Copper-promoted and copper-catalyzed intermolecular alkene diamination

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201003499

Simply copper: Copper(II)-promoted intra- and intermolecular olefin diaminations bring together two differently functionalized amines into a vicinal relationship. High diastereoselectivity was obtained with chiral alkenes and results of the asymmetric catalysis are promising. Copyright

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201003499

Angewandte
Chemie
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003499
Copper Catalysis
Copper-Promoted and Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Alkene
Diamination**
Fatima C. Sequeira, Benjamin W. Turnpenny, and Sherry R. Chemler*
Olefin diamination methods provide powerful access to
vicinal diamines that are useful in drug discovery, materials,
and catalysis.[1] A number of impressive diastereoselective,
enantioselective, and catalytic olefin diamination methods
have been recently reported.[2–7]
Intramolecular olefin diaminations form nitrogen hetero-
cycles directly and has predominantly been accomplished by
using tethered amine nucleophiles wherein both amine
additions occur in an intramolecular fashion (Scheme 1).
This olefin diamination strategy has been successfully
we report a new copper(II)-promoted intra- and intermolec-
ular diamination of alkenes that tolerates a wide range of
internal and external amine sources for the formation of
differently functionalized and various nitrogen heterocycles.
Importantly, we report the first intramolecular diamination
procedure where catalyst-based asymmetric induction has
been observed. Impressive catalytic enantioselective inter-
molecular olefin diaminations have been reported,[2] but no
enantioselective intramolecular variant has yet been
reported.[8] Herein, we report our progress towards this
elusive transformation.
These copper(II)-promoted intra- and intermolecular
alkene diamination procedures are an advance on earlier
studies by our group, which involved the synthesis of bicyclic
sulfamides and ureas using a tethered-olefin diamination
approach (Scheme 1).[3] We have recently found that we can
expand this process to involve the participation of an external
À
amine source in the second C N bond-forming step (Table 1).
Thus, heating 1-allyl-1-benzyl-2-phenyl urea (1a) in the
presence of copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Cu(eh)2, 3 equiv),
Cs2CO3, and aniline (1.5 equiv) in PhCF3 for 24 hours
provided imidazolidin-2-one 2a in 92% yield (Table 1,
conditions A). Other copper-promoted processes, such as
intramolecular carboamination,[9] aminoacetoxylation,[9e] and
hydroamination[9b] can occur with the substrates used in this
study (see the Supporting Information), but the intra/
intermolecular diamination is favored when the reaction is
run in the presence of an external amine nucleophile.
A number of substituted anilines (substitutents = Cl, CF3,
Me, F, OMe, iPr, NO2) also participated as the external amine
in this diamination process, thus providing 2b–2i in good to
excellent yields (Table 1, entries 2–9). The amount of sub-
stituted aniline had to be increased to 3 equivalents (con-
ditions B) in order to minimize the competitive formation of
2a, from PhNH2, itself formed from partial decomposition of
1a. In addition, at least 2 equivalents of Cu(eh)2 was
necessary to minimize the formation of a hydroamination
side-product (for reaction optimization, see the Supporting
Information). NaN3,[10] benzamide and p-TolSO2NH2 were
also good nucleophiles (Table 1, entries 10–12).
Scheme 1. Previous tethered diaminations. nd=neodecanoate,
Bn=benzyl, DCE=1,2-dichloroethane, DMF=N,N-dimethylforma-
mide.
employed by using palladium,[4a] nickel,[4b] and gold[4c] cata-
lysts, and stoichiometric copper reagents,[3] and has resulted in
the synthesis of a number of interesting compounds, such as
bicyclic sulfamides, ureas, and guanidines. An intra/intermo-
lecular alkene diamination procedure would result in the
convergent formation of one new nitrogen heterocycle along
with the installation of a differently functionalized amine
substituent. In a recent report, Michael and co-workers found
that the use of a palladium catalyst in combination with N-
fluorobenzenesulfonimide led to the formation of nitrogen
heterocycles with CH2N(SO2Ph)2 functionalization.[5] Herein,
[*] F. C. Sequeira, B. W. Turnpenny, Prof. S. R. Chemler
Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at
Buffalo
Buffalo, NY 14260 (USA)
Fax: (+1)716-645-6963
E-mail: schemler@buffalo.edu
The 4,4-disubstituted imidazolidin-2-one 4 was formed
efficiently from diamination/cyclization of the corresponding
urea 3 (Scheme 2). Chiral imidazolidin-2-ones 6 were formed
with high 4,5-trans selectivity from their corresponding
alkenyl ureas 5 (Scheme 3). Formation of the trans diastereo-
mer is rationalized by transition-state A, where the substitu-
ent adopts a pseudo-equatorial position.
N-aryl-g-pentenyl amides, and sulfonamides with differ-
ent g-alkenyl backbones, were also good substrates in this
intra- and intermolecular diamination reaction (Table 2).
[**] We are grateful for generous financial support from the National
Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health
(grant no. GM078383 and GM078383-S1-03). We thank William W.
Brennessel and the Crystallographic Facility at the Chemistry
Department of the University of Rochester for obtaining the X-ray
structure of 12 f.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201003499.
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Table 1: Copper(II)-promoted diamination of N-allyl ureas.
Entry 1 (R)
Nitrogen
nucleophile
Product
Yield
[%]
1[a]
2[b]
3[b]
4[b]
5[a,c]
6[b]
1a (Ph) PhNH2
2a
2b
2c
2d
2e
2 f
92
86
76
72
85
97
Scheme 3. High diastereoselectivity for allylic-substituted ureas.
p-Cl-
C6H4NH2
1a
1a
1a
1a
1a
Table 2: Copper(II)-promoted diamination of g-alkenyl amides and
p-F-
C6H4NH2
sulfonamides.[a]
p-Me-
C6H4NH2
p-iPr-
C6H4NH2
Entry
1[a,b]
Substrate
Product
Yield [%]
87
p-CF3-
C6H4NH2
7
9
8
10a
10b
12a
12b
12c
12d
2[a]
3[a]
4[c]
5[c]
6[a]
7[c]
83
89
82
83
80
42
o-Cl-
C6H4NH2
7[b]
1a
1a
2g
2h
72
82
m-NO2-
C6H4NH2
9
8[b]
11a
11b
11b
11b
m-MeO-
C6H4NH2
9[b]
1a
1a
1a
2i
2j
70
85
86
10[a]
11[b]
NaN3
TsNH2
2k
12[b]
13[b]
1a
BzNH2
2l
65
60
8[a]
9[a]
13
13
14a
14b
70
92
1b, (Ts) PhNH2
2m
1c
78
14[b] (1-naph
-thyl)
PhNH2
PhNH2
2n
2o
76
60
10[a,d]
11[a,d]
15
17
16
18
d.r. >20:1
82
1d
(Bz)
15[b]
d.r. >20:1
63
12[a,d]
19
20
[a] Conditions A: N-allylurea 1 (0.15 mmol), Cu(eh)2 (3 equiv), nitrogen
nucleophile (1.5 equiv), Cs2CO3 (1 equiv), PhCF3 (0.2m with respect to
1), 1208C, 24 h, pressure tube. [b] Conditions B: Same as A except
3 equiv nitrogen nucleophile and 2 equiv Cu(eh)2 were used. [c] Reaction
run with 1 equiv nitrogen nucleophile. Cu(eh)2 =copper(II) 2-ethylhex-
anoate, Ts=para-toluenesulfonyl, Bz=benzoyl.
d.r. >20:1
[a] Conditions A (see Table 1). [b] Reaction run at 1508C for 48 h.
[c] Conditions B (see Table 1). [d] Reaction run at 1308C. PMBS=para-
methoxybenzene sulfonyl, Ms=methanesulfonyl.
Both 2,5-cis- and 2,5-trans-pyrrolidines were formed with high
diastereoselectivity (Table 2, entries 10–12).
In general, electron-deficient anilines are better coupling
partners than electron-rich anilines in this reaction. For
example, the electron-deficient para-trifluoromethylaniline
provided the highest yield with 1a, giving 97% of 2 f (Table 1,
entry 6), whilst only the substrate-decomposition product 2a
was observed from the attempted diamination of para-
methoxyaniline with 1a. para-Methoxyaniline was marginally
more successful in the diamination reaction with N-tosyl-
Scheme 2. Diamination of a 1,1-disubstituted alkenyl urea. eh=2-ethyl-
hexanoate.
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ortho-allylaniline (which cannot undergo the same decom-
position), giving 12d in 42% yield (Table 2, entry 7). Elec-
tron-rich amines may bind too tightly to the copper promoter,
intramolecular alkene diamination. However, to our delight,
when p-TolSO2NH2 was used as the nucleophile with sub-
strates 1a and 11a, the catalytic intra- and intermolecular
alkene diamination reactions proceeded efficiently (Table 3).
Superior yields (87% versus 72%; Table 3, entry 1) were
obtained when 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl pyridine was used as
the base instead of Cs2CO3.
À
thereby inhibiting either or both of the C N bond-forming
steps.
À
To gain insight into the formation of the second C N
bond, we subjected the trans-deuterated alkene [D]-13[9b] to
the diamination reaction (Scheme 4). Partial conversion led
Table 3: Copper(II)-catalyzed intra/intermolecular diamination of alke-
nes.[a]
Entry Substrate Nucleophile
Product
Yield [%]
87 (72)
1[a,b]
2[a]
3[a,c]
4[a,c]
1a
11a
11a
11a
TsNH2
2k
12e
12 f
12g
Scheme 4. Isotopic labeling experiment.
TsNH2
83
69
80
MeSO2NH2
SESNH2
to isolation of a 1:1 ratio of the diamination diastereomers of
[D]-14a (64% combined yield) along with 25% of recovered
[D]-13 without alkene isomerization. We interpret this
observation to indicate the irreversible formation of a
[a] 1a or 11a (0.24 mmol), Cu(eh)2 (20 mol%), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-
methylpyridine (1 equiv), MnO2 (300 mol%), and an amine nucleophile
(2.2 equiv) were dissolved in PhCF3 (0.2m with respect to 1a or 11a)and
treated with activated 4 ꢀ M.S. and heated at 1008C in a pressure tube
for 24 h. [b] Yield in parentheses is with 1 equiv Cs2CO3 as base.
[c] Reaction run at 1108C. SES=trimethylsilylethylsulfonyl.
transient primary carbon radical (as in Scheme 5), a result
II
of C Cu bond homolysis.[3,9b] This radical can then recom-
À
III
À
bine with copper(II) to generate a C Cu intermediate that
may then undergo RNH2 addition and reductive elimination
to produce the observed diamine product (Scheme 5).
We next attempted to perform the reaction enantioselec-
tively. When a copper(II) triflate (30 mol%) complex with
(R)-Ph-bis(oxazoline) ligand (37.5 mol%) was used, diami-
nation adduct 12e was obtained in 64% yield and 71% ee
(Scheme 6). The major enantiomer was tentatively assigned
to be S by analogy to previous work.[9c] This is a promising
result for development of the elusive catalytic enantioselec-
tive intramolecular alkene diamination reaction. Mechanisti-
cally, this reaction clearly demonstrates that copper is present
Scheme 5. Origin of 2,5-cis-pyrrolidine diastereoselectivity.
PMBS=para-methoxybenzene sulfonyl.
À
in the C N bond-forming step (as indicated in Scheme 3 and
Scheme 5). Further optimization of the catalytic enantiose-
lective process is underway in our laboratory.
We interpret the 2,5-cis-pyrrolidine selectivity shown in
À
products 16 and 18 to be the result of the first C N bond-
formation proceeding through either chair-like or boat-like
transition states in Scheme 5, where the dominant stereo-
chemistry-determining interaction is avoidance of steric
hindrance between the a substituent and the N substituent.[9]
This diastereoselectivity can be switched to favor the 2,5-
trans-pyrrolidine (cf. 20) by connecting these two substituents
directly to one another.[11]
Our initial attempts to render this diamination reaction
catalytic in copper(II) using MnO2 as a stoichiometric oxidant
with either N-allyl urea 1a or N-sulfonyl ortho-allylaniline
11a, and aniline or NaN3 as nucleophiles led to no reaction.
MnO2 was a competent oxidant in our previously reported
copper-catalyzed carboamination reaction.[9c,e]
Sulfamide and urea substrates, such as those shown in
Scheme 1, also failed to undergo the copper-catalyzed doubly
Scheme 6. Enantioselective copper(II)-catalyzed intramolecular alkene
diamination (ee determined by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase).
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Communications
Soc. 2005, 127, 11250 – 11251; b) T. P. Zabawa, S. R. Chemler,
Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 2035 – 2038.
Experimental Section
Representative procedure (Table 1, entry 2): 1a (40 mg, 0.15 mmol)
[4] For recent palladium, nickel, and gold-catalyzed intramolecular
alkene diaminations, see: a) J. Streuff, C. H. Hovelmann, M.
Nieger, K. Muniz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12586 – 12587;
b) K. Muꢂiz, J. Streuff, C. H. Hovelmann, A. Nunez, Angew.
Chem. 2007, 119, 7255 – 7258; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46,
7125 – 7127; c) A. Iglesias, K. Muniz, Chem. Eur. J. 2009, 15,
10563 – 10569; d) K. Muꢂiz, C. Hovelmann, J. Streuff, E.
Campos-Gomez, Pure Appl. Chem. 2008, 80, 1089 – 1096.
[5] For palladium-catalyzed intra/intermolecular alkene diamina-
tions, see: a) P. A. Sibbald, F. E. Michael, Org. Lett. 2009, 11,
1147 – 1149; b) P. A. Sibbald, C. F. Rosewall, R. D. Swartz, F. E.
Michael, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15945 – 15951.
was placed in a glass pressure tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar
and was treated with Cs2CO3 (48.8 mg, 0.15 mmol) and Cu(eh)2
(105 mg, 0.30 mmol). PhCF3 (0.75 mL) and 4-chloroaniline (41 mL,
0.45 mmol) were added via syringe. The tube was capped and the
reaction mixture was stirred in a 1208C oil bath. After 24 h, the
mixture was cooled to 238C, diluted with EtOAc (10 mL), and
washed with sat. aq. Na2EDTA (2 ꢀ 10 mL) and 2m NaOH (2 ꢀ
10 mL). The aqueous layers were each washed with EtOAc and the
combined organic layers were dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concen-
trated in vacuo. Flash chromatography of the crude oil on SiO2 (0–
40% EtOAc/hexanes gradient) provided 50.3 mg (86%) of 2b
(yellow oil).
[6] For other recent metal-catalyzed alkene diaminations, see:
a) G. L. J. Bar, G. C. Lloyd-Jones, K. I. Booker-Milburn, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 7308 – 7309; b) H.-X. Wei, S. H. Kim, G.
Li, J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 4777 – 4781; c) B. Wang, H. F. Du, Y.
Shi, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 8348 – 8351; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2008, 47, 8224 – 8227.
[7] For selected recent reports on the metal-mediated and catalyzed
methods for the synthesis of vicinal diamines, see: a) B. M. Trost,
D. R. Fandrick, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11836 – 11837;
b) J. A. Fritz, J. S. Nakhla, J. P. Wolfe, Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 2531 –
2534; c) J. A. Fritz, J. P. Wolfe, Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 6838 – 6852;
d) Y. Fukuta, T. Mita, N. Fukuda, M. Kanai, M. Shibasaki, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6312 – 6313; e) D. E. Olson, J. Du Bois, J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 11248 – 11249; f) H. Li, R. A.
Widenhoefer, Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 2671 – 2674; g) C. T. Hoang,
V. Alezra, R. Guillot, C. Kouklovsky, Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 2521 –
2524.
[8] S. R. Chemler, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2009, 7, 3009 – 3019.
[9] a) E. S. Sherman, S. R. Chemler, T. B. Tan, O. Gerlits, Org. Lett.
2004, 6, 1573 – 1575; b) E. S. Sherman, P. H. Fuller, D. Kasi, S. R.
Chemler, J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3896 – 3905; c) W. Zeng, S. R.
Chemler, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12948 – 12949; d) P. H.
Fuller, S. R. Chemler, Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 5477 – 5480; e) E. S.
Sherman, S. R. Chemler, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009, 351, 467 – 471.
[10] These reactions were run using no more than 15 mg of NaN3.
Care should be taken with this reaction as NaN3 is potentially
explosive when heated or exposed to metals and their salts.
[11] M. C. Paderes, S. R. Chemler, Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 1915 – 1918.
Received: June 8, 2010
Published online: July 29, 2010
Keywords: alkenes · copper · diamination ·
.
homogeneous catalysis · nitrogen heterocycles
[1] For reviews on diamination reactions, see: a) J. E. G. Kemp in
Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, Vol. 7 (Eds.: B. M. Trost, I.
Fleming), Permagon, Oxford, 1991, p. 469; b) D. Lucet, T.
Le Gall, C. Mioskowski, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 2724 – 2772;
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Cardona, A. Goti, Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 269 – 275; e) R. M.
de Figueiredo, Angew. Chem. 2009, 121, 1212 – 1215; Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1190 – 1193.
[2] For catalytic enantioselective intermolecular alkene diamination
reactions, see: a) H. F. Du. , W. C. Yuan, B. G. Zhao, Y. A. Shi, J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11688 – 11689; b) H. F. Du, B. G.
Zhao, Y. Shi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8590 – 8591; c) L. Zu,
Y. Shi, J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 749 – 751; d) H. F. Du, B. G. Zhao,
W. C. Yuan, Y. Shi, Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 4231 – 4234; An osmium-
promoted enantioselective alkene diamination: e) L. Almodo-
var, C. H. Hovelmann, J. Streuff, M. Nieger, K. Muniz, Eur. J.
Org. Chem. 2006, 704 – 712.
[3] For recent copper-promoted intramolecular alkene diamina-
tions, see: a) T. P. Zabawa, D. Kasi, S. R. Chemler, J. Am. Chem.
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