Transforming polylactide into value-added materials

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/pola.26303

The production of chemical building blocks and polymer precursors from biorenewable and sustainable resources is an attractive method to bypass traditional fossil fuel derived materials. Accordingly, we report the organocatalytic recycling of postconsumer polylactide (PLA) into value-added small molecules. This strategy, using the highly active transesterification catalyst triazabicyclodecene, is shown to completely depolymerize PLA in the presence of various alcohols into valuable lactate esters. Using previously used PLA packaging material, the depolymerization is complete in minutes at room temperature and fully retains the stereochemistry of the lactate species. Further, the modularity and utility of this methodology with respect to polyester substrate is detailed by using a variety of functional alcohols to depolymerize both PLA and polyglycolide, with the corresponding ester small-molecules being used to make new polymeric materials. The opportunities to transform waste streams into value-added chemicals and new materials through simple and versatile chemistry hold significant potential to extend the lifecycle of renewable chemical feedstocks.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/pola.26303

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Transforming Polylactide into Value-Added Materials
Frank A. Leibfarth,1 Nicholas Moreno,1 Alex P. Hawker,2 Justin D. Shand2
1Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California 93101
2Laguna Blanca High School, 4125 Paloma Dr., Santa Barbara, California 93110
Correspondence to: F. A. Leibfarth (E-mail: fleibfarth@chem.ucsb.edu)
Received 16 May 2012; accepted 27 July 2012; published online
DOI: 10.1002/pola.26303
ABSTRACT: The production of chemical building blocks and poly-
mer precursors from biorenewable and sustainable resources is
an attractive method to bypass traditional fossil fuel derived mate-
rials. Accordingly, we report the organocatalytic recycling of post-
consumer polylactide (PLA) into value-added small molecules.
This strategy, using the highly active transesterification catalyst
triazabicyclodecene, is shown to completely depolymerize PLA in
the presence of various alcohols into valuable lactate esters. Using
previously used PLA packaging material, the depolymerization is
complete in minutes at room temperature and fully retains the
stereochemistry of the lactate species. Further, the modularity and
utility of this methodology with respect to polyester substrate is
detailed by using a variety of functional alcohols to depolymerize
both PLA and polyglycolide, with the corresponding ester small-
molecules being used to make new polymeric materials. The
opportunities to transform waste streams into value-added chemi-
cals and new materials through simple and versatile chemistry
hold significant potential to extend the lifecycle of renewable
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chemical feedstocks.
2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci
Part A: Polym Chem 000: 000–000, 2012
KEYWORDS: biodegradable; depolymerization; glycolate ester;
lactate ester; organic catalysis; polyesters; polyglycolide; poly-
lactide; recycling; transesterification
INTRODUCTION As society increasingly deals with inherently
limited natural resources, the utilization of 7% of fossil fuels
for the production of plastics is a significant drain on petro-
chemical feedstocks.1 With the demand for polymeric materi-
als increasing, it is imperative to develop building blocks
based on renewable and sustainable resources.2 The conver-
sion of biomass to value-added small molecules and polymer
precursors is an attractive method to bypass traditional fos-
sil fuel-based chemical production.3–5 For example, polylac-
tide (PLA) has emerged as one of the most promising biore-
newable and biodegradable polymers due to its utility in
packaging, textile, and biomedical applications.6–9 The recent
addition of NatureworksTM LLC facility in the US has put an-
nual production capacity of PLA at over 150,000 tons, mak-
ing it a high-volume commodity material.10–12 This large-
scale production and the predicted annual growth rate of
19% for bioplastics13 assures that many new PLA derived
products will enter the marketplace in the coming decades.
developed, they are often overly costly and complex. PLA,
however, is compostable and biodegrades into soil-enriching
compounds.11 Further, large-volume waste is ideal for chemi-
cal recycling, as the ester bonds in the backbone of PLA can
by hydrolyzed.15 Modern PLA recycling, however, relies on
harsh acidic or basic conditions and high temperatures, mak-
ing these processes unattractive due to their high energy
input and difficulty controlling the stereochemistry of the
resulting lactate species.16–18 More complex hydrolysis mech-
anisms using enzymes19–21 or heterogeneous catalysis22–24
can overcome some of these limitations, but alternative, scal-
able methods for recycling PLA remain underdeveloped.
Lactic acid derived from fermentation of biomass is not only
a valuable chemical feedstock for the production of bioplas-
tics, but it is also employed for the production of ethyl lac-
tate and other lactate esters that are found in everyday
products such as wine, cosmetics, perfumes, degreasers, and
can be used as food additives, solvents, fragrances, and plas-
ticizers.25–30 A significant opportunity, therefore, exists for
repurposing commodity PLA into value-added small mole-
cules through a simple and versatile strategy. Traditionally,
acid-catalyzed reactions of lactic acid and an alcohol produce
lactate esters in an equilibrium process, with the alkyl lac-
tate being recovered by distillation.25,31 These batch proc-
esses are inherently low yielding and inefficient.
Beyond being derived from renewable resources, PLA has
distinct advantages over other plastics in terms of waste
management. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which cur-
rently dominates the market for packaging materials, is tra-
ditionally mechanically recycled into lower grade materials
and repurposed.14 Although chemical recycling of PET and
advanced ‘‘bottle-to-bottle’’ mechanical processes have been
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including gel permeation chromatography (GPC), nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass
spectroscopy, and gas chromatography (GC).
Because of ethyl lactate’s prominence as an industrial sol-
vent and food/fragrance additive,25,28 we first carried out
the transesterification of commercial PLA with ethanol using
catalytic TBD. Using 1.0 mol % of TBD (ꢁ2 wt %) and 1.5
equivalents of alcohol per ester bond, complete polymer de-
polymerization to small molecules was observed by GPC in
only 2 min at room temperature by tracking the polymer
molecular weight with respect to time (Fig. 1). Two control
experiments, one using alcohol and no catalyst and the other
using catalyst and no alcohol, displayed no polymer degrada-
tion over a 24-h period under the same conditions. These
results demonstrate the efficiency of TBD as a transesterifi-
cation catalyst, as even low loadings can depolymerize high
molecular weight commodity polymers in a short time at
room temperature. Subsequently, the concentration of both
the catalyst and alcohol were independently varied to probe
their individual contributions to the rate and efficiency of
the recycling process. Using 1.1, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 equivalents
of alcohol per ester, all gave identical results as assessed by
GPC, indicating that the amount of alcohol present had no
discernable effect on the depolymerization kinetics. Con-
versely, the concentration of catalyst had a significant influ-
ence on the kinetics of depolymerization. Increasing the cata-
lyst concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 to 2.5 mol % compared
with polymeric ester, the time to complete depolymerization
decreased from 10 to 2.0 to < 1.0 min.
SCHEME 1 The depolymerization of commodity PLA using a
variety of alcohols is catalyzed by TBD to produce small-mole-
cule lactate esters.
Alternatively, the transformation of PLA into lactate esters
provides a number of potential advantages, including starting
materials derived from recycled waste, a high yield of lactate
ester from PLA, simple purification, and retention of stereo-
chemistry. Further, this recycling process adds value to the
PLA supply chain, as the market price of commodity PLA is
about $1.00 per pound compared with almost $2.00 per
pound for ethyl lactate.25
We report the recycling of PLA into value-added small mole-
cule lactate esters through rapid and quantitative transesteri-
fication using triazabicyclodecene (TBD)32 as an organocata-
lyst. TBD and other organocatalysts have been used in the
ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters, carbonates, and
siloxanes and have advantages including high activity, lack of
metal contamination, and control over polymer molecular
weight and polydispersivity (PDI).33–38 Seminal work by
Hedrick described the selective chain scission of PLA through
transesterification into end-functional, lower molecular
weight polymers and oligomers.38(b) Further, Hedrick and
Waymouth demonstrated the utility of these organocatalysts
for the depolymerization of PET at high temperatures.39,40
Herein, we show that commodity PLA can be quickly and
completely broken down at room temperature to yield indus-
trially valuable lactate esters. Special attention is given to the
scope of these reactions, with optimized conditions providing
quantitative breakdown and isolation of useful lactate esters
at room temperature with full retention of stereochemistry.
This methodology is further used on polyglycolide (PG),
displaying its generality toward polyester starting material
and its utility in making novel small molecules.
After gaining a general understanding of the depolymeriza-
tion process, the scope of this chemistry was investigated by
exploring a range of different alcohols for PLA transesterifi-
cation. Using standard conditions of 1.0 mol % (ꢁ2 wt %) of
TBD and three equivalents of alcohol per ester, a wide vari-
ety of primary alcohols provided fast and efficient depoly-
merization. The readily available alcohols methanol, ethanol,
and butanol enabled depolymerization of PLA in under 2
min as assessed by GPC (Table 1, entries 1–3), whereas al-
lylic alcohols, benzylic alcohols, and those with branching at
the b-carbon required slightly increased reaction times (3
min) to affect polymer depolymerization (Table 1, entries 4,
5, and 7). Gratifyingly, the catalyst system also proved highly
functional group compatible, producing a number of func-
tional a-hydroxyesters containing alkenes, alkyl halides, and
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To illustrate the utility of this strategy, the breakdown of
PLA catalyzed by TBD was performed on NatureworksTM
IngeoTM commodity material obtained from both fiber resin
or previously used vegetable packaging. Typical samples had
a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 76.7 kg/mol, a
ꢀ
PDI of 1.38, a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 54 C, and
a melting temperature (Tm) of 164 ꢀC. In a typical experi-
ment, the polymer sample and previously dried alcohol were
dissolved in a solution of methylene chloride under inert
atmosphere at room temperature and TBD was added
(Scheme 1). All reactions could also be done without the
addition of solvent at temperatures above 100 ꢀC. The reac-
tions were quenched by the addition of amberlyst H-form
resin, decanted, and the solvent and excess alcohol removed
to obtain the desired lactate ester. The depolymerization
products were monitored using a variety of techniques
FIGURE 1 GPC traces over time for the depolymerization of
PLA using 3 equiv of ethanol and 1.0 mol % of TBD per ester
group.
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TABLE 1 Screening of Primary Alcohols in the Organocatalytic
TABLE 2 Degradration Conditions for the Orgnocatalytic
Depolymerization of PLA
Depoloymerization of PLA Empolying Sterically Hindered and/
or Acidic Alcohols
Degradation
Entry
1
Alcohol
Product
Time(min)
Entry
9
Alcohol
Degradation conditions
30 min 25ꢀC
2
10
ND
2
3
4
2
2
3
11
12
30 min 100ꢀC
ND
13
14
ND
ND
5
6
7
3
2
3
No depolymerization is signified by ND.
vation mechanism (Scheme 2),41,42 which would hinder steri-
cally demanding substrates from accessing the crowded,
three-component intermolecular complex. Also, acidity was
predicated to have an effect on substrate scope, as protona-
tion of the highly basic TBD catalyst (pKa ¼ 26 in acetoni-
trile43) would destroy its catalytic activity. Screening the
mildly acidic 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), a lack of catalytic
activity was observed at room temperature. Using chloro-
8a
10
Standard reaction condition: 1 mol % TBD, three equivalents of alcohol
per ester, room temperature in methylene chloride. a5 equivalents of
alcohol no solvent, 150ꢀC.
ꢀ
form as a solvent and heating the reaction mixture to 100 C
alcohols in a synthetically simple manner. Lastly, for alcohol
derivatives that lack complementary solubility with PLA,
such as ethylene glycol, performing the reaction solvent free
at elevated temperatures (150 ꢀC) provided complete depo-
lymerization in 10 min.
The success of this catalyst system with primary alcohols
prompted examination of a wider range of substrates includ-
ing sterically hindered and acidic alcohols (Table 2). Steric
bulk alpha to the alcohol had a significant effect on depoly-
merization kinetics, evidenced by an increase in polymer de-
polymerization time to 30 min for isopropanol (Table 2,
entry 9). Further increasing steric hindrance to tert-butanol
resulted in a complete loss of transesterification activity
even at temperatures up to 150 ꢀC (Table 2, entry 10). The
significant effect of sterics on TBD catalyzed transesterifica-
tion is presumably a consequence of the proposed dual-acti-
SCHEME 2 The depolymerization transition state proposed41,42
for TBD catalyzed transesterification. The crowded intermolecu-
lar assembly and basicity of TBD determines the scope of poly-
mer depolymerization.
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FIGURE 2 1H NMR of reaction mixture after polymer depolymerization with 1 mol % TBD and 3 equiv of ethanol after 3 min show-
ing ethyl lactate and the ethyl lactate dimer as the two exclusive products.
in a closed reactor, TFE was able to depolymerize PLA in 10
min to provide a new fluorinated a-hydroxyester (Table 2,
entry 11). In contrast, the more acidic substrates phenol and
hexafluoroisopropanol displayed no transesterification activity
even at elevated temperatures. To determine if this observed
trend was an acidity effect of phenol as opposed to a conse-
quence of its diminished nucleophilicity compared with pri-
mary alcohols, the difunctional derivative 4-hydroxybenzyl
alcohol was used (Table 2, entry 14). This molecule contains a
sufficiently nucleophilic benzyl alcohol known to work well in
this depolymerization process (Table 1, entry 7) along with an
acidic phenolic proton. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol showed no ac-
tivity for transesterification in this system even at elevated
temperatures, suggesting that the acidic nature of the phenol
deactivates TBD even when a primary alcohol is present.
tion, indicating that commercial IngeoTM polymers are com-
prised of poly(L-lactide). Subsequently, the materials were
depolymerized using benzyl alcohol and the products were
analyzed by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC). Depolymerization of achiral poly (D,L-lactide) into
benzyl lactate showed the expected set of two peaks in a 1:1
ratio corresponding to the R and S enantiomers of the small
molecule. Depolymerization of the commodity samples of
poly(L-lactide), conversely, displayed a drastic stereoenrich-
ment of one enantiomer, providing > 95% S-benzyl lactate.
These results demonstrate that the TBD catalyst does not
significantly racimize the polymer or the resulting lactate
ester during the recycling process. Further, obtaining highly
enantiomerically pure small molecules from commodity poly-
mers has significant implications for the potential uses of
these materials in downstream applications.
Stereodefined lactate esters and oligomers are useful small
molecules and synthetic intermediates in the pharmaceutical
and biomedical fields;26,27,44,45 therefore, to complete our
understanding of the scope of TBD catalyzed PLA recycling,
the stereochemistry of the commercial polymer and the
resulting lactate esters was investigated. Circular dichroism
(CD) was used to determine the stereochemistry of commod-
ity materials obtained from recycled packaging and fiber
resin. Samples of poly(L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide) pur-
chased commercially were used as references. As expected,
poly(L-lactide) displayed a positive response in the CD spec-
tra,46 whereas poly(D,L-lactide) displayed no response. Subse-
quently, both samples of the NatureworksTM IngeoTM poly-
mers were analyzed and displayed identical positive
responses to that of poly(L-lactide) at the same concentra-
In addition to stereochemical purity, it was important to
determine the final product distribution of these depolymer-
ization reactions from a purity standpoint. H NMR spectros-
1
copy of the degradation products after 3 min of reaction of
PLA with ethanol and catalytic TBD at room temperature
showed the presence of two distinct products: ethyl lactate
and the ethyl ester of the lactic acid dimer, hereafter referred
simply as ‘‘dimer’’ (Fig. 2), with no higher order oligomers
detectable. GC confirmed the presence and ratio of these two
products. To further probe the origin of this finding, a time-
dependant study of the ethyl lactate to dimer ratio after
polymer depolymerization was accomplished by independ-
ently varying both the concentration of alcohol and TBD
(Fig. 3). Using 1.0 mol % TBD and three equivalents of
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concentration did not change any of the results in a statisti-
cally significant manner.
TBD is known to have a high turnover frequency (80
sꢂ1 35,36
and that efficiency is displayed in this work by its
)
ability to depolymerize high molecular weight polymers with
over 1000 esters in the backbone in under 2 min at room
temperature. The slow transesterification of the resulting
ethyl lactate dimer, then, was curious. To confirm this result,
isolation of both the ethyl lactate dimer and trimer was
accomplished by depolymerizing PLA while using only 0.5
equivalents of ethanol and 1.0 mol % TBD per ester. The
ability to simply make these higher order lactates from com-
modity PLA is significant, as these molecules are traditionally
difficult to synthesize47,48 and are the basis for pioneering
work out of the Meyer lab on the tunable biodegradability of
polyesters for biomedical applications.44,45,49 The isolated
dimer and trimer were subsequently exposed to the depoly-
merization conditions (3 equivalents of ethanol and 1.0 mol
% TBD to ester) and the product distribution was followed
over time by GC [Fig. 3(B,C)]. The trimer was transesterified
to a 1:1 mixture of ethyl lactate and the dimer immediately
[Fig. 3(C)]. Conversely, when the dimer was exposed to the
same reaction conditions, it showed slow transesterification,
taking over 12 min to produce >90% ethyl lactate [Fig.
3(B)]. These results clearly demonstrate the large decrease
in kinetics of the TBD catalyzed transesterification of the lac-
tate dimer as compared with other lactate ester oligomers.
We postulate that this retardation of activity is a result of
the dimer’s intramolecular alcohol alpha to the ester. This
intramolecular alcohol presumably outcompetes intermolecu-
lar alcohols in hydrogen bonding to the guanidinium nitro-
gen in the proposed transition state for TBD (Scheme 3),
which would considerably hinder the ability of intermolecu-
lar alcohols to be activated for transesterification. Studies
are ongoing to confirm this hypothesis.
FIGURE 3 A: plot displaying the amount of ethyl lactate com-
pared with the amount of ethyl lactate dimer as monitored by
GC after polymer depolymerization. Reactions used 3 equiv of
ethanol and varying loadings of TBD. B and C: GC traces fol-
lowing the reaction of 3 equiv of ethanol and 1 mol % TBD
with the ethyl lactate dimer (B) and trimer (C). Spectra are off-
set for clarity.
To display the generality of the TBD catalyzed depolymeriza-
tion of commodity polyesters, we sought to apply this meth-
odology to the biomedically relevant thermoplastic PG. PG
and PG-co-PLA have been widely investigated for in vivo
alcohol per ester, commodity PLA depolymerized completely
to a mixture of ꢁ1:5 ethyl lactate to dimer in 2 min, with no
higher order oligomers evident by either 1H NMR or GC.
Allowing the reaction to proceed resulted in further break-
down of the dimer to pure ethyl lactate, with >90% ethyl
lactate observed after 10 min. Increasing the concentration
of TBD to 2.5 mol % significantly increased the transesterifi-
cation rate of the dimer, leading to the production of >95%
ethyl lactate in only 2 min. Lastly, decreasing the concentra-
tion of TBD to 0.5% per ester decreased the rate of both
polymer depolymerization and transesterification of the
dimer to ethyl lactate, taking 10 min to depolymerize PLA
into small molecules and an hour to break the dimer to
>90% ethyl lactate. Independently changing the concentra-
tion of ethanol from 1.5 to 3 to 5 equivalents at each catalyst
SCHEME 3 The proposed intramolecular complex that explains
the retardation of transesterification activity for the ethyl lac-
tate dimer. The hydrogen bonding of the intramolecular alco-
hol presumably outcompetes intermolecular alcohols to be
activated for transesterification.
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FIGURE 4 Production of functional monomers from the recycling of either PLA or PG and their subsequent polymerization into
novel materials.
applications including tissue scaffolds and drug delivery
because of their slow degradation and biocompatible degra-
provide rubbery materials with both an alkene and ester in
each monomer repeat unit. In this case, the glycolate and
lactate species showed different thermal properties, with
glass transition temperatures of ꢂ30 C and ꢂ42 C, respec-
tively. As expected, each unsymmetrical monomer displayed
both ‘‘head-to-tail’’ and ‘‘head-to-head’’ coupling, evidenced
by the four distinct olefin peaks in the 13C NMR.
dation byproducts.50–52 Commercial grade PG resin provided
R
by Purac Biomaterials (PURASORBV PG20) was used as a
substrate for recycling studies. Unlike PLA, PG is not soluble
in common organic solvents, making room temperature, ho-
mogeneous depolymerization impossible. Suspending PG
resin in the desiredꢀ alcohol with 1 mol % of TBD per ester
and heating to 120 C in a closed container lead to complete
depolymerization of PG into the corresponding glycolate
ester in only 30 min. Similar to PLA, the recycling of PG was
most efficient with primary alcohols and displayed the same
functional group compatibility to alkenes, alkyl halides, and
other alcohols.
ꢀ
ꢀ
CONCLUSIONS
PLA and PG were efficiently and quantitatively transformed
into value-added small molecules through organocatalytic de-
polymerization of commodity polyesters. The mild reaction
conditions, generality with respect to both alcohol and poly-
ester starting material, and retention of stereochemistry
make this methodology highly applicable in the utilization of
biorenewable chemical feedstocks. The opportunities to
transform waste into valuable chemicals for cosmetics, food
additives, solvents, and the production of new materials con-
tributes to the ultimate goal of reducing industrial reliance
on petrochemical feedstocks.
Although the commercial value of alkyl lactates is well estab-
lished, the access to functional lactate and glycolate esters
through this recycling strategy provides a number of oppor-
tunities in the production of new polymeric materials. The
key to this strategy is the orthogonal nature of the TBD cata-
lyst to various functionalities, which allows the introduction
of polymerizable groups into the lactate or glycolate ester
products during polymer degradation. For example, diol
monomers for condensation type polymerizations were gen-
erated through the depolymerization of either PLA or PG
with ethylene glycol. These diols were successfully con-
densed with succinic anhydride following the procedure of
Xiao et al.53,54 to produce new polyesters with glass transi-
tion temperatures of around ꢂ10 ꢀC (Fig. 4). The only
observable difference in the two polymers was the higher
molecular weight of the glycolate-based material under the
same reaction conditions, which can be attributed to the
higher reactivity of the primary alcohol alpha to the ester as
opposed to the secondary alcohol for the lactate monomer.
To further display the opportunities for this recycling pro-
cess to produce novel monomers, the synthesis of both lac-
tate and glycolate dialkene monomers was accomplished by
polymer depolymerization with allyl alcohol and subsequent
alkylation of the a-alcohol with allyl bromide. These dialkene
monomers were used in acyclic diene methathesis polymer-
ization (ADMET)55 using the reaction conditions of Grubbs
and coworkers56 and underwent facile polymerization to
EXPERIMENTAL
General Methods
PLA for degradation studies was obtained from Nature-
C
worksTM IngeoTM packaging materials from Trader Joe’sV
roma tomatoes or from NatureworksTM IngeoTM fiber resin
provided by Cornfinger, and PG was generously provided by
Purac Biomaterials. Dry methylene chloride, DMF, and THF
was obtained from a dry solvent system.57 Dry chloroform,
1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), NaH, and allyl bro-
mide were purchased from Aldrich and used without further
purification. All alcohol reagents were purchased from
Aldrich, dried over CaH2 and distilled before use. Storage of
compounds and reaction assembly was performed in an inert
atmosphere glovebox. Analytical thin layer chromatography
(TLC) was carried out on Merck silica gel 60 F254 glass
plates and flash column chromatography was performed on
Merck silica gel 60 (70–230 mesh) or on a Biotage SP1 Flash
Purification System using FLASH 40þM cartridges and
FLASH 40þ sample cartridges. 1H and 13C solution-state
NMR were recorded on a Varian VNMRS 600 (600 MHz for
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1H and 150 MHz for 13C) spectrometer. Chemical shifts are
reported relative to residual solvent peaks (d 7.26 for CDCl3
or d 5.32 for CD2Cl2 in 1H NMR and d 77.2 for CDCl3 or d
54.0 for CD2Cl2 in 13C NMR). IR spectra were obtained using
a Thermo-Nicholet Avatar-330 IR spectrometer with single-
bounce attenuated total reflection (Ge crystal) accessory
(Smart MIRacle). GPC was performed in chloroform (with
0.25% triethylamine) on a Waters 2695 Separation Module
equipped with a Waters 2414 Refractive Index Detecter and
a Waters 2996 Photodiode Array Detector. Molecular weights
of polymers were calculated relative to linear polystyrene
standards. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data was
acquired on a TA Instruments Q2000 modulated DSC at a
heating rate of 5 ꢀC/min. Data presented are from the sec-
ond heating after a single cycle from ꢂ75 to 180 ꢀC. Mass
spectral data were collected on a Micromass QTOF2 Quadru-
pole/Time-of-Flight Tandem mass spectrometer. TGA data
was collected on a Mettler 851e TG. Chrial HPLC data was
obtained on a Shimadzu LC-6AD pumps with a 254 nm de-
excess alcohol by distillation provides the desired glycolate
ester typically in >95% yield. Both 2-hydroxyethyl glycolate62
and allyl glycolate63 are known molecules.
General Procedure for Alkylation of a-Hydroxyester with
Allyl Bromide
To a dry 250-mL round-bottom flask equipped with a mag-
netic stir bar was added allyl lactate (1.0 equiv) and dry
ꢀ
THF (50 mL) and cooled to 0 C. NaH (1.5 equiv) was added
in 4 equal aliquots over 10 min, after which the solution
was warmed to room temperature and allowed to stir for 30
min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 ꢀC and allyl bro-
mide (1.2 equiv) was added dropwise. The solution was
warmed to room temperature and stirred an additional 4 h.
The reaction was quenched with 100 mL saturated NH4Cl,
extracted ꢃ3 with 75 mL Et2O, the organic layers were com-
bined and washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, and concen-
trated. The mixture was purified by flash column chromatog-
raphy on silica gel (5% EtOAc:Hex) to yield the desired
product as a clear liquid.
R
tector and employing a ChiralpakV IB column with 5 lM
beads and dimensions of 4.6 ꢃ 250 mm2. A 5% isopropanol
solution in hexane was used as the eluent at a flow rate of 1
mL/min. CD spectra were collected on an Olis Rapid Scan-
ning Monochromator with a 150 W Photon Technology Inter-
national light source. The polymer samples were dissolved in
a solution of acetonitrile at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL.
GC was perforꢀmed on a Shimadzu GC-2014 GC with a heat-
Allyl 2-(Allyloxy)propanoate
1.11 g, 79% yield; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) d 5.90 (m,
2H), 5.25 (m, 4H), 4.62 (m, 2H), 4.02 (q, J ¼ 6.6 Hz, 1H),
3.93 (ddd, J ¼ 5.4, 12.6, and 121 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (d, J ¼ 6.6
HZ, 3H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) d 173.0, 134.2, 132.0,
118.7, 117.8, 74.1, 71.2, 65.5, 18.8; IR: 3093, 2992, 2945,
2890, 1750, 1459, 1378, 1272, 1195, 1137, 1132, 925 cmꢂ1
;
ꢀ
ing rate of 30 C per minute from 40 to 280 C.
HR-MS (TOF-ESI) calcd. for C9H14O3Na [M þ Na]: 193.0841,
Found: [M þ Na]: 193.0824.
General Procedure for Degradation of PLA Using TBD
PLA (300 mg, 4.16 mmol of ester) and desired alcohol (12.5
mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL methylene chloride and TBD
(5.8 mg, 0.0416 mmol) was added to the stirring solution.
The reaction was capped and allowed to stir for the desired
timed, after which excess acid resin was added and the solu-
tion was decanted. Removal of solvent and excess alcohol by
distillation provided the desired lactate ester typically in
>95% yield. Methyl lactate,58 ethyl lactate,58 butyl lactate,58
ethylhexyl lactate,59 allyl lactate,58 2-chloroethyl lactate,60
benzyl lactate,59 2-hydroxyethyl lactate,54 and isopropyl lac-
tate61 are known molecules.
Allyl 2-(Allyloxy)acetate
2.02 g, 51% yield; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) d 5.90 (m,
2H), 5.25 (m, 4H), 4.65 (d, J ¼ 6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.101 (s, 2H),
4.09 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) d 170.24, 133.9,
131.9, 119.0, 118.4, 72.6, 67.3, 65.6; IR 3097, 3001, 2954,
2900, 1755, 1429, 1275, 1195, 1131, 1126, 989, 926 cmꢂ1
;
HR-MS (TOF-ESI) calcd. for C8H12O3Na [M þ Na]: 179.0684,
Found: [M þ Na]: 179.0661.
ADMET Polymerization
ADMET polymerization was accomplished with Grubb’s gen-
eration I catalyst using the procedure of Momcilovic et al.
The polymers were purified by precipitation in 10% MeOH
in Hexane to yield dark oils.
56
ˇ
´
2,2,2-Trifluoro 2-Hydroxypropanoate
1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) d 4.61 (m, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.41
(q, J ¼ 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (d, J ¼ 6.6 Hz, 3H); 19F NMR (564
MHZ, CDCl3) d ꢂ73.98 (t, J ¼ 9 Hz); 13C NMR (150 MHz,
CDCl3) d 174.1, 123.5 (q, J ¼ 270 Hz), 66.7, 61.1 (q, J ¼ 37
Hz), 20.2; IR 3420, 2994, 2929, 2856, 1763, 1671, 1456,
1418, 1283, 1167, 1128, 977, 738 cmꢂ1; MS (TOF-ESI) calcd.
for C5H7F3O3 [M þ Na]: 195.03, found [M þ Na]: 195.04.
Poly(allyl 2-(allyloxy)propanoate
1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) d 5.9–5.7 (AHC¼¼CHACH2AOA),
4.7–4.5 (ACOOACH2A), 4.2–3.8 (AHC¼¼CHACH2AOA
CH(ACH3)ACOOACH2A), 1.5–1.3 (CH2AOACH(ACH3)A
COOA); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) d 172.7, 130.7, 129.3,
128.2, 126.7, 74.3, 69.7, 64.5, 18.7; GPC Mn ¼ 6.5 kg molꢂ1
,
Mw ¼ 9.0 kg molꢂ1, PDI ¼1.39. Tg ¼ ꢂ30 C, Td ¼ 174 C.
ꢀ
ꢀ
General Procedure for Degradation of PG Using TBD
PG (300 mg, 5.17 mmol of ester) was suspended in a solution
of the desired alcohol (15.5 mmol), and TBD (7.2 mg, 0.0517
mmol) in a thick-walled round-bottom flask. The flask was
Poly(allyl 2-(allyloxy)acetate
1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) d 5.9–5.7 (AHC¼¼CHACH2AOA),
4.8–4.6 (ACOOACH2A), 4.2–4.0 (AHC¼¼CHACH2AOA
CH2ACOOACH2A); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) d 170.0,
130.5, 129.5, 128.3, 127.1, 71.3, 71.1, 67.4, 64.5, 64.2; GPC
Mn ¼ 4.7 kg molꢂ1, Mw ¼ 7.0 kg molꢂ1, PDI ¼ 1.49. Tg ¼
ꢀ
sealed with a Teflon stopper and heated at 120 C for 30 min
with magnetic stirring, upon which time all visible solids had
dissolved into a homogeneous solution. The reaction was
quenched by addition of acid resin, decanted, and removal
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢂ42 C, Td ¼ 200 C.
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ꢀ
11 Vink, E. T. H.; Rabago, K. R.; Glassner, D. A.; Springs, B.;
O’Connor, R. P.; Kolstad, J.; Gruber, P. R. Macrmol. Biosci.
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Polymerization of Diols with Succinic Anhydride
Polyester polymerization using 2-hydroxyethyl lactate or gly-
colate was performed by the procedure of Xiao et al. The
polymers were purified by precipitation into MeOH to yield
clear oils.
12 Datta, R.; Henry, M. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2006, 81,
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13 Shen, L.; Worrell, E.; Patel, M. Biofuel Bioprod. Bioref. 2010,
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Poly(2-hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate)
14 Frank, W. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 2011, 55, 865–875.
1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3)
d
5.2–5.0 (AOACH
€
15 Kopinke, F. D.; Remmler, M.; Mackenzie, K.; Moder, M.;
Wachsen, O. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1996, 53, 329–342.
(ACH3)ACOOA), 4.4–4.2 (ACOOACH2ACH2A OOCA), 2.7–
2.5 (AOOCACH2ACH2ACOOA) 1.6–1.4 (AOACH(ACH3)A
COOA); 13C NMR 171.8 (m), 170.1, 68.6, 62.3 (m), 28.6,
16 Fan, Y.; Nishida, H.; Shirai, Y.; Endo, T. Green Chem. 2003,
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16.8; IR 2996, 2975, 1733, 1377, 1152, 1098, 755 cmꢂ1
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GPC Mn ¼ 5.5 kg molꢂ1, Mw ¼ 7.4 kg molꢂ1, PDI ¼ 1.35. Tg
ꢀ
ꢀ
¼ ꢂ9 C, Td ¼ 220 C.
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Poly(2-hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxyacetate)
1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) d 4.8–4.6 (AOACH2ACOOA),
4.4–4.2 (ACOOACH2ACH2AOOCA), 2.8–2.6 (AOOCACH2A
CH2ACOOA); 13C NMR 172.0 (m), 167.5, 62.3 (m), 60.5,
28.6; IR 2971, 1732, 1425, 1391, 1144, 1060 cmꢂ1; GPC Mn
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¼ 11.2 kg molꢂ1, Mw ¼ 19.1 kg molꢂ1, PDI ¼ 1.71. Tg
¼
21 Pirozzi, D.; Greco, G. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006, 22, 444–448.
ꢀ
ꢀ
22 Tsuneizumi, Y.; Kuwahara, M.; Okamoto, K.; Matsumura, S.
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ꢂ10 C, Td ¼ 235 C.
23 Okamoto, K.; Toshima, K.; Matsumura, S. Macromol. Biosci.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
F. A. Leibfarth thanks the National Science Foundation (MRSEC
Program—DMR-1121053, Chemistry Program—CHE-
24 Fan, Y.; Nishida, H.; Mori, T.; Shirai, Y.; Endo, T. Polymer
2004, 45, 1197–1205.
0957492, Graduate Research Fellowship) and the DOD (NDSEG
Fellowship) for financial support. The authors thank Javier
Read de Alaniz and Gesine Veits for assistance with chiral
HPLC. N. Moreno acknowledges the RISE program of the UCSB
MRSEC DMR-1121053 for a summer research fellowship. A. P.
Hawker and J. D. Shand thank the support of Laguna Blanca
High School.
25 Pereira, C. S. M.; Silva, V. M. T. M.; Rodrigues, A. E. Green
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26 Williams, D. H.; Adam, F.; Fenwick, D. R.; Fok-Seang, J.;
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S.; Parkinson, T.; Pickford, C.; Platts, M.; Randall, A.; Stephen-
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