Molecular Weight Engineering in High-Performance Ambipolar Emissive Mesopolymers

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.202105036

Mesopolymers with high solubility, free of structural defects, and negligible batch-to-batch variation open a new avenue for organic optoelectronics. Organic light emitting transistors that combine the functions of organic light-emitting diodes and organic field-effect transistors. However, charge transport ability and light emitting strength are contradictory within one conjugated polymer. Herein, three low-molecular-weight mesopolymers with thienopyrroledione–benzothiadiazole repeating units (meso-TBTF) were obtained. The mesopolymers show strong solid-state emission and high ambipolar carrier mobility. The molecular weights of meso-TBTF can be tuned by polymerization temperature. The mesopolymers have photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of about 50 % in solution and 10 % in solid state. Polymer light emitting diodes of this material are fabricated to explore its potential use in optoelectronic devices.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.202105036

A Journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker
Angewandte
Chemie
International Edition
www.angewandte.org
Accepted Article
Title: Molecular Weight Engineering in High Performance Ambipolar
Emissive Mesopolymers
Authors: Wenping Hu, Xiaofei Guo, Yihan Zhang, Yongxu Hu, Jiaxin
Yang, Yang Li, Zhenjie Ni, and Huanli Dong
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To be cited as: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 10.1002/anie.202105036
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10.1002/anie.202105036
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Molecular Weight Engineering in High Performance Ambipolar
Emissive Mesopolymers
Xiaofei GuoƗ, Yihan ZhangƗ, Yongxu Hu, Jiaxin Yang, Yang Li, Zhenjie Ni,* Huanli Dong* and Wenping Hu*
Abstract: Mesopolymers, with structural defects free, high solubility
and negligible batch-to-batch variation of conjugated polymers,
open a new avenue for organic optoelectronics. For example,
organic light emitting transistors (OLETs) that integrate the
functions of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic field-
effect transistors (OFETs) together, and are promising devices for
next generation display technology and organic electrically pumped
laser. However, in most cases, charge transport ability and light
emitting strength are contradictory within one conjugated polymer.
Therefore, the development of polymeric materials with high carrier
mobility and light emitting ability becomes a key challenge. Herein,
Introduction
Semiconducting polymers can be used in multiple fields[1] such
as organic photovoltaics (OPV),[2] field-effect transistors,[3]
thermoelectricity[4] and light-emitting diodes. Organic light
emitting transistors (OLETs) that integrate electroluminescent
function of OLED and logic function of OFET, are promising
device architecture for next generation display technology and
organic electrically pumped laser.[5] However, in most cases,
charge transport ability and light emitting strength are
contradictory within one conjugated polymer.[6] Therefore, the
development of polymeric materials with high carrier mobility
and light emitting ability becomes a key challenge. Recently,
fruitful results have been achieved by adjusting molecular
packing of emissive small molecules[7] and enhancing
intermolecular charge transfer in emissive polymers,[8] e.g.,
Anthopoulos et al. have achieved a record of 2.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 for
high mobility emissive unipolar polymer.[8a] However, there are
relatively few examples of ambipolar emissive polymers.[9] For
example, commercially available materials F8BT possesses
well balanced ambipolar mobility with high PLQY around 50%,
while OC1C10-PPV possess moderate PLQY with ambipolar
mobility which is tested in asymmetric FET devices. Moreover,
both materials suffer from relatively low charge carrier mobility.
(Scheme 1, for other examples of optoelectronic materials, see
Table S1)
Traditional polymerization methods, such as Suzuki, Stille or
Negishi cross coupling, suffer from complicated monomer
functionalization steps and homo-coupling defects, which may
cause performance degradation. Contrast to traditional
transition metal catalyzed C-C cross coupling polymerization,
direct arylation polymerization (DArP)[10] avoids additional steps
for preparation of organometallic reagents. Recently, we
synthesized mesopolymers with precisely controlled molecular
weights, undetectable structural defects and high ambipolar
mobility by ligand modulated DArP reactions.[11]
three
low
molecular
weighted
mesopolymers
with
thienopyrroledione-benzothiadiazole repeating units (meso-TBTF)
were obtained by direct arylation polymerization of monomers.
Resultant mesopolymers display strong solid state emission and
high ambipolar carrier mobility, making them competitive
candidates for light-emission devices. The molecular weights of
meso-TBTF can be tuned by polymerization temperature, affording
products with molecular weights of 3.8 kDa, 6.7 kDa, and 9.9 kDa
for device characterization. All mesopolymers exhibit undetectable
homo-coupling defects with gradiently-tunable energy levels and
better electrical performance over the corresponding high molecular
weight polymer. It is found that meso-TBTF with molecular weight
of 6.7 kDa has the best electrical performance with an average
mobility of 5.65 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for electrons and 1.50 × 10-2 cm2
V-1 s-1 for holes, which are among the highest ambibipolar
luminescent polymers. In summary, all mesopolymers have
photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of about 50% in
solution and 10% in solid state. Polymer light emitting diodes of this
material are fabricated to explore its potential use in optoelectronic
devices.
[*]
X. Guo[Ɨ], Prof. Dr. W. Hu
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences,
Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University,
Tianjin 300072, China
Among the characteristics that influence the electrical and
optical performance of polymers, molecular weight is one of the
most essential parameters.[12] Research in different fields such
as OFETs,[11, 13] and OPVs[14] has shown that the change of
molecular weight has a great impact on the device performance
of semiconducting polymers and oligomers.[15] Herein, we
carried out molecular weight engineering strategy in
thienopyrroledione (TPD), fluorene and benzothiadiazole (BTz)
based mesopolymers meso-TBTF. Three mesopolymers with
number-average molecular weights of 3.8 kDa, 6.7 kDa, and
9.9 kDa and their corresponding polymer with number-average
molecular weight of 15 kDa were synthesized and
characterized. All mesopolymers exhibit fine-tuned energy
levels with better ambipolar carrier mobility with hole and
electron mobilities up to 1.65 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for holes and
1.10 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for electrons, which is an order-of-
magnitude higher than TBTF polymer. Besides, meso-TBTF
(6.7 kDa) exhibits the best performance, which is among the
E-mail: huwp@tju.edu.cn
Y. Zhang[Ɨ], J. Yang, Prof. Dr. Z. Ni,
School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
E-mail: nizhenjie@ucas.ac.cn
Y. Zhang[Ɨ], J. Yang, Prof. Dr. H. Dong
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
E-mail: dhl522@iccas.ac.cn
Y. Hu
Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University,
Tianjin 300072, China
Prof. Dr. Y. Li
Normal College, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
The authors contributed equally to this work
Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of
the document.
[Ɨ]
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10.1002/anie.202105036
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
RESEARCH ARTICLE
highest in ambipolar luminescent conjugated polymers.
Meanwhile, all mesopolymers emitted light with the
photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of about 50% in
solution and 10% in solid state.
Scheme1. Emissive polymeric materials with field effect mobility in literatures and this work, mobility of OC1C10-PPV was characterized in organic light emitting
transistor with asymmetric architecture.
Results and discussion
synthesized by varying reaction temperature from 70 °C, 90 °C
to 110 °C. Three mesopolymers possess narrow polydispersity
index (PDI) of 1.65, 2.33 and 2.46, respectively.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that all
materials possess good thermo stability with decomposition
temperature over 350 °C (Figure S12).
To synthesize the corresponding polymer, bromination of
monomer TBT and pinacolboration of monomer fluorene was
carried out (Scheme S8 and Scheme S9). After preparing the
new monomers, the corresponding polymer was obtained
through Suzuki coupling. The number average molecular
weight of the polymers was 15 kDa with PDI of 3.1, which is
larger than that of mesopolymers (Figure S13).
We initiate our study by using the highly planner TPD-based
monomer[16]
thienopyrroledione-benzodiathiadiazole-thieno
pyrroledione (TBT) (Scheme S1). To investigate the best DArP
reaction condition,[10a, 17] the TPD monomer was chosen as the
model substrate, instead of the more complicated monomer
TBT. We tested the influence of Pd catalyst, ligand and reaction
temperature (Table 1). We first optimized the Pd catalysts and
ligands that can promote the DArP reactions. Results show that
the combination of an activated Pd catalyst, Herrmann’s
catalyst, and an electron donating ligand, tris(o-
methoxyphenyl)phosphine,
provide the most efficient
To gain insight into structural defects in polymer and
mesopolymers, a difluorene compound diF was synthesized as
the model molecule of the homo-coupling defects. By analysing
1H NMR, 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY) spectra,
chemical structure of diF was confirmed (Figure S7 and Figure
S14). Then the 1H NMR spectra of poly-TBTF and meso-TBTF
were collected to carry out defect analysis (Figure 1b).
Mesopolymers synthesized by DArP possess sharp peaks
without detectable defects from 7.0 to 7.8 ppm. Meanwhile,
poly-TBTF has broad peaks with obvious defect peaks.
polymerization. This might due to the activated catalyst favours
the C-H activation steps and the electron rich metal centre
favours the oxidative addition steps to the electron rich fluorene
system. Moreover, results show that reaction temperature can
also significantly influence reaction yields and molecular
weights.
The desired products were obtained through the
aforementioned DArP conditions with dihexyl-dibromofluorene
and thienopyrroledione-benzodiathiadiazole-thienopyrroledione
segments (Figure 1a). Mesopolymers with number-average
molecular weights of 3.8 kDa, 6.7 kDa, and 9.9 kDa were
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Table 1.Optimization of DArP reaction conditions.
Entry
Catalyst
Ligand
P(o-MeOPh)3
P(o-MeOPh)3
PPh3
T(°C)
110
110
110
110
110
90
Yielda (%)
n. r.b
95%
n. r.
Mw (kDa)
Mn (kDa)
PDI
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pd(PPh3)4
-
33.0
-
-
15.8
-
Pd(dba)3
2.33
-
Herrmann’s catalyst
Herrmann’s catalyst
Herrmann’s catalyst
Herrmann’s catalyst
Herrmann’s catalyst
P(o-tyl)3
6%
3.1
33.1
1.5
-
2.5
20.0
1.3
-
1.28
1.81
1.19
-
P(o-MeOPh)3
P(o-MeOPh)3
P(o-MeOPh)3
98%
18%
n. r.
70
a Yields are measured from CHCl3 extracted after standard Soxhlet extraction. b No reaction
Figure 1.(a) The synthesis of the meso-TBTF and poly-TBTF.(b) 1H NMR in aromatic region of diF(In 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-D2), high temperature 1H NMR in
aromatic region of poly-TBTF and meso-TBTF (100 °C in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-D2).
In order to characterize the optical properties of the materials,
we performed the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (UV-vis)
and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of materials in dilute
chloroform solution and on spin-coated thin film on quartz
substrates, respectively (Figure 2 and Table 2). According to
the UV spectra, redshift in both the absorption peak and
absorption edge from solution and film were observed upon the
increase of molecular weight of TBTF, while poly-TBTF
possesses the highest absorption edge and the narrowest
optical band gap. For mesopolymers, the absorption peaks of
mesopolymers in solution increased from 514 nm for meso-
TBTF-1 to 540 nm for meso-TBTF-3. Similar trend was
observed in thin films, which redshifts from 540 nm to 576 nm.
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10.1002/anie.202105036
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Figure 2. (a) UV-visible absorption and (b) Photoluminescence spectra of polymer and mesopolymers (s = solution in CHCl3, f = spin coated film on quartz). (c)
UPS spectra of polymer and mesopolymers on silicon. (d) TBTF in the optimized structures with the values for the LUMO and HOMO performing 5.23 eV and
5.40eV based on B3LYP/6-31G(d).
Table 2.Summarization of optical properties and energy levels
sol a
film b
sol
film
edge
λabs
(nm)
λabs
(nm)
λem
λem
PLQYsol
(%)
PLQYfilm
(%)
λabs
(nm)
Egc
(eV)
LUMO
(eV)
HOMO
(eV)
TBTF
(nm)
(nm)
Meso-TBTF-1
Meso-TBTF-2
Meso-TBTF-3
Poly-TBTF
514
540
543
510
540
573
576
550
613
618
611
625
628
642
643
660
52
51
40
40
10
9
660.21
653.57
668.12
674.08
1.878
1.897
1.856
1.839
3.916
3.973
4.017
3.904
5.794
5.793
5.867
5.743
9
8
a Materials were dissolved in chloroform to form dilute solution of about concentration of 1×10-5mol/L. b 10mg/mL solution of materials in o-DCB were spin coated
edge
on quartz to form thin films. c Eg= 1240/λabs
.
The luminance peaks of PL spectra for polymer and
mesopolymers with high molecular weight materials also
showed obvious redshift both in solution and thin film, which is
similar to that of the absorption spectra. Moreover, from the
analysis of full width at half maximum (FWHM), all
mesopolymers possess red emission with narrower emission
bands in solution and thin film relative to poly-TBTF (Figure
S15, which is beneficial for light emitting devices with high
colour purity. Besides, absolute PLQY value was tested using
an integrating sphere are listed (Table 2), the luminescent
properties of the polymer and mesopolymers are similar, with
about 50% in solution and nearly 10% in solid state.[18]
In addition, in order to characterize the band structure of the
materials, we combined the results of optical band gap
calculated from absorption spectra and ultraviolet photoelectron
spectroscopy (UPS) spectra (Figure 2c). All polymer and
mesopolymers have similar energy level with low lying LUMO
around −4.0 eV below vacuum and HOMO around 5.8 eV
below vacuum, which matches the need of high performance
ambipolar or n-type semiconductors. (Cyclic Voltammetry test
show similar results. See Figure S17). Furthermore, it was
found that molecular weight can affect band gaps and energy
levels. Meso-TBTF-2 has the widest, while meso-TPTF-3 has
the narrowest band gap among three mesopolymers, with the
band gap of 1.897 eV and 1.856 eV respectively. Besides,
poly-TBTF possess narrower band gap than all the
mesopolymers, reaching a value of 1.839 eV. Meanwhile, with
the increase of molecule weights, the LUMO levels of
mesopolymers and polymer downshifted from 3.916 eV and
3.973 eV to 4.017 eV. These results demonstrate that by
controlling molecular weights, fine tuning of band structure can
be achieved in mesopolymers, which is helpful to construct
ambipolar or n-type optical electronic devices.
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Figure 3. Transfer (top) and output (bottom) curves of TG/BC OFET devices based on (a, e) poly-TBTF, (b, f) meso-TBTF-1, (c, g) meso-TBTF-2 and (d,h)
meso-TBTF-3. Device parameters: channel width/length (W/L) = 10, Ci = 3.5 nF/cm2.
Table3. Optimization of annealing temperature and FET performance of polymer and mesopolymers.
TBTF
Annealing temperature (°C)
μe (10-3 cm2 V-1s-1)
μh (10-3 cm2 V-1s-1)
VT (V)
Ion/ Ioff
as cast
150
0.45
1.14
1.70
3.30
-
+44.0; -
2.6×103; -
0.16
9.55
12.50
+21.8; -28.5
+28.4; -58.7
+30.1;-23.5
3.84×103; 5.39×103
1.52×103; 4.88×102
3.03×103; 2.68×102
Meso-TBTF-1
200
250
1.07×103; 3.29×102
1.52×103; 3.56×102
3.82×101; 1.89×101
Meso-TBTF-2
Meso-TBTF-3
Poly-TBTF
250
250
250
5.65
6.38
0.78
15.00
4.83
1.17
+31.1; -36.6
+30.1; -40.2
+17.7; -35.5
(a) Device parameters: channel width/length (W/L) = 10, Ci = 3.5 nF/cm2.
To evaluate the charge transport performance of the
semiconducting materials, devices with a top-gate/bottom-
contact (TGBC) architecture were fabricated. Firstly, 20 nm
thick gold electrodes with a channel width/length ratio of 10
were patterned on glass substrates by thermal evaporation.
Then in a glove box, o-DCB solutions of materials with a
concentration of 10 mg/mL were spin coated on source-drain
electrodes patterned glass substrates. Then, it was subjected
to thermal annealing at certain temperature. After that, PMMA
insulating layer[19] with the capacitance of 3.5 nF/cm2 was
prepared by spin coating and thermal annealing. Lastly, 150 nm
of patterned aluminum as the gate electrode was deposited on
PMMA insulating layer in vacuum.
temperature increased to 150 °C, the material exhibited
average hole mobility of 1.60 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 and the n-type
performance is also improved by an order of magnitude to 1.14
× 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1. When the material was annealed and treated
at 200 °C, average hole mobility of 1.0 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 and
electron mobility of 1.70 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 was observe. The
annealing temperature of 250 °C produced the most
remarkable performance of the p-type average mobility of 1.25
× 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 and n-type of 3.30 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1. The best
condition was introduced into other polymer and mesopolymers
(Figure 3 and Table 3). Results show that all mesopolymers
have better mobility than poly-TBTF, and mesopolymers
meso-TBTF-2 and meso-TBTF-3 with molecular weights of 6.7
kDa and 9.9 kDa possess the average mobility up to 6.38 × 10-3
cm2 V-1 s-1 for electrons and 1.5 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for holes,
which is one order of magnitude higher than the performance of
poly-TBTF.
We chose meso-TBTF-1 as an example of meso-TBTF, and
tested the charge transporting properties of as cast and
annealed thin films (Table
3
and Figure S19).The
mesopolymer in as cast thin film only showed unipolar electron
mobility of less than 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1. As the annealing
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
10.1002/anie.202105036
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
This result is likely due to the fact that mesopolymers have
lower homo-coupling defect sites than poly-TBTF. Besides,
meso-TBTF-2 with the molecular weight of 6.7 kDa showed the
best hole transporting ability with the average mobility of 5.65 ×
10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for electrons and 1.50 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for holes.
Meso-TBTF-3 with the molecular weight of 9.9 kDa showed the
charge transporting ability with the average hole-electron
mobility both reaching 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1. For meso-TBTF-3 with a
molecular weight of 9.9 kDa, the n-type performance is
enhanced, while the p-type mobility decreases obviously.
Results show that molecular weights influence the properties of
ambipolar emissive mesopolymer mainly in the way that
influencing the balance of electron and hole mobility. With the
increase of molecular weight, n-type mobility of mesopolymer
increases and p-type mobility decreases. This phenomenon
matches the changing trends of band structures characterized
by UPS experiments. In general, several mesopolymers with
various molecular weights of TBTF showed balanced ambipolar
mobility with the the average hole and electron mobility are up to
5.65 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 1.50 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 and the best
performance of hole-electron mobilities are over 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1,
which is the best performance of ambipolar red emissive
conjugated polymers[20] (For comparison of FET performance
between commercially available F8BT and meso-TBTF-2, see
Figure S20 and Table S4).
polymer film has weaker (010) peaks. These results show that
the polymer does not prefer to form a highly crystalized thin film
compared to mesopolymers and all polymer and mesopolymers
prefer to form thin film with face-on orientation.
In order to further demonstrate the electroluminescence
properties of TBTF molecules, OLED devices based on meso-
TBTF-2, which had good photoluminescence efficiency and
charge transporting properties, was fabricated. We chose Indium
Tin Oxide (ITO, 25 nm) and Liq/Al (100 nm) as anode and
cathode, while poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene
sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS, 25 nm) and 2,2’,2"-(1,3,5-benzinetriyl)-
tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole (TPBi, 25 nm) as the hole-
transporting layer and electron-transporting layer, respectively.
The active layer was formed by spin-coating the 10 wt %
solution of TBTF in 4,4’-bis(9-carbazolyl)-1,1’-biphenyl (CBP, 25
nm) (Figure 4a). Figure 4 shows the current density-voltage-
luminance curve and electroluminescence spectrum of the
OLED device. The threshold voltage of the device was 15.1 V,
and the maximum brightness was 296.6 cd m-2. EL spectrum
(Figure 4b) shows that the device exhibited EL with the
maximum wavelength of about 680 nm which is red-shifted and
broadened relative to the PL spectra (618 nm in solution and
642 nm in solid state, Figure 2b). These results show that TBTF
polymer and mesopolymers have the potential of being further
used in optoelectronic devices such as organic light emitting
transistors.[21]
The surface morphology of the films was characterized by
atomic force microscopy (AFM) and two-dimensional grazing
incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction (GIWAXS). Figure S21
shows the AFM bright field images of the material films at device
fabricating conditions. All film samples from mesopolymers show
ultra smooth surfaces with Rq values between 0-0.60 nm, while
polymer films are uneven with the Rq of 0.83 nm. More
specifically, as the annealing temperature increases, the
roughness of the meso-TBTF decreases and the Rq values
decreases from about 0.6 nm at untreated to 0.40 nm at 250 °C,
which shows that annealing is beneficial to the improvement of
device performance and the result is consistent with the
characterization of OFETs. In GIWAXS analysis (Figure S22),all
annealed mesopolymer films showed an obvious (010)
diffraction peaks in out-of-plane direction, while the annealed
Figure 4.(a) The current density-voltage-luminance curve (inner picture:
device structure and energy level of OLED device. Energy levels: ITO −4.8 eV,
PEDOT:PSS HOMO −5.2 eV, LUMO −3.3 eV, TBTF:CBP HOMO −5.8 eV,
LUMO −4.0 eV, TPBI HOMO −6.2 eV, LUMO −2.7 eV, Liq/Al −4.3 eV) and (b)
electroluminescence curve (inner picture: photos of working OLED devices) of
the OLED devices.
Conclusions
Herein we carried out direct arylation polymerization for
ambipolar emissive polymers comprising TPD, fluorene and BTz
units, which possess less homo-coupling structural defects and
better performance over Suzuki-reaction-synthesized polymer.
Meanwhile, molecular weight engineering strategy was carried
out and three mesopolymers with the molecular weight of 3.8
kDa, 6.7 kDa and 9.9 kDa were synthesized and characterized.
Three mesopolymers show similar red emissive properties with
PLQY up to 52 % in solution and 10 % in solid thin film.
Moreover, band structures and energy levels of three
mesopolymers can be finely-tunable, which finally influence the
OFET device performance. The average hole and electron
mobility are up to 5.65 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 1.50 × 10-2 cm2 V-1
s-1 and the best hole and electron mobility are up to 1.10 × 10-2
cm2 V-1 s-1 and 1.65 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for meso-TBTF-2, which is
the best performance in red emissive ambipolar conjugated
polymers. Besides, OLED device fabricating shows excellent
potential in optoelectronic devices for these mesopolymers.
Acknowledge
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and
Technology of China (2017YFA0204503), the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51733004, 21875158,
6
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Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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10.1002/anie.202105036
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Entry for the Table of Contents
Research Article
XiaofeiGuo,
Yihan
Zhang, Yongxu Hu,
Jiaxin Yang, Yang Li,
Zhenjie Ni, Huanli
Dong, Wenping Hu
Molecular
weight
engineering of red-
emissive mesopolymer
with no detectable
homo-coupling
Page No. – Page No.
defects,
fine-tuned
energy level and better
bipolar mobility was
carried out. OFET and
OLED based on the
Molecular
Weight
Engineering in High
Performance
materials
application potential in
optoelectronic devices.
mark
Ambipolar Emissive
Mesopolymers
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
8