gd2O3 was dissolved in 35% HCl;

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + gadolinium → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In not given

gadolinium + chlorine (7782-50-5) → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In solid matrix Gd is volatilised by radiation heating (1350-1500°C), a mixt. ofchlorine and argon was passed to a support cooled to 12-15 K; the matrice is formed over 1-2,5 h;
Irradiation (UV/VIS); Gd evapn. (tantalum cell, ca. 2000 K) into argon matrix containing 5 % Cl2, irradiation (GE medium pressure mercury lamp (100 W) with glass envelope removed); trapping of molecules in solid Ar or Ne matrix;

gadolinium trichloride hydrate → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
With ammonium chloride In neat (no solvent) heating of mixt. of GdCl3-hydrate and NH4Cl in Cl2/HCl stream;

3NH4(1+)*Gd(3+)*6Cl(1-)=(NH4)3GdCl6 → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
Thermal decompn. of starting material above 400°C.; X-ray diffraction, thermal anal.;

gadolinium(III) bis(4-N-(4'antipyrylmethylidene)aminoantipyrine) perchlorate → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; sample heating in thermal analyser in N2 at 20 K/min up to 800°C; TG, DTG;

gadolinium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate → Carbonyl fluoride (353-50-4) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
byproducts: SO2; above 400°C;
byproducts: SO2; above 400°C;

gadolinium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
thermal decompn. at 500-1000°C;
thermal decompn. at 500-1000°C;
thermal decompn. at 500-1000°C;

GdCl3*2(acetylacetone imine) → 4-amino-3-penten-2-one (1118-66-7) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) 320°C; thermogravimetric anal.;

GdCl3*H2O (114364-08-8) → gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: H2O; sample heating at 150-160°C till the weight loss reached the calculated value; gravimetric monitoring;

GdClH0.91 → gadolinium + Gd2Cl3 + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: H2; decompn. 290 h at 1123 K in a Ta capsule in a Pt ampoule (under 1 bar O2); detn. by TG;

1.33Gd(3+)*0.67Y(3+)*6NH2CH2COOH*9H2O*6ClO4(1-)=Gd1.33Y0.67(NH2CH2COOH)6(H2O)4(ClO4)6*5H2O → yttrium(III) chloride (10361-92-9) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent, solid phase) heating of metal complex;

N-tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-N',N', N'', N'', N''', N'''-hexaacetic acid + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2) → 2Na(1+)*H(1+)*[GdC18H24N4O12](3-)*3.5H2O=Na2H[Gd(C18H24N4O12)]*3.5H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water equimolar ratio Gd:ligand, pH 7, stirring; evapn. (vac.), drying (3 h, 200°C), ; elem. anal.;	100%

water (7732-18-5) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + disodium isophthalate (10027-33-5, 18996-36-6, 25458-19-9) → gadolinium(III)(OH)(C6H4(COO)2)(H2O)4*gadolinium(III)(C6H4(COO)2)(C6H4(COOH)(H2O)4*6H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water GdCl3 mixed with disodium salt of isophthalic acid in water at room temp.; pptd.; filtered; dried in air; elem. anal.; XRD;	100%

gadolinium + graphite + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → 10Gd(3+)*6C2(4-)*6Cl(1-)=Gd10(C2)6Cl6

Conditions	Yield
(Ar); Schlenk techniques; GdCl3, Gd, C in 2:8:12 ratio closed in Ta capsule; closed in silica tube; heated at 1170°C for 39 d; detn. by XRD;	100%

gadolinium(III) isopropoxide + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → Gd(3+)*Cl(1-)*2OCH(CH3)2(1-)=GdCl(OCH(CH3)2)2

Conditions	Yield
In isopropyl alcohol byproducts: isopropyl acetate; molar ratio chloride:isopropoxide=1:2, refluxing; solvent removal (reduced pressure), drying (28°C, 0.1 torr); elem. anal.;	99.7%

gadolinium(III) isopropoxide + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → Gd(3+)*2Cl(1-)*OCH(CH3)2(1-)=GdCl2(OCH(CH3)2)

Conditions	Yield
In isopropyl alcohol byproducts: isopropyl acetate; molar ratio chloride:isopropoxide=2:1, refluxing; solvent removal (reduced pressure), drying (28°C, 0.1 torr); elem. anal.;	99.6%

sodium peroxide + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + chromium(III) chloride (10025-73-7) → gadolinium orthochromite

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent, solid phase) byproducts: NaCl2, O2; 800°C (10 min); washing (H2O), filtering;	99%

benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, ammonium salt + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → gadolinium(III) 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate hexahydrate

Conditions	Yield
In not given hot soln.;	99%
In not given hot soln.;	99%

gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + potassium cyanide copper (I)-cyanide (1:1) + N,N-dimethyl-formamide (68-12-2, 33513-42-7) → (Gd2(dimethylformamide)8Cu4(CN)10)

Conditions	Yield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide byproducts: KCl, CuCN; (N2), mixed, stirred at room temp. over 7 days; filtered, concd.(vac.), washed (hexane), dried.(vac.) for 30 min, elem. anal.;	99%
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide byproducts: KCl, CuCN;

potassium cyanide + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + copper(l) cyanide + N,N-dimethyl-formamide (68-12-2, 33513-42-7) → Gd(dimethylformamide)8Cu6(CN)9 * 2 dimethylformamide

Conditions	Yield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide byproducts: KCl; (N2), mixed, stirred at room temp. for 14 d; filtered, crystd.(three weeks);	99%
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide byproducts: KCl; react. of GdCl3, CuCN and KCN in DMF;

K6[W4(μ3-Te)4(CN)12] * 5 H2O + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + N,N-dimethyl-formamide (68-12-2, 33513-42-7) → [tetraaquadimetylformamidegadolinium(III)][tetraaquabis(dimethylformamide)gadolinium(III)][dodecylcyanotetra-mu.3-tellurotetratungstate(W-W)] dimethylformamide solvate hydrate

Conditions	Yield
In water aq. soln. of metal chloride and 3-4 drops of DMF added to aq. soln. of K6W4Te4(CN)12*5H2O; after 3 ds ppt. filtered; washed (EtOH); dried (air) for 1 h; elem. anal.;	98%

5-aminoisophthalic acid, ammonium salt + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → gadolinium(III) 5-aminoisophthalate tridecahydrate

Conditions	Yield
In water ligand added to aq. soln. of metal salt with stirring; mixt. stirred for1 h at room temp.; filtered; washed (hot water); dried at 30°C for 2 ds; elem. anal.;	98%

hexaammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate + D-tartaric acid (147-71-7) + water (7732-18-5) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → NH4(1+)*2Mo(6+)*4O(2-)*Gd(3+)*10H2O*2(OCHCO2)2(4-)=NH4[Mo2O4Gd(H2O)6((OCHCO2)2)2]*4H2O

Conditions	Yield
With HCl In water pH of soln. adjusted to 0.80 by HCl (10 %), 2 wk; elem. anal.;	97.9%

(E)-3-phenylacrylic acid (140-10-3) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → [Gd(trans-cinnamate)3]

Conditions	Yield
With NaOH In water cinnamic acid dispersed in water; treated with equimolar aq. NaOH; pH adjusted by dropwise addition of aq. HCl to 7-8; soln. added to metal chloride soln. in 3:1 molar ratio; pH adjusted to 5; stirred for 1 h; collected; washed with EtOH followed by H2O; dried in vacuum desiccator for 2 days; elem. anal.;	96%

gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + warfarin (129-06-6) → Gd(3+)*3C19H15O4(1-)*6H2O=Gd(C19H15O4)3*6H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water dropwise addn. of soln. of Ln-salt to soln. of ligand salt (pptn.), stirring (0.5 h); filtration, washing (H2O), drying (vac. desiccator); elem. anal.;	93%

meso-trans-di(hexadecyl)tetrabenzoporphyrin + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → chlorogadolinium meso-trans-di(hexadecyl)tetrabenzoporphyrinate (1379531-29-9)

Conditions	Yield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide benzoporphyrin dissolved in DMF; metal chloride added; mixt. heated for 16 h at reflux; cooled; diluted (H2O); extd. (CHCl3); extract washed (H2O); solvent distd. off; residue washed (aq. EtOH); dried; elem. anal.;	92%

gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + triethylentetramine (112-24-3) + oxalic acid diethyl ester (95-92-1) → Gd(C8H16O2N4)Cl2(H2O)2(1+)*Cl(1-)=[Gd(C8H20Cl2N4O4)]Cl (257926-44-6)

Conditions	Yield
With acetonitrile In methanol refluxing (3 h), stirring, refluxing (2 h), acetonitrile addn., crystn.; filtration, washing (acetonitrile-ethanol), drying (red. pressure); elem. anal.;	90%

6-[bis[(carboxymethyl)]amino]-6-[5-(didecylamino)-5-oxopent-1-yl]-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine-1,4(5H)-diacetic acid + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → [6-[bis[(carboxymethyl)]amino]-6-[5-(didecylamino)-5-oxopent-1-yl]tetrahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine-1,4( 5H )-diacetate[(4-)]gadolinate( 1-)]sodium

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In water at 20℃; pH=6.5-7;	90%

methyl 2-(1-ferrocenylethylidene)hydrazinecarbodithioate + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → Gd(C5H5FeC5H4C(CH3)NNCSSCH3)3

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol dissolution of ligand in anhyd. ethanol, dropwise addn. of lanthanide(III) chloride in anhyd. ethanol into ligand soln., maintaining under reflux for 7 h; concn. of mixt. to a reduced volume, filtn., washing several times with cold ethanol and ether, elem. anal.;	89%

10-[2-(didecylamino)-2-oxoethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (1579956-47-0) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → [10-[2-(didecylamino)-2-oxoethyl]-1,4,7 ,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetate (3-) ]gadolinium (1579960-68-1)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate; sodium hydroxide In water at 20℃; pH=5-7.5;	89%

gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + urea (57-13-6) → 2Gd(3+)*3CO3(2-)*3H2O = Gd2(CO3)3*3H2O

Conditions	Yield
In water byproducts: NH4Cl, CO2, NH3; aq. solns. GdCl3 and urea were mixed and heated to 90°C for 2-4 h; ppt. was filtered, washed with hot water, dried at 75°C in oven for 3 h and in vacuo over silica; elem. anal.;	88%

exo-Li(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine)-1-Li(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine)-2,3-(SiMe3)2-2,3-C2B4H4 + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → [Li(TMEDA)2][1-Cl-1-(μ-Cl)-2,2',3,3'-(SiMe3)4-5,6-[(μ-H)3Li(TMEDA)]-1,1'-commo-Gd(2,3-C2B4H4)2]

Conditions	Yield
In benzene byproducts: LiCl; stirring (0°C, 2 - 3 h, room temp., 36 h); filtering, washing (C6H6), crystn. on slow evapn.; elem. anal.;	88%

C48H68N12O16 + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → C48H62Gd2N12O16

Conditions	Yield
In water at 80℃; for 24h; pH=7; pH-value;	88%

sodium tetrahydroborate (16940-66-2) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → gadolinium tetraborate*2tetrahydrofuran

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: NaCl; stirring (air and moisture exclusion, room tempo., 30 h); IR spectroscopy;	86%
With tetrahydrofuran In tetrahydrofuran

K7[Mo4(μ3-Te)4(CN)12] * 12 H2O + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + N,N-dimethyl-formamide (68-12-2, 33513-42-7) → [tetraaquadimetylformamidegadolinium(III)][tetraaquabis(dimethylformamide)gadolinium(III)][dodecylcyanotetra-mu.3-tellurotetramolybdate(Mo-Mo)] dimethylformamide solvate hexahydrate

Conditions	Yield
With air In water aq. soln. of metal chloride and 3-4 drops of DMF added to aq. soln. of K7Mo4Te4(CN)12*12H2O; after 3 ds ppt. filtered; washed (EtOH); dried (air) for 1 h; elem. anal.;	86%

closo-exo-5,6-[(μ-H)2Na(THF)2]-1-Na(THF)2-2,4-(SiMe3)2-2,4-C2B4H4 + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) → 2,2',4,4'-(SiMe3)4-3,5',6'-[(μ-H)3Na(tetrahydrofuran)3]-1,1'-commo-Gd(η5-2,4-C2B4H4)2

Conditions	Yield
In benzene under N2 atm. closo-exo-5,6-Na(THF)2-1-Na(THF)2-2,4-(SiMe3)-2,4-C2B4H4 and LnCl3 (2:1) were mixed in benzene and stirred at 0°C for 2-3 h, react. mixt. was warmed to room temp., raised to 60°C and stirred for 24 h; soln. was filtered and evapd., residue was recrystd. from n-hexane-benzene; elem. anal.;	86%

tetrahydrofuran (109-99-9) + 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine (917-23-7) + sodium (η5-cyclopentadienyl)tris(dimethylphosphito)cobaltate(I) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + lithium hexamethyldisilazane (4039-32-1) → [(C5H5)Co(OP(OCH3)2)3Gd[5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinate]]

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane; toluene Ar, GdCl3 (THF) reacted with Li salt (3 equiv.), solvent removed (vac.),dissolved (CH2Cl2), added to a porphyrin (toluene), refluxed for 48 h, Co compd. added, heatd for 12 h; cooled to room temp., solvent removed (vac.), dissolved (CH2Cl2), filtered, chromy. (silica gel, CHCl3/petroleum ether), recrystd. (CH2Cl2); elem. anal.;	86%

water (7732-18-5) + gadolinium(III) chloride (10138-52-0) + L-Phenylalanine hydroxamate (5703-58-2, 36207-44-0, 134235-84-0, 19254-08-1) + copper dichloride → [Gd(CuC2H3N2(CH2C6H5)O2)5](3+)*3Cl(1-)*14H2O=[Gd(CuC2H3N2(CH2C6H5)O2)5]Cl3*14H2O

Conditions

Yield

With sodium hydroxide In methanol; water stirring of (S)-phenylalaninehydroxamic acid (5 equiv.) in MeOH, treatment with 2 equiv. of 1 M aq. NaOH (10 equiv.), stirring, sequential addn.of GdCl3 (1 equiv.) and CuCl2 (5 equiv.), stirring overnight; adjusting pH to 7, stirring for 20 min, filtration, addn. of 0.5 M aq. NaCl, slow evapn., crystn., filtration, rinsing with cold water, drying in air; elem. anal.;

86%

Upstream product

• 7782-50-5 chlorine 
• 7647-01-0 hydrogenchloride 
• 56-23-5 tetrachloromethane 
• 7446-70-0 aluminium trichloride 
• 7719-09-7 thionyl chloride 
• 114364-08-8 GdCl₃*H₂O 

Downstream Products

• 362689-21-2 [(phenylthioacetate)3Gd(III)(H₂O)] 
• 82429-65-0 GdCl₂(CH₂NH(CH₂)2NC(H)(C₆H₃(OH)(OCH₃)))2(H₂O)2⁽¹⁺⁾*Cl^(1-)*H₂O=[GdCl₂(CH₂NH(CH₂)2NC(H)(C₆H₃(OH)(OCH₃)))2(H₂O)2]Cl*H₂O 
• 156822-13-8 Gd(O(CH(CH₃)2)2C₆H₃)3(C₄H₈O)2 
• 113971-45-2 Gd(H₂NSO₂C₆H₄NCHC₆H₄O)3(H₂O)2 
• 144976-13-6 Gd(C₆H₄(OCH₃)NNC₁₀H₅(O)(SO₃H))Cl(H₂O)5⁽¹⁺⁾*Cl^(1-) = {Gd(C₆H₄(OCH₃)NNC₁₀H₅(O)(SO₃H))Cl(H₂O)5}Cl 
• 113804-00-5 {Gd(thiophene-2-glyoxal-p-dimethylaminoanil)2Cl₂}Cl 
• 15213-88-4 {GdEDTA}^(1-) 

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Sonoluminescence of aqueous solution of gadolinium chloride

A line of the GdIII ion was detected at 311 nm in the multibubble sonoluminescence spectrum of a concentrated (1 mol L-1) solution of gadolinium chloride. A comparison with the earlier studied sonoluminescence of the CeIII and TbIII ions shows that the GdIII ion is excited in the volume and/or on the surface of cavitation bubbles upon collisions with hot particles. The efficiency of excitation of the lanthanide ions via this mechanism depends on the type of electron transition. For the same energy of the excited state, the efficiency of GdIII excitation (f-f transition) exceeds by at least 50 times that of CeIII excitation (f-d transition).

Formation of coordination compounds in gadolinium-loaded liquid organic scintillators (GdLS): Use of mixed-ligand gadolinium complexes in GdLS preparation

The formation of coordination compounds between gadolinium 2-methylvalerate (Gd(2MVA)3) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in a gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator (GdLS) solution was studied by MALDI-TOF MS. The most abundant gadolinium-cont

Raman spectroscopic studies of gadolinium trichloride as a function of temperature

Laser Raman spectrometry is being used in our laboratory to identify the crystal structures of lanthanide and actinide compounds.The phonon Raman spectrum of an ionic, crystalline sample is characteristic of the particular crystal structure(s) exhibited b

Hydrothermal assembly of a novel three-dimensional framework formed by [GdMo12O42]9- anions and nine coordinated GdIII cations

The three-dimensional framework of [Gd(H2O)3]3[GdMo12O42]vdt·3H2O, which was synthesized from hydrothermal reaction, is built up from Silverton-type anions linked by nine coordinated gadolinium(III) cations. It is the first time that the paramagnetic lanthanide(III) cation is introduced into the Silverton-type anionic center in the heteropolymolybdate chemistry, and it acts as 18 dentate ligands coordinating to six GdIII atoms and linking up six other neighboring [Mo12GdO42]9- units in a staggered manner to generate a remarkable three-dimensional framework. The magnetic susceptibility measurement suggests that the weak antiferromagnetic behavior results from the transformation of O-Mo-O units, which has been confirmed by EPR spectra. Copyright

Pyridine and phosphonate containing ligands for stable lanthanide complexation. An experimental and theoretical study to assess the solution structure

We report an experimental and theoretical study of the stability and solution structure of lanthanide complexes with two novel ligands containing pyridine units and phosphonate pendant arms on either ethane-1,2-diamine (L 2) or cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (L3) backbones. Potentiometric studies have been carried out to determine the protonation constants of the ligands and the stability constants of the complexes with GdIII and the endogenous metal ions ZnII and Cu II. While the stability constant of the GdL2 complex is too high to be determined by direct pH-potentiometric titrations, the cyclohexyl derivative GdL3 has a lower and assessable stability (logK GdL 3 = 17.62). Due to the presence of the phosphonate groups, various protonated species can be detected up to pH ≈ 8 for both ligands and all metal ions studied. The molecular clusters [Ln(L)(H2O)] 3-·19H2O (Ln = La, Nd, Ho or Lu; L = L2 or L3) were characterized by theoretical calculations at the HF level. Our calculations provide two minimum energy geometries where the ligand adopts different conformations: twist-wrap (tw), in which the ligand wraps around the metal ion by twisting the pyridyl units relative to each other, and twist-fold (tf), where the slight twisting of the pyridyl units is accompanied by an overall folding of the two pyridine units towards one of the phosphonate groups. The relative free energies of the tw and tf conformations of [Ln(L)(H2O)]3- (L = L2, L3) complexes calculated in aqueous solution (C-PCM) by using the B3LYP model indicate that the tw form is the most stable one along the whole lanthanide series for the complexes of L3, while for those of L2 only the GdIII complex is more stable in the tf conformation by ca. 0.5 kcal mol-1. 1H NMR studies of the EuIII complex of L3 show the initial formation of the tf complex in aqueous solution, which slowly converts to the thermodynamically stable tw form. The structures calculated for the NdIII complexes are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental solution structures, as demonstrated by Nd III-induced relaxation rate enhancement effects in the 1H NMR spectra. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry.

ESR of GdF3 and related molecules at 4 K

The pyramidal (C3ν) GdF3 molecule was trapped in neon and argon matrices at 4 K and its ESR spectrum measured in the X-band region.In neon the spectrum exhibited several off-principal-axis transitions which were sensitive to the assigned magnetic parameters.It was shown to be a S=7/2 molecule (ground state 8A1) with g = 1.995, g = 1.990, and = 0.433 cm-1.The 19F hfs was unresolved and therefore s = + 1/2 - 1/2 transition of GdH3 was observed, yielding = 0.7 to 1.3 cm-1, and it is inferred to be a planar (D3h) molecule (ground state 8A'1).Weak spectra of GdCl3 (8A1) and GdF2 (9A1) were also observed, yielding ca. 0.36 and 0.20 cm-1, respectively.

Analysis of the conformational behavior and stability of the SAP and TSAP isomers of lanthanide(III) NB-DOTA-type chelates

Controlling the water exchange kinetics of macrocyclic Gd3+ chelates, a key parameter in the design of improved magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast media, may be facilitated by selecting the coordination geometry of the chelate. The water exchange kinetics of the mono- capped twisted square antiprism (TSAP) being much closer to optimal than those of the mono capped square antiprism (SAP) render the TSAP isomer more desirable for high relaxivity applications. Two systems have been developed that allow for selection of the TSAP coordination geometry in 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10- tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-type Gd3+ chelates, both based upon the macrocycle nitrobenzyl cyclen. In this paper we report investigations into the stability and formation of these chelates. Particular focus is given to the production of two regioisomeric chelates during the chelation reaction. These regioisomers are distinguished by having the nitrobenzyl substituent either on a corner or on the side of the macrocyclic ring. The origin of these two regioisomers appears to stem from a conformation of the ligand in solution in which it is hypothesized that pendant arms lie both above and below the plane of the macrocycle. The conformational changes that then result during the formation of the intermediate H2GdL+ chelate give rise to differing positions of the nitrobenzyl substituent depending upon from which face of the macrocycle the Ln3+ approaches the ligand.

Extraction of Chlorides of Some Lanthanoides by Tricaprylylmethylammonium Pelargonate

The extraction of some lanthanoides by tricaprylylmethylammonium pelargonate has been investigated in the system of LnCl3 - Na(H)Cl-R4NB-CCl4 at constant ionic strength μ = 0.1.A mechanism of the extraction process is suggested, which explains the simultaneous extraction of HCl and LnCl3. - Keywords.Binary extraction; Tricaprylylmethylammonium pelargonate; Distribution coefficient; Lanthanoides.

Synthesis and crystal structure of 1D polyoxometalate-based composite compound, [{Gd(NMP)6}(PMo12O40)]n (NMP = N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone)

A novel compound, [{Gd(NMP)6}(PMo12O40)]n, has been synthesized and characterized by IR, and UV spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. It forms an unprecedented one-dimensional zigzag chain built from alternating polyanions and cationic units through Mo-Ot-Gd-Ot-Mo links in the crystal. In the compound, Gd3+ is eight-coordinated with a bicapped trigonal prism geometry environment of oxygen atoms. The results of the single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and IR are agreement and both show the metal cation units are coordinately bonded to the Keggin cluster. The UV spectrum of the title compound suggests that the compound is entirely dissociated in dilute solution.