2622
Y. Yang et al. / Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184 (2011) 2617–2622
Table 1
References
Infrared emissivity values of samples.
[1] S.P. Mahulikar, H.R. Sonawane, G.A. Rao, Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 43 (2007) 218–245.
[2] S.P. Mahulikar, G.A. Rao, P.S. Kolhe, J. Aircraft 43 (2006) 226–232.
[3] B.V. Bergeron, K.C. White, J.L. Boehme, A.H. Gelb, P.B. Joshi, J. Phys. Chem. C
112 (2008) 832–838.
[4] X.M. Shen, G.Y. Xu, C.M. Shao, C.W. Cheng, J. Alloys Compd. 474 (2009)
375–377.
[5] Z.B. Huang, W.C. Zhou, X.F. Tang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 256 (2010) 2025–2030.
[6] F.L. Du, N. Wang, D.M. Zhang, Y.Z. Shen, J. Rare Earth 28 (2010) 391–395.
[7] K.S. Chou, Y.C. Lu, Thin Solid Films 515 (2007) 7217–7221.
[8] B.P. Lin, J.N. Tang, H.J. Liu, Y.M. Sun, C.W. Yuan, J. Solid State Chem. 178
(2005) 650–654.
Samples
Infrared emissivity (eTIR at 8–14 mm)
SiO2
0.782
0.721
0.685
0.553
TiO2(amorphous)/SiO2
TiO2(anatase)/SiO2
LPU/TiO2/SiO2
infrared emissivity of the material [37–39]. Moreover, TiO2/SiO2
spheres with the anatase titania possess lower infrared emissivity
value than the amorphous one due to the well crystallinity. After
the grafting of optically active polyurethane, the infrared emis-
sivity value of LPU/TiO2/SiO2 multilayered core–shell composite
microspheres is reduced to 0.553. It is well known that organic
polymers have high infrared emissivity values due to their high
unsaturated groups in the structure. The orderly secondary
structure of macromolecular chain could lead to the formation
of massive intermolecular interactions easily, which reduce the
index of hydrogen deficiency and the unsaturated degree. Conse-
quently, optically active polymer is favored to the reduction of
infrared emissivity due to the orderly secondary structure and
more intermolecular interactions [40,41]. Meanwhile, the syner-
gistic effect on the interface is reinforced by the coupling agent
between the grafted organics and inorganics, and thus resulted in
low infrared emissivity.
[9] Y. Cao, Y.M. Zhou, Y. Shan, H.X. Ju, X.J. Xue, Chinese J. Chem. 25 (2007)
1849–1853.
[10] F. Caruso, Adv. Mater. 13 (2001) 11–22.
[11] P.P. Yang, Z.W. Quan, C.X. Li, J. Yang, H.A. Wang, X.M. Liu, J. Lin, J. Solid State
Chem. 181 (2008) 1943–1949.
[12] S.J. Cho, J.C. Idrobo, J. Olamit, K. Liu, N.D. Browning, S.M. Kauzlarich, Chem.
Mater. 17 (2005) 3181–3186.
[13] S. Phadtare, A. Kumar, V.P. Vinod, C. Dash, D.V. Palaskar, M. Rao, P.G. Shukla,
S. Sivaram, M. Sastry, Chem. Mater. 15 (2003) 1944–1949.
[14] A. Odani, V.G. Pol, S.V. Pol, M. Koltypin, A. Gedanken, D. Aurbach, Adv. Mater.
18 (2006) 1431–1436.
[15] B.L. Lv, Y. Xu, H. Tian, D. Wu, Y.H. Sun, J. Solid State Chem. 183 (2010)
2968–2973.
[16] E. Yashima, K. Maeda, H. Iida, Y. Furusho, K. Nagai, Chem. Rev. 109 (2009)
6102–6211.
[17] R. Nomura, J. Tabei, S. Nishiura, T. Masuda, Macromolecules 36 (2003)
561–564.
[18] R. Nomura, J. Tabei, T. Masuda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 8430–8431.
[19] X.J. Xi, G.X. Liu, W. Lu, L.M. Jiang, W.L. Sun, Z.Q. Shen, Polymer 50 (2009)
404–409.
[20] W.S. Huang, Q.S. Hu, X.F. Zheng, J. Anderson, L. Pu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119
(1997) 4313–4314.
[21] J.H. Liu, Y.K. Wang, C.C. Chen, P.C. Yang, F.M. Hsieh, Y.H. Chiu, Polymer 49
(2008) 3938–3949.
[22] K.B. Wagener, T.E. Hopkins, J.H. Pawlow, F. Tep, Abstr. Am. Chem. Soc. 223
(2002) D33–D33.
4. Conclusions
[23] M. Okada, Prog. Polym. Sci. 27 (2002) 87–133.
[24] F. Sanda, T. Endo, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 200 (1999) 2651–2661.
[25] D.J. Hill, M.J. Mio, R.B. Prince, T.S. Hughes, J.S. Moore, Chem. Rev. 101 (2001)
3893–4011.
[26] W. Stober, A. Fink, E. Bohn, J. Colloid Interf. Sci 26 (1968) 62–69.
[27] A. Hanprasopwattana, S. Srinivasan, A.G. Sault, A.K. Datye, Langmuir 12
(1996) 3173–3179.
[28] L. Pasquato, G. Modena, L. Cotarca, P. Delogu, S. Mantovani, J. Org. Chem. 65
(2000) 8224–8228.
[29] L.P. Sun, S. Gao, H. Zhao, L.H. Huo, J.G. Zhao, Chinese J. Light Scattering 04
(2003) 300–302.
[30] Y.G. Wang, R.Q. Yang, Y.J. Wang, Spectrosc. Spect. Anal 06 (2010) 1561–1565.
[31] M. Koelsch, S. Cassaignon, J.F. Guillemoles, J.R. Jolivet, Thin Solid Films 403
(2002) 312–319.
[32] Z.Q. Wang, Y.M. Zhou, Q.Z. Yao, Y.Q. Sun, Appl. Surf. Sci. 256 (2009)
1404–1408.
[33] P.K. Biswas, A. De, N.C. Pramanik, P.K. Chakraborty, K. Ortner, V. Hock,
S. Korder, Mater. Lett. 57 (2003) 2326–2332.
[34] J. Yi, X.D. He, Y. Sun, Y. Li, M.W. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 7100–7103.
[35] S.K. Andersson, O. Staaf, P.O. Olsson, A. Malmport, C.G. Ribbing, Opt. Mater.
10 (1998) 85–93.
It is demonstrated that the LPU/TiO2/SiO2 multilayered core–
shell composite microspheres were obtained by the titania deposi-
tion on the surface of silica spheres and subsequent polymer
grafting. TiO2/SiO2 particles had lower infrared emissivity value
than bare SiO2 as
a result of the interfacial interactions.
In addition, the crystalline of TiO2 also affected the infrared
emissivity properties of the composite. TiO2 coating with anatase
crystalline owned the lower infrared emissivity value than with the
amorphous one. After the grafting of optically active polyurethane
on the surface of TiO2/SiO2, the infrared emissivity value of the
multilayered core–shell composite microspheres was evidently
decreased to 0.553. Orderly secondary structure and strengthened
interfacial synergistic action both accounted for the remarkable
decrease in infrared emissivity value of the composite.
[36] G.H. Lu, Y.S. Wang, G.L. Yu, J. Basic Sci. Eng. 14 (2006) 77–83.
[37] H.J. Zhang, Z.C. Liu, C.L. Ma, X. Yao, L.Y. Zhang, M.Z. Wu, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 96
(2002) 289–295.
Acknowledgments
[38] Y. Shan, Y.M. Zhou, Y. Cao, Q.H. Xu, H.X. Ju, Z.H. Wu, Mater. Lett. 58 (2004)
1655–1660.
[39] B.P. Lin, H.J. Liu, S.X. Zhang, C.W. Yuan, J. Solid State Chem. 177 (2004)
3849–3852.
[40] H. Kudo, A. Nagai, J. Ishikawa, T. Endo, Macromolecules 34 (2001)
5355–5357.
[41] Z.Q. Wang, Y.M. Zhou, Y.Q. Sun, Q.Z. Yao, Macromolecules 42 (2009)
4972–4976.
The authors are grateful to the National Nature Science
Foundation of China (50873026, 51077013), the Key Program
for the Scientific Research Guiding Found of Basic Scientific
Research
Operation
Expenditure,
Southeast
University
(3207041102), Program for Training of 333 High-Level Talent,
Jiangsu Province of China (BRA2010033) for financial support.