In situ generated Pd(0) nanoparticles stabilized by bis(aryl)acenaphthenequinone diimines as catalysts for aminocarbonylation reactions in water

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.025

Aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides with aromatic and aliphatic amines, leading to formation of the corresponding amides, was efficiently carried out in water under 1?atm of CO using palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) formed in situ from [PdCl₂(Ar₂-BIAN)] complexes. The role of Ar₂-BIAN ligands in the stabilization of Pd NPs was evidenced. The nature of the catalytically active species was confirmed by poisoning experiments, which highlighted that the catalyst is actually in the form of Pd NPs rather than soluble palladium complexes. In the aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene with substituted anilines good yields of amides were obtained, although the activity was depleted by the presence of substituents in the ortho positions of the aniline. On the other hand, in the reaction with aliphatic amines α-ketoamides were formed in addition to the amides. The selectivity towards α-ketoamides was increased by increasing the CO pressure to 10?atm, at equimolar amounts of PhI and amine. Pd NPs were successfully recovered after the catalytic reaction and recycled in five subsequent runs with only a marginal loss of activity after the fourth cycle.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.025

Accepted Manuscript
Title: In situ generated Pd(0) nanoparticles stabilized by
bis(aryl)acenaphthenequinone diimines as catalysts for
aminocarbonylation reactions in water
´
Author: P. Wojcik V. Rosar A. Gniewek B. Milani A.M.
Trzeciak
PII:
S1381-1169(16)30447-2
DOI:
Reference:
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.025
MOLCAA 10087
To appear in:
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical
Received date:
Revised date:
Accepted date:
25-7-2016
9-10-2016
19-10-2016
´
Please cite this article as: P.Wojcik, V.Rosar, A.Gniewek, B.Milani, A.M.Trzeciak, In
situ generated Pd(0) nanoparticles stabilized by bis(aryl)acenaphthenequinone diimines
as catalysts for aminocarbonylation reactions in water, Journal of Molecular Catalysis
A: Chemical http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.025
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1
In situ generated Pd(0) nanoparticles stabilized by
bis(aryl)acenaphthenequinone diimines as catalysts for
aminocarbonylation reactions in water
P. Wójcik1, V. Rosar2, A. Gniewek1, B. Milani2*, A. M. Trzeciak1*
1 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Str., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
2Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127
Trieste, Italy.
* corresponding author, e-mail: anna.trzeciak@chem.uni.wroc.pl, milaniba@units.it
Graphical abstract
R
R
N
N
N
N
R
R
R
R
N
N
O
C
O
C
H
I
R
N
C
O
R
N
+
H
+ CO +
H NR
2
Highlights
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High catalytic activity in aminocarbonylation of the in situ formed Pd‐nanoparticles.
Excellent recycling of Pd‐nanoparticles stabilized with diimine ligands only.
Phosphine‐free aminocarbonylation in water at ambient CO pressure.
Efficient formation of α‐ketoamides at 10 atm of CO performed without any additives.

2
Abstract
Aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides with aromatic and aliphatic amines, leading to formation
of the corresponding amides, was efficiently carried out in water under 1 atm of CO using palladium
nanoparticles (Pd NPs) formed in situ from [PdCl2(Ar2-BIAN)] complexes. The role of Ar2-BIAN
ligands in the stabilization of Pd NPs was evidenced. The nature of the catalytically active species
was confirmed by poisoning experiments, which highlighted that the catalyst is actually in the form
of Pd NPs rather than soluble palladium complexes. In the aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene with
substituted anilines good yields of amides were obtained, although the activity was depleted by the
presence of substituents in the ortho positions of the aniline. On the other hand, in the reaction with
aliphatic amines α-ketoamides were formed in addition to the amides. The selectivity towards α-
ketoamides was increased by increasing the CO pressure to 10 atm, at equimolar amounts of PhI and
amine. Pd NPs were successfully recovered after the catalytic reaction and recycled in five subsequent
runs with only a marginal loss of activity after the fourth cycle.
key words: palladium;-diimines; aminocarbonylation; aqueous medium; α-ketoamides;
1. Introduction
Amides constitute an interesting structural motif that is often present in pharmaceuticals
(Atorvastatin, Mosapride, Imatinib, Nitroxazepine) 1-3 as well as in biologically active compounds
4, 5
(Acetaminophen, Aniracetam, Methacetin).
Amides are also important building blocks for the
synthesis of numerous pesticides, color pigments and natural products 6. Traditionally, amides can be
prepared in reactions of amines with acyl chlorides or carboxylic acids according to the relatively
environmentally harmful processes. 7, 8 For these reasons, development of new, cheap and efficient
methods of their synthesis is greatly expected.
An alternative technique for the amide synthesis is based on the palladium-catalyzed direct
aminocarbonylation. In this three-component reaction, an aryl halide, an amine and carbon monoxide
react to form the corresponding amide in a single-step process. 9, 10 The first aminocarbonylation
reactions of aryl heterocyclic and vinylic halides with primary or secondary amines have been
reported by Heck in 1974. 11 Advantageously, all these substrates are inexpensive and easily available,
and high yields of the amide are obtained under relatively mild conditions (up to 120°C and 1-15 bar).
12 Aminocarbonylation was efficiently catalyzed by a Bedford palladacycle and dppf (dppf = bis-1,1-
13
(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)
and palladium complexes with NHC (NHC = N-heterocyclic
14
carbene) ligands.
Palladium NHC complex supported on polymer was employed for the

3
aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides with primary and secondary amines in aqueous medium. 15 The
one-pot diazotization/aminocarbonylation conversion of anilines to benzamides has been reported. 16
The palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation using aqueous ammonia in toluene has been developed.
17
Commercially available Pd/C has been successfully employed as catalyst for the synthesis of
amides. 18, 19 Recently, the palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of 5-iodoindole and 7-iodoindole
20
derivatives with various primary and secondary amines has been reported.
Kollár described
efficient aminocarbonylation of iodoalkenes and iodoaromatic with primary and secondary amines,
catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 with addition of PPh3 21-26. The same catalytic system has been used in
aminocarbonylation of iodoalkenes and iodobenzene with diethyl α-aminobenzyl-phosphonate 27 and
aminoacid methyl esters in ionic liquids. 28
In the last decade palladium nanoparticles have found application as the catalysts of the
29-32
aminocarbonylation reaction.
They have been stabilized with ionic liquid 29, immobilized on
31
32, 33
magnetic nanoparticles, 30 supported on carbon nanotubes or on polymers.
Pd nanoparticles
34
35
36
37
supported on MOF-5,
aminocarbonylation according to the heterogeneous mechanism.
Other heterogeneous catalysts, active in a double carbonylation of aryl iodides and amines to
or ZIF-8,
on mesocellular foam
or on binaphthyl
catalyzed
38
39, 40
-ketoamides, such as Pd/C with PPh3
or palladium supported on silica
have also been
presented. Palladium nanoparticles leached from a sulfur-modified Au-supported palladium material
41
42
(SAPd)
and supported over functional polymers (Pd/CFP)
have been used. A double
carbonylation has been performed with high yield using palladium nanoparticles generated in situ in
polyethylene glycol. 43 Despite this development of the double carbonylation reaction, synthesis of
α-ketoamides still needs improvement. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the employment of
the palladium nanoparticles for the aminocarbonylation in water has not been reported yet. 44-47
Therefore, our studies focused on the development of a catalytic system suitable for the
aminocarbonylation reactions based on palladium nanoparticles generated in situ in an aqueous
medium. To achieve this purpose, we selected palladium complexes with Ar2-BIAN (Ar2-BIAN =
bis(aryl)acenaphthenequinonediimine) ligands. It was expected that these bulky chelating ligands
would be strong enough to efficiently stabilize Pd nanoparticles against agglomeration and thus
prevent loss of catalytic activity. Palladium complexes with the Ar2-BIAN ligands have been tested
48, 49
with very good results in alkene-CO copolymerization,
selective hydrogenation of alkynes to
alkenes, 50 synthesis of indoles from ortho-nitrostyrenes and CO, 51 Suzuki-Miyaura 52 and Heck 53
cross-coupling reactions. However, their application for the aminocarbonylation has not been studied
up to now. For this investigation three Ar2-BIAN ligands have been selected: the reference compound

4
derived from the simple aniline 1, and the two molecules obtained from the 2,6-dimethyl- and the
3,5-dimethyl aniline, 2 and 3, respectively (Figure 1).
2. Experimental
All chemicals were purchased commercially (Sigma Aldrich) and used without further
purification. Ar2-BIAN ligands were synthesized according to literature procedures by condensation
of acenaphthenequinone with the proper aniline. 54-57
2.1. Synthesis of [PdCl2(Ar2-BIAN)], 1a - 3a
All the complexes were synthesized by following a general procedure based on the reaction
of [PdCl2(cod)] with the proper Ar2-BIAN ligand in a 1:1.1 ratio. Complexes 1a - 3a were obtained
with yields ranging from 80 to 85 %. As an example, the detailed synthesis for complex 3a is reported
below.
Under the nitrogen atmosphere [PdCl2(cod)] (0.035 g, 0.124 mmol) was added to a solution
of (3,5-(CH3)2C6H3)2-BIAN (0.050 g, 0.130 mmol) in CH3CN (10 mL). The reaction mixture was
stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated to half of the volume under reduced
pressure. Upon the addition of diethyl ether a red-orange solid precipitate was formed; the precipitate
was filtered off, washed with hexane, diethyl ether and dried in vacuum. Yield 0.059 g (82%).
[PdCl2(1)], 1a.- Anal. Calc. for C24H16Cl2N2Pd (509.72): C 56.55, H 3.16, N 5.50. Found: C
56.85, H 3.14, N 5.54%.
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3):  8.10 (d, JH-H = 8.2 Hz, 2H, H5), 7.57 (t, JH-H = 7.5 Hz, 4H,
H15,17), 7.51 (t, JH-H = 7.3 Hz, 2H, H16), 7.47 (dd, JH-H = 8.2 Hz, 7.6 Hz, 2H, H4), 7.40 (m, 4H, H14,18),
13
6.79 (d, JH-H = 7.2 Hz, 2H, H3). C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3):  175.3, 147.5, 145.1, 132.6, 131.6,
129.7, 129.2, 129.1, 126.3, 125.0, 122.7. IR (cm-1, KBr): 1621 ν(C=N), 348 ν(Pd-Cl).
[PdCl2(2)], 2a.- Anal. Calc. for C28H24Cl2N2Pd (565.83): C 59.43, H 4.27, N 4.95. Found: C
59.85, H 4.24, N 4.98%.
1H NMR (500 MHz, CD2Cl2):  8.17 (d, JH-H = 8.3 Hz, 2H, H5), 7.53 (dd, JH-H = 8.2 Hz, 7.4
Hz, 2H, H4), 7.39 (t, JH-H = 7.5 Hz, 2H, H16), 7.30 (d, JH-H = 7.5 Hz, 4H, H15,17), 6.64 (d, JH-H = 7.3
Hz, 2H, H3), 2.34 (s, 12H, Ar(CH3)2). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CD2Cl2):  176.3, 148.0, 143.8, 133.3,
131.9, 130.2, 130.1, 129.3, 129.1, 125.8, 125.0, 18.7. IR (cm-1, KBr): 1603 ν(C=N), 344 ν(Pd-Cl).

5
[PdCl2(3)], 3a.- Anal. Calc. for C28H24Cl2N2Pd (565.83): C 59.43, H 4.27, N 4.95. Found: C
59.07, H 4.29, N 4.93%.
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3):  8.09 (d, JH-H = 8.2 Hz, 2H, H5), 7.49 (dd, JH-H = 8.2 Hz, 7.4
Hz, 2H, H4), 7.11 (s, 2H, H16), 6.97 (s, 4H, H14,18), 6.80 (d, JH-H =7.3 Hz, 2H, H3), 2.39 (s, 12H,
13
Ar(CH3)2). C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3):  175.0, 147.3, 145.2, 139.5, 132.3, 131.6, 130.8, 129.1,
126.3, 125.1, 120.0, 21.7. IR (cm-1, KBr): 1611 ν(C=N), 346 ν(Pd-Cl).
2.2. Aminocarbonylation reaction
A 50 mL Schlenk flask was charged with iodobenzene (1 mmol), amine (2 mmol), K2CO3 (2
mmol) and catalyst (5·10-3 mmol). Afterward, 5 mL of distilled water were added. Under balloon
pressure of CO, the reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 4 h. Then, the Schlenk flask was cooled
down and the organic products were extracted with 3 portions of 7 mL of diethyl ether (3 x 15 min
with stirring) and analyzed by GC with mesitylene as the internal standard (0.076 cm3, 0.546 mmol).
The corresponding amides were isolated by evaporation of the solvents and purification of the crude
product by column chromatography on silica gel using hexane and diethyl ether mixture (1:1) as the
eluent.
2.3. Procedure for catalyst recycling
After the first run, the organic products were separated by extraction (diethyl ether). The
aqueous phase containing other reagents was removed to the second vessel by using a stainless steel
tube and only the palladium particles were left in the Schlenk flask. Next, the palladium particles
were washed with diethyl ether and distilled water. After that, the Schlenk flask was charged again
with iodobenzene (1 mmol), amine (2 mmol), K2CO3 (2 mmol) and distilled water (5 mL). Under
balloon pressure of CO, the reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 4 h. Then, the Schlenk flask was
cooled down and the organic products were extracted with 3 portions of 7 mL of diethyl ether or
hexane (3 x 15 min with stirring) and then analyzed by GC with mesitylene as the internal standard
(0.076 cm3, 0.546 mmol).
2.4. Analysis of Pd(0) nanoparticles
After the aminocarbonylation reaction of iodobenzene with aniline, the black palladium
particles were observed in water and on its surface. The palladium particles were filtered and washed
with distilled water, diethyl ether, dried in vacuum and analyzed by elemental analysis. Found: C
2.77, H 0.30, N 0.19%.

6
Pd(0) nanoparticles for structural characterization were obtained by reduction of 2a in water
o
under CO (1 atm) at 90 C. Under the nitrogen atmosphere 2a (0.09 g) and K2CO3 (0.111 g) were
added to water (5 mL). Next, the flask was evacuated and CO was introduced from the balloon (1
atm). The mixture was stirred under CO at 90 oC for 24 h. After that time, the flask was cooled down,
the black precipitate was filtered off, dried and analyzed by XPS, XRD and SEM/EDS methods.
2.5. X-ray structure determination
Single crystals of 2a and 3a suitable for X-ray measurements were obtained by slow
evaporation of CDCl3 solution.
The single crystals were mounted on glass fibers and the diffraction data collected on a KM-
4 CCD diffractometer with graphite monochromated Mo-Ka radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). The structures
were subsequently solved using direct methods and developed by full least-squares refinement on F2.
58
Structural solution and refinement were carried out using SHELX suite of programs. Analytical
absorption corrections were performed with CrysAlis RED. 59 C, N, O, Cl and Pd atoms were refined
anisotropically. All H atoms were positioned geometrically and refined isotropically using a riding
model with a common fixed isotropic thermal parameter. The molecular structure plots were prepared
using ORTEP-3 program. 60
The supplementary crystallographic data for this paper can be obtained from The Cambridge
Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif. CCDC reference codes:
1474030 for 2a and 1474031 for 3a.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Synthesis and X-ray structure of [PdCl2(Ar2-BIAN)] complexes
The three palladium complexes of the general formula [PdCl2(Ar2-BIAN)], 1a – 3a, were
obtained by substitution of the weakly coordinated 1,5-cis,cis-cyclooctadiene (cod) of the precursor
[PdCl2(cod)] in CH3CN solution, at room temperature, with the desired Ar2-BIAN (Scheme 2). Two
of these compounds were synthesized earlier by a similar procedure. 61, 62 The presence of the Ar2-
BIAN ligands in the palladium coordination sphere was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Single crystal X-ray analysis revealed that in 2a and 3a (Figure 2 and 3, respectively)
palladium is coordinated in distorted square-planar geometry (selected bond lengths and angles are

7
reported in the caption of the figures). The N1–C11 and N2–C21 bond lengths in 2a are slightly
longer than the corresponding distances in 3a. The plane defined by atoms: N1, C11 to C18 and N2,
C21 to C28 is perpendicular to the palladium coordination plane in 2a, while in 3a this dihedral angle
is about 80°.
3.2. Catalytic activity of the palladium complexes, 1a – 3a, in the aminocarbonylation reaction
The obtained palladium complexes, 1a – 3a were tested as the catalysts in the
aminocarbonylation reaction of iodobenzene with aniline, under the optimized reaction conditions
(Scheme 3, Table 1).
In all cases, the substrates were converted into the desired benzanilide, while no side products
were observed, thus the yield of benzanilide corresponds to the conversion of the substrates.
The catalytic activity of the three palladium complexes with the Ar2-BIAN ligands, differed
only slightly and the yield of benzanilide varied from 50 to 55% after 1.5h and values of 89 to 94%
were obtained when prolonging the reaction time up to 4 h, with the catalyst 3a leading to the best
results at both reaction times (Table 1, runs 1 - 6). On the other hand, when [PdCl2(cod)] was applied,
the activity was significantly lower, with the yield of benzanilide only 66%. However, upon addition
of a ligand to the palladium precursor the yield of benzanilide increased to 85% (Table 1, runs 7 and
8). Even stronger effect of the ligand was observed when PdCl2 was used. In this case, the yield of
benzanilide increased from 43 to 75% after introduction of the ligand (Table 1, runs 9 and 10), thus
indicating its very positive role on the catalytic activity of the system. It is straightforward to note
that the application of the pre-synthesized complexes led to the best results, when compared to the in
situ formed system.
Two more experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of precatalyst pre-
treatment with CO for 0.5 and 3 h before running the catalytic reaction (Table 1, runs 11 - 13). In
both cases, the conversion increased and longer pre-treatment resulted in higher yields. This trend
suggested that the catalytically active species were formed at the presence of CO and longer exposure
resulted in more efficient activation of the precatalyst.
3.3. TEM experiment

8
During the aminocarbonylation reaction, the color of the solution changed from orange,
characteristic to the precatalysts, to gray-black, suggesting reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0). In order to
confirm this hypothesis, the post-catalytic reaction mixture was analyzed by TEM. The collected
images confirmed that Pd(0) NPs with an average diameter of ca. 7 nm were formed (Figure 4).
Black Pd(0) particles were also observed on the surface of the aqueous phase during extraction
of the products. These particles were collected by filtration, washed with water, diethyl ether and
dried under vacuum. Elemental analysis of this residue evidenced the presence of carbon (2.77%),
hydrogen (0.30%) and nitrogen (0.19%), indicating the presence of an organic material along with
palladium. These results suggest that during the catalytic reaction, the formed Pd(0) NPs are
surrounded by Ar2-BIAN ligand, which plays an important role as a stabilizing agent preventing their
agglomeration.
3.4. Characterization of palladium nanoparticles
In order to get deeper knowledge about Pd(0) nanoparticles formed from [PdCl2(Ar2-BIAN)]
complexes, reduction of 2a was performed under the CO atmosphere in aqueous solution containing
K2CO3.
The phase composition of the obtained precipitate was determined by X-ray powder
diffraction (XRD). A typical diffractogram reveals several characteristic well-defined peaks (Figure
5), which are attributed to Pd(0) crystallizing in Fm3m space group (JCPDS card number 5-681).
Broadening of the diffraction lines confirms nanocrystalline nature of the material.
According to the XPS analysis the sample contained only Pd(0), which was evidenced by the
presence of signals at 335.3 eV (Pd 3d5/2) and 340.6 eV (Pd 3d3/2) (Figure 6). The XPS spectrum of
2a measured for the comparison showed signals typical for Pd(II) at 338.0 eV and 343.3 eV.
Interestingly, when the amount of K2CO3 was decreased by three times, the reduction was not
complete and 66% of Pd(0) was found.
EDS studies undertaken along with the SEM measurements enabled to estimate the
distribution of the elements on the Pd(0) nanoparticles surface. Interestingly, in all points nitrogen
was found in amounts higher than 6 atom% indicating the presence of Ar2-BIAN ligand. Analysis of
the chloride content evidenced its presence only in few points in amounts of 0.62-3.09 atom%,

9
considerably smaller than palladium (1.68-23.06 atom%). As expected, chlorides were removed
during formation of the Pd NPs.
3.5. Recycling of palladium catalyst
In order to estimate the stability of the Pd nanoparticles formed from 3a during the catalytic
reaction, attempts of their recycling have been undertaken. To achieve this aim, the
aminocarbonylation reaction was carried out with 3a, yielding 90% of benzanilide. The organic
products were extracted with diethyl ether and the organic phase was separated from the aqueous
phase. The Pd nanoparticles were observed as suspended in the aqueous phase. Water was then
transferred to another flask by using a stainless steel tube (catheter tubing). Next, fresh reactants and
the solvent were added to the Pd nanoparticles left in the Schlenk flask and the reaction was carried
out again for 4 h. This process was repeated 4 times with unexpectedly high efficiency of the catalytic
system in each run, with the yield of the desired product always higher than 90%, and the highest
value of 98% achieved at the first recycling test. In the fifth run, the activity slightly decreased,
although still 86% of benzanilide was formed (Figure 7). It should be pointed out that these results
were obtained without any additional stabilizing agent.
The TEM analysis of the palladium residue recovered at the end of this experiment evidenced
non-agglomerated Pd nanoparticles of the average diameter of 5 nm, slightly smaller as compared to
the first catalytic run (Figure 8).
3.6. Poisoning tests
With the aim to determine whether the Pd nanoparticles are responsible for the catalytic
reaction, the mercury test was performed.63-66 According to the literature, the addition of Hg(0) to the
reaction mixture should result in retarding of the catalytic process due to the formation of inactive
Pd/Hg amalgam. On the other hand, when soluble palladium species are involved in the catalytic
process, the catalytic activity should not be effected by the addition of Hg(0).
For the studied reaction, two mercury tests were carried out, differing in the time when Hg(0)
was added. When Hg(0) was added to the catalytic system together with the substrates, the conversion

10
of iodobenzene was as low as 24%, while when Hg(0) was added after 60 minutes from the beginning
of the catalytic run, the reaction stopped at 35% conversion of iodobenzene (Table 2, Figure 9).
Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that in this reaction palladium nanoparticles are involved in
the catalytic process taking place on their surface. Similar heterogeneous mechanism of the
aminocarbonylation was suggested for the system based on Pd nanoparticles immobilized on MOF-
5, 34 or ZIF-8, 35 on mesocellular foam 36 and binaphthyl-supported 37.
An additional indication of the heterogeneous reaction pathway was obtained from the studies
of the solution activity after the separation of the Pd nanoparticles. Thus, the catalytic reaction with
2a was stopped after 1.5 h and the catalyst was removed by filtration. The remaining liquid phase
o
was re-heated under CO (1 atm) for 4 h at 90 C. After that time the GC analysis showed 60%
conversion of iodobenzene, which corresponds to the yield of benzanilide. The obtained yield was
comparable to that obtained after 1.5 h (54%, Table 1) and significantly lower than that noted after
4h (92%, Table 1) of the catalytic reaction.
Although recently a new protocol based on a quantitative partial poisoning with
tetramethylthiourea has been introduced to distinguish between well-defined molecular and
nanoparticle-based catalysts 67, in addition to the mercury test we applied the standard method based
64
on the use of CS2 poison. Thus, the decrease of the yield of benzanilide at the presence of CS2
indicated on the limited access of the substrates to the palladium surface covered by CS2.
Next, the effect of TBAB (tetrabutylammonium bromide) on the reaction course was studied.
It can be expected that stabilization of Pd nanoparticles would increase at the presence of ammonium
salt, resulting in the reactivity increase. 68 However, another effect should also be considered, namely
intensive dissolution of Pd NPs while heating with PhI at the presence of TBAB 69. Thus, we decided
to test the effect of TBAB by adding it to the reaction mixture in 10- to 30-fold excess with respect
to palladium. As a result, the yield of benzanilide decreased (Table 2). Considering the fact that
formation of the soluble palladium species was very plausible under the applied conditions, it can be
concluded that their activity was remarkably lower than that of Pd NPs.
Interestingly, in a similar reaction, such as carbonylative Suzuki coupling, soluble palladium
species that leached from the Pd nanoparticles during the catalytic process were considered to be
catalytically active. 70, 71
3.7. Aminocarbonylation reactions of iodobenzene with substituted anilines

11
The scope of the reaction was expanded by using substituted anilines (Scheme 4) under the
optimized reaction conditions and using 2a as the precatalyst (Table 3).
It is worth to note that in these reactions only one kind of product (secondary amide) was
obtained, thus indicating that even with substituted anilines or substituted iodobenzenes the catalyst
is extremely selective.
On the other hand, a remarkable effect of the substituents of the aniline on the activity of the
catalyst was observed. The best results were obtained with the 2,5-dichloroaniline and 4-acetylaniline,
which led to almost complete conversion to the corresponding benzanilides. For all the other
substrates conversions lower than that of the simple aniline were observed. Indeed, the presence of
either electron withdrawing or electron repulsing substituents in para position resulted in a decrease
of the activity. That was even more pronounced when the substituents were in ortho position. These
data suggest that both the electronic and steric effect remarkably affect in a negative way the activity
of the catalyst.
An effect of the substituents of the iodobenzene was also noted. The presence of electron
withdrawing group (1-iodo-4-nitrobenzene) in para position led to lower conversion than that
obtained for electron repulsing substituents (4-iodoanisole and 4-iodotoluene). On the other hand,
methoxy substituent in ortho position increased conversion to the corresponding benzanilide
compared to methoxy substituent in para position. Very good result, 90% conversion to the
corresponding benzanilide, was obtained for 2-iodothiophene.
3.8. Aminocarbonylation reactions of iodobenzene with aliphatic amines
As far as aliphatic amines are concerned, it is well known that with these substrates the
aminocarbonylation is less selective than with aromatic ones 72. Except the expected amide, α-
ketoamide and α-iminoamide may also be formed in these reactions (Scheme 5). Various additives
have been used to improve the selectivity and very good results have been obtained when DBU (1,8-
diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) was used. 73, 74
We decided to test our catalytic system in the aminocarbonylation reaction of four aliphatic
amines without any additional agents (Table 4). Initially, the catalytic reactions were run for 4 h
leading to moderate conversions which increased to more than 90% with prolonging the reaction time
up to 6 h.

12
The obtained data indicated that the reaction selectivity into the specified product was
influenced mainly by the [RNH2]/[PhI] ratio. In general, an increase of the amine amount favored
formation of the amide, while at lower concentration of the amine, [RNH2]/[PhI] = 1/1, the yield of
-ketoamide was higher.
On increasing the CO pressure from 1 to 10 atm a remarkable decrease in the selectivity into
amide in favor of the double carbonylated adduct, the -ketoamide, was observed. Further
o
improvement of the yield of -ketoamide was achieved after temperature increase to 90 C. Under
these conditions 90% of -ketoamide was formed in the reaction with benzylamine (Table 4, entry
25).
In the reactions with n-hexylamine the amount of the amide increased from 40 to 76% when
[RNH2]/[PhI] ratio was changed from 1.1 to 5 (Table 4, entry 3 and 5). The highest yield of the α-
ketoamide, 54%, was obtained at 10 atm of CO and 90 oC (Table 4, entry 7).
Similarly reacted n-butylamine, which formed 69% of the amide at a 5-fold excess of the
amine to PhI (Table 4, entry 12). On the other hand, formation of the α-ketoamide was preferred at
[RNH2]/[PhI] ratio equal to 1.1, enabling to obtain 44% of this product at 1 atm of CO (Table 4, entry
11) and 70% at 10 atm of CO and 90 oC (Table 4, entry 14).
The reaction with cyclohexylamine was less selective and the highest yield of the amide was
31% (Table 4, entry 18), whereas 50% of the α-ketoamide was obtained after using CO at the pressure
of 10 atm at 60 oC (Table 4, entry 19). At 90 oC the yield of α-ketoamide increased to 75% (Table 4,
entry 20).
In all these reactions the high basicity of the amine (pKb = 3.31 – 3.43) facilitated formation
of the α-iminoamide side-product in amount between 11 and 56%. In contrast, less basic benzylamine
(pKb = 4.94) provided more selective reaction conditions, without formation of the α-iminoamide. At
the [RNH2]/[PhI] ratio equal to 2 the reaction produced 63% of the amide (Table 4, entry 21). The
best conditions for the α-ketoamide were found with equimolar amounts of the amine and PhI
employed at 10 atm of CO (Table 4, entry 24 and 25 ).
In further studies the aminocarbonylation reaction of three iodoaromatic substrates with
aliphatic amines under conditions optimized for iodobenzene were performed (Table 5).
2-Iodothiophene reacted with cyclohexylamine forming 60% α-ketoamide at 10 atm of CO
and 90 oC (Table 5, entry 1). At 1 atm of CO amide was predominantly formed with the yield 53%
(Table 5, entry 2). In this reactions was small amount of α-iminoamide was also formed.

13
Similar yield of α-ketoamide (61%) and amide (51%) were obtained in aminocarbonylation
of 2-iodothiophene with less basic benzylamine (Table 5, entry 3 and 4). In these reactions side-
product was not found.
Very good selectivity to α-ketoamide was noted in reactions of 4-iodotoluene and 4-
iodoanisole with benzylamine at 10 atm of CO (Table 5, entry 5 and 7). The corresponding
α-ketoamides were obtained in amount 92% and 96%, slightly higher when compare with
iodobenzene. On decreasing of the CO pressure from 10 atm to 1 atm the yield of amides increased
for both substrates to 32% and 12% (Table 5, entry 6 and 8). Interestingly, 4-iodoanisole reacted
mainly to the α-ketoamide even at 1 atm of CO and 60 oC.
3.9. Plausible mechanism of aminocarbonylation.
Considering the results of the performed poisoning tests and composition of the obtained
products, a plausible mechanism for the studied reaction can be proposed (Figure 10). Initially, the
Pd(II) precursor is converted in situ into Pd-(Ar2-BIAN) nanoparticles that is the catalytically active
form. Subsequent steps of the reaction occur on the surface of Pd-(Ar2-BIAN) NPs and are similar to
those proposed in the literature.74, 75 Thus, oxidative addition of iodobenzene followed by migratory
insertion of CO lead to the acyl intermediate 2.
Nucleophilic attack of the amine on the acyl ligand results in formation of the amide (pathway
1). Alternatively, the amine coordinates to the intermediate 2, which is transformed into the acyl-
amide intermediate 4 at the presence of CO (pathway 2). Formation of the C-C bond on the species 4
followed by reductive elimination leads to the dicarbonylation product, α-ketoamide. Preference of
the pathway 1 over 2 is determined by the basicity of the used amine. Less basic, aromatic amines,
reacted exclusively according to pathway 1, while increased basicity of amine favored the
dicarbonylation pathway 2.
The intermediate 4 can also react with a second molecule of the amine by its nucleophilic
attack on the acyl group. In this case, the side product, α-iminoamide is formed. Formation of this
product is preferred for strong Lewis bases, such as cyclohexylamine.
Conclusions
In summary, we have developed novel nanosized palladium catalysts for the
aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene with either aromatic or aliphatic amines in aqueos medium. The
catalysts, formed in situ from [PdCl2(Ar2-BIAN)] complexes, comprises of the Pd(0) nanoparticles
stabilized with Ar2-BIAN ligands. They can be easily recovered and reused in several catalytic runs
with high activity. In reaction with aromatic amines, amides were formed as the only products. In

14
contrast, in the reaction with aliphatic amines, α-ketoamides were also formed. The yield of α-
ketoamides increased at lower concentration of the amine and at higher CO pressure (10 atm).
The carbonylation reactions of iodobenzene with aromatic amines studied by us proceed under
milder conditions than the aminocarbonylation reactions in water presented so far in the literature. 15,
50-52 For example, according to the previous papers, benzanilide has been obtained in 8 hours at 2-14
atm of CO and with the amount of the catalyst 1-2 mol%. The aminocarbonylation reactions catalyzed
by the commercially available catalyst Pd/C also required more harsh conditions than applied by us.
In the reactions catalyzed by Pd/C the authors used higher amounts of the catalyst (minimum 2
mol%), CO pressure higher than 1 atm and the temperature in the range 100-140 oC. 18, 19 Our catalytic
system works efficiently under more attractive reaction conditions.
Advantageously, the reaction conditions used by us for the double carbonylation are more
attractive than these reported till now for this process. Our reactions were performed in 4 h whereas
in most cases longer time, 8-24 h 14, 38, 41, 42 47, 76, 77 was needed to reach the high conversion. The CO
pressure equal 10 atm was significantly lower than used by other authors (20-40 atm). 14, 38-40, 42, 47, 73,
78 Finally, the amount of the catalyst, 0.5 mol%, was smaller than in other systems. 38-40, 42, 73, 77
Acknowledgements
Financial support of National Science Centre (NCN, Poland) with grant
2014/15/B/ST5/02101 (P.W., A.G., A.M.T.) is gratefully acknowledged.
Authors would like to thank to Dr Wlodzimierz Tylus (Wrocław University of Technology)
for performing of XPS measurements and Dr Wojciech Gil (Faculty of Chemistry, University of
Wrocław) for SEM/EDS and TEM analyses.
This work was carried out in the framework of COST Action CM1205 – CARISMA. BM and
VR wish to thank Università degli Studi di Trieste - Finanziamento di Ateneo per progetti di ricerca
scientifica - FRA2015.
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18
N
N
N
N
N
N
2
1
3
Figure 1. The investigated Ar2-BIAN ligands 1–3.
Figure 2. Molecular structure of 2a. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level
and H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radii. For clarity, solvent molecules (chloroform
and acetone) have been omitted. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°): Pd–Cl1 2.2790(11), Pd–
Cl2 2.2757(11), Pd–N1 2.033(3), Pd–N2 2.054(3), N1–C11 1.438(5), N2–C21 1.438(5), Cl1–Pd–Cl2
92.51(5), Cl1–Pd–N1 92.44(9), Cl1–Pd–N2 173.74(9), Cl2–Pd–N2 93.75(10), Cl2–Pd–N1
175.05(9), N1–Pd–N2 81.30(13).

19
Figure 3. Molecular structure of 3a. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level
and H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radii. For clarity, solvent molecules (chloroform)
have been omitted. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°): Pd–Cl1 2.2789(16), Pd–Cl2 2.2661(18),
Pd–N1 2.039(5), Pd–N2 2.036(5), N1–C11 1.426(8), N2–C21 1.430(8), Cl1–Pd–Cl2 91.44(6), Cl1–
Pd–N1 93.74(14), Cl1–Pd–N2 174.70(16), Cl2–Pd–N2 92.98(16), Cl2–Pd–N1 174.26(15), N1–Pd–
N2 81.7(2).
Figure 4. TEM images of Pd(0) NPs formed during the aminocarbonylation reaction with 2a and
particle size distribution.

20
(111)
(200)
(220)
(311)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2 [deg]
Figure 5. X-ray diffraction pattern of Pd(0) nanoparticles obtained by reduction of 2a.
Figure 6. XPS spectrum of Pd(0) nanoparticles obtained by reduction of 2a.
98
92
92
90
86
100
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
Run
Figure 7. Recycling of the 3acatalyst in aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene with aniline.
Reaction conditions: see Table 1.

21
40
5
50
24
6
15
4
21
7
0
Diameter of Pd NPs [nm]
Figure 8. TEM images of Pd(0) nanoparticles after five catalytic runs and particle size distribution.
94
100
Reaction without addition Hg(0)
84
80
60
40
20
0
69
38
60
Hg(0) added at t = 60 min
Hg(0) added at t = 0 min
35
24
0
30
90
120
150
180
210
240
Reaction time[min]
Figure 9. Aminocarbonylation reaction of iodobenzene at the presence of Hg(0). Reaction
conditions see Table 2.

22
N
N
R
R
Pd
reaction
conditions
Cl
Cl
R
R
N
N
N
N
O
O
R
pathway 1
R
R
R
R
R
Ar
Ar
N
N
N
N
H
H
base*HI
O
amide
-ketoamide
ArI
pathway 2
R
N
R
O
H2NR, base
N
N
Ar
base*HI
Ar
R
4
N
CO
I
1
NR
O
CO
R
H
R
NHR
N
Ar
R
N
R
O
H2NR
base
N
N
O
O
-iminoamide
N
Ar
R
I
Ar
R
2
NHR
H2NR
base
3
base*HI
Figure10. Plausible reaction mechanism.
5
5
4
4
3
3
14
18
14
18
15
17
15
17
16
16
N
N
Scheme 1. Numbering of C and H atoms in Ar2-BIAN ligands for interpretation of NMR spectra.
Scheme 2.Synthesis of complexes1a – 3a.
I
NH2
O
[Pd] (0.5 mol%)
+ CO +
N
H
Scheme 3. The model aminocarbonylation reaction.

23
I
NH2
O
Pd-(Ar2-BIAN) (0.5 mol%)
4h, 90 0C
+
N
R2
R1
1 mmol
R2
2 mmol
H
R1
Scheme 4. Aminocarbonylation reaction of aryl iodides with substituted anilines.
R
N
O
O
NHR
I
NHR
Pd - (Ar2-BIAN) (0.5 mol%)
water, K2CO3
NHR
+
+
+ CO +
H2NR
O
O
A
C
B
Scheme 5. The aminocarbonylation reaction of iodobenzene with aliphatic amines.

24
Table 1. Aminocarbonylation reaction of iodobenzene with aniline.a
Run
Precatalyst
Pre-treatment time (h)
(r.t., PCO = 1 atm)
Reaction time
Yield of
(h)
1.5
1.5
1.5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
benzanilide (%)b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1a
2a
3a
1a
2a
3a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.5
3
50
54
55
89
92
94
66
85
43
75
38
44
56
[PdCl2(cod)]
[PdCl2(cod)] + 3
[PdCl2]
[PdCl2] + 3
3a
3a
3a
1
aReaction conditions: PhI (1 mmol), aniline (2 mmol), [Pd] 0.5 mol%, CO (1 atm), K2CO3 (2 mmol), water
(5 mL), 90 °C. b Yield was determined by GC using mesitylene as internal standard.
Table 2. Aminocarbonylation reaction of iodobenzene catalyzed by Pd-(Ar2-BIAN) -effect of Hg,
CS2 and TBABa
Poison additive
Yield of benzanilide (%)
None
94
24
35
77
67
62
89
77
66
Hg added at the beginning of the reaction
Hg added after 60 min
CS2, 0.65 mol%
CS2, 1 mol%
CS2, 1.5 mol%
TBAB, 5 mol%
TBAB, 10 mol%
TBAB, 15 mol%
a Reaction conditions: 90 oC, 3a 0.5 mol%, PhI (1 mmol), aniline (2 mmol), CO (1 atm), K2CO3 (2
mmol), water 5 mL, 4 h, [Hg]/[Pd] = 300.

25
Table 3. Aminocarbonylation reaction of aryl iodides with substituted anilines. a,b
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
O
O
O
N
N
N
N
H
H
H
H
Cl
Cl
92% (84%)c
81%, (73%)c
98%, (90%)c
47%, (40%)c
O
NO2
CH3
O
O
O
O
N
H
N
H
N
H
N
H
NO2
72%, (67%)c
86%, (80%)c
98%, (91%)c
53%, (45%)c
O
O
O
OMe O
N
N
H
N
H
N
H
H
MeO
O2N
70%, c100% (88%)d
74% (65%)d
60%, c81% (73%)d
31%, c46% (33%)d
O
O
S
N
H
N
H
90% (80%)d
42%, c58% (41%)d
a2a (0.5 mol%), K2CO3 (2 mmol), water (5 mL), aryl iodide (1 mmol), substituted aniline (2 mmol), CO (1 atm), 90 oC,
4 h.b Conversions were determined by GC using mesitylene as internal standard. c 6h. d Isolated yield.

26
Table 4. Results of aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene with aliphatic amines.a, b
Amine
Entry Amount of
amine
T
Time
[h]
CO
Conv.
Yield
A
[%]
Yield
B
[%]
Yield
C
[%]
[oC]
[atm] C6H5I
[mmol]
[%]b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2
2
1.1
3
60
60
60
60
60
60
90
60
60
60
60
60
90
60
60
60
60
60
90
90
60
60
60
90
4
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
6
6
6
6
4
4
6
6
6
6
4
4
6
6
6
4
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
1
67
91
85
93
94
80
91
61
95
78
90
74
94
79
82
75
90
70
94
97
61
64
81
100
57
60
40
63
1
4
26
11
3
9
27
16
19
15
15
17
19
36
14
18
12
16
17
30
14
52
11
12
0
H2N(C6H13)
5
76 (64)c
29
1.1
1.1
2
2
1.1
5
1.1
1.1
2
2
1.1
5
1.1
1.1
2
1.1
5
36 (25)c
54
20
25
22
17
35
44
16
1
69 (56)c
3
54 (40)c
H2N(C4H9)
10
10
1
1
1
8
8
23
24
70
38
24
45
NH2
13
1
31 (19)c
7
50 (35)c
75
10
10
1
1
1
9
7
63
15
36
7
NH2
23
0
0
0
0
57 (43)c
11
1.1
1.1
10
10
70 (60)c
90
10
aReaction conditions: 2a (0.5 mol%), PhI (1 mmol), water (5 mL), K2CO3 (2 mmol),
b Conversion was determined by GC using mesitylene as internal standard.
c Isolated yield

27
Table 5. Results of aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides with aliphatic amines.a, b
Aryl iodide
Amine
Entry Amount
T
Time
[h]
CO
Conv.
Yield
A
[%]
Yield
B
[%]
Yield
C
[%]
of
amine
[mmol]
[oC]
[atm] C6H5I
[%]b
1
2
1.1
5
90
60
4
6
10
1
100
58
34
60 (45)c
3
6
2
NH2
S
I
53 (44)c
61 (48)c
2
0
0
S
I
3
4
1.1
5
90
60
4
6
10
1
100
53
39
NH2
51 (40)c
I
5
6
1.1
5
90
60
4
6
10
1
100
47
8
92 (80)c
15
0
0
NH2
NH2
32 (18)c
96 (85)c
30
0
0
I
7
8
1.1
5
90
60
4
6
10
1
100
42
4
12
MeO
aReaction conditions: 2a (0.5 mol%), PhI (1 mmol), water (5 mL), K2CO3 (2 mmol),
b Conversion was determined by GC using mesitylene as internal standard.c Isolated yield