Heck reaction catalyzed by Pd/C, in a triphasic - Organic/Aliquat 336/aqueous - solvent system

Article abstract of DOI:10.1039/b406822j

The rate of the Pd/C catalyzed Heck coupling of Ar-I with CH ₂=CH-R is accelerated tenfold by the presence of Aliquat 336 (A336), a well known phase transfer catalyst, and an ionic liquid. Both when conducted in A336 as solvent, and in an isooctane/A336/aqueous triphasic mixture, the Heck reaction of aryl iodides with electron deficient olefins, catalyzed by Pd/C, proceeds with high yields and selectivity. When KOH is used instead of Et₃N, selective formation of the biphenyl rather than the Heck product, is observed. Aryl bromides react more sluggishly, and only the more activated ones undergo the Heck reaction. In the absence of the olefin, aryl halides possessing an electron withdrawing group are reduced to the corresponding Ar-H.

Full text of DOI:10.1039/b406822j

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A R T I C L E
Heck reaction catalyzed by Pd/C, in a triphasic—organic/Aliquat
336/aqueous—solvent system
Alvise Perosa,* Pietro Tundo, Maurizio Selva, Sergei Zinovyev and Alberto Testa
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali dell’Università Ca’Foscari, Consorzio Interuniversitario
Nazionale “la Chimica per l’Ambiente” (INCA), Dorsoduro 2137–30123 Venezia, Italy.
E-mail: alvise@unive.it
Received 6th May 2004, Accepted 9th June 2004
First published as an Advance Article on the web 14th July 2004
The rate of the Pd/C catalyzed Heck coupling of Ar-I with CH2CH-R is accelerated tenfold by the presence of Aliquat
336 (A336), a well known phase transfer catalyst, and an ionic liquid. Both when conducted in A336 as solvent, and in an
isooctane/A336/aqueous triphasic mixture, the Heck reaction of aryl iodides with electron deficient olefins, catalyzed by
Pd/C, proceeds with high yields and selectivity. When KOH is used instead of Et3N, selective formation of the biphenyl
rather than the Heck product, is observed. Aryl bromides react more sluggishly, and only the more activated ones undergo
the Heck reaction. In the absence of the olefin, aryl halides possessing an electron withdrawing group are reduced to the
corresponding Ar-H.
enge inorganic byproducts, and an organic phase that contained
Introduction
the reagents and products; product–byproduct–catalyst separation
could be achieved taking advantage of this triple phase separa-
tion.17 The Heck reaction between aryl iodides and activated olefins
was reported in the ionic liquid [bmim]PF6 with a Pd/C catalyst as
well.18
The Heck reaction has been widely investigated using, in the ma-
jority of cases, a soluble metal complex as the catalyst. Traditional
homogeneous catalysis is very efficient, but requires the use of
solvents (usually organic), the catalyst may need to be complexed/
activated by ligands such as phosphines, catalysts must often be
synthesized, separated from the product, and regenerated at the
end.1 The latter drawback has been addressed in a number of ways,
the most obvious being the use of heterogeneous catalysts or of sys-
tems where the catalyst is immobilized in a separate phase.
Jeffery also noted that the Heck reaction was favoured by phase
transfer catalysts (PTC), such as quaternary ammonium salts.19,20
It therefore appears that the Heck reaction benefits from the pres-
ence of a PTC, either in the form of a PTC or of an ionic liquid.
This paper describes the Pd/C catalyzed Heck reaction con-
ducted in the multiphase (isooctane/water) system, in the presence
of Aliquat 336 (tricaprylmethylammonium chloride, A336), a
liquid PTC. The system is in effect triphasic because when water
is added to an isooctane solution of A336 a third liquid phase of
A336 separates out. When the Pd/C catalyst is added, it goes all to
the A336 phase. A336 can be added in catalytic amounts as well. In
this case, due to the small volume of A336, the third liquid phase
embodies the Pd/C, and the catalyst–A336 ensemble settles at the
organic–aqueous interface. This catalytic system was developed,
in particular, because it promotes the hydrodehalogenation of aryl
halides under mild conditions in the liquid phase (50 °C, and atmo-
spheric pressure of hydrogen).21–26 The A336 layer was shown to
modify catalyst properties such as selectivity and kinetics.27–30
Since this system is highly active and selective for the activation
of aryl halides, the goal was to establish whether the presence of
A336 promotes the heterogeneous Heck reaction as well. Next, to
test it in the multiphase system made by the aqueous/organic sol-
vents, and the heterogeneous catalyst suspended in the A336 phase.
Further, to determine the reactivity of different substrates (aryl
halides and olefins), and the effect of different bases.
Heterogeneous catalysis
Reports on the heterogeneously catalyzed Heck reaction include
the use of Pd/C as catalyst;2–4 of Pd/SiO2;3,4 of Pd–Cu exchanged
clays;5 of palladium grafted on silica;6,7 of a Pd–phosphine catalyst
immobilized in an ethylene glycol film on a silica support;8 of basic
zeolites containing Pd9 and of polymer supported catalysts.10,11 In
some cases it was noted that the active Pd species leached into the
bulk of the solution3,4 or that NMP had to be used as a solvent,2–4
in others the catalysts were developed and prepared ad hoc.5–10
The commonly studied reaction was that of iodobenzenes and
acrylates, to give the corresponding cinnamate. Yields were good
in most cases, at temperatures between 75 and 140 °C. The hetero-
geneous Heck coupling of aryl chlorides, using a Pd containing
silico aluminophosphate-31, was also achieved, at 120 °C in DMA
as solvent.12
Homogeneous catalyst immobilized in ionic liquids
Another solution to the problems of product–catalyst separation,
and of catalyst recovery and regeneration, consists in running the
reaction using a catalyst–solvent system where the homogeneous
catalyst is dissolved in a liquid that (a) allows easy recovery of the
products (and by-products), and (b) to reuse the catalyst–solvent
ensemble. This can be achieved by using a solvent with a negligible
vapour pressure—where the catalyst remains segregated—and from
which the products can be recovered either by distillation, or extrac-
tion, or phase separation. The solvent can be for example a PEG13
or an ionic liquid. Molten salts were shown to be good media for
the Heck reaction as early as 1996, and Pd appeared to be stabilized
under these conditions.14 After that report, others have investigated
the field.15,16
Results and discussion
1
Effect of A336
A screening was done to determine the effect of A336 on the Pd/C
catalyzed coupling reaction of phenyl iodide 1a and ethyl acrylate
2a to yield the Heck product, trans-ethyl cinnamate (3a), in the
presence of Et3N [eqn. (1)]. A mixture of PhI (1 mmol), ethyl
acrylate (1.5 mmol), 5% Pd/C (0.05 mmol Pd), Et3N (1.5 mmol),
and 10 mL of the indicated solvent, was heated at 100 °C under a
nitrogen atmosphere. Aliquat 336, was added in a catalytic amount
(0.3 mmol), and in one case was used as solvent (3 mL). The results
are collected in Table 1, where conversion and yields of each reac-
tion are compared after 1.5 h. No products other than trans-ethyl
cinnamate 3a were detected.
An elegant extension was reported by Earle, Seddon and co-
workers with the use of a triphasic system constituted by an ionic
liquid phase containing the Pd catalyst, a water layer used to scav-
T h i s j o u r n a l i s
©
T h e R o y a l S o c i e t y o f C h e m i s t r y 2 0 0 4
O r g . B i o m o l . C h e m . , 2 0 0 4 , 2 , 2 2 4 9 – 2 2 5 2
2 2 4 9

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Table 1 Effect of A336 on the Heck coupling reaction [eqn. (1)]a
Table 2 Multiphase Heck coupling of Z-C6H4-I with ethyl acrylate
[eqn. (2)]a
Entry
1
X
I
Solvent
None
A336
No
Time/h
3a (%GC)
Products (% GC)
1.5
4.0
0.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
5.5
1.5
5.5
1.5
3.5
50
100
100
10
50
17
40
68
82
55
Entry
Z
A336
Time/h
Conv. (%)
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
I
I
I
I
A336 (3 mL)
i-Octane
i-Octane
Water
Yes
No
Yes
No
1
2
H
H
No
1.5
20
1.5
20
6.0
3.0
20
20
20
20
20
5
17
30
100
13
86
97
83
68
68
99
5
0
0
17
30
94
10
78
80
78
68
68
81
Yes
0
6
0
0
2
5
0
0
5
0
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
p-NO2
p-NO2
p-MeCO Yes
Nob
3
8
15
0
0
0
6
7
I
Water
Yes
Yes
Yesb
Br
A336 (3 mL)
100
p-Cl
Yes
Yes
Yesb
Yes
p-MeO
p-NH2
m-CN
a Reaction conditions: T = 100 °C, N2 atmosphere, Pd/C 5% catalyst
(0.05% mmol Pd), PhX (1.0 mmol), ethyl acrylate (1.5 mmol), Et3N
(1.5 mmol), A336 (0.3 mmol), 10 mL solvent.
13
a Reaction conditions: T = 100 °C, N2 atmosphere, Pd/C 5% catalyst
(0.05% mmol Pd), ZC6H4X (1.0 mmol), EtCOOCHCH2 (1.5 mmol), Et3N
(1.5 mmol), 10 mL isooctane, 5 ml water, A336 (0.30 mmol). b Since the
substrate is insoluble in isooctane, toluene was used in its place.
p-NO2 >> H ≥ m-CN ≥ p-MeCO ≈ p-Cl ≥ p-MeO ≥ p-NH2
(1)
In particular, the fastest coupling was achieved with p-nitro-io-
dobenzene 1d, which yielded 78% of the Heck product 3d, after 3 h
(entry 4). For comparison, withoutA336, the reaction of 1d reached
only 13% conversion after 6 hours (entry 3).
The solventless reaction proceeded to a 100% yield of 3a after
4 hours (entry 1). When A336 was used as a solvent, complete con-
version was reached already after 20 min (entry 2).
Under these conditions, the competitive Ullmann and hydrode-
halogenation reactions were relevant for 1g, which yielded 15%
of acetophenone 5g at near complete conversion (entry 5); and for
m-iodobenzonitrile 1h that afforded 5 and 13% of the Ullmann and
hydrodeiodination products, respectively (entry 9) at full conver-
sion after 20 h.
In all cases however, A336 is crucial for the Heck reaction. Its
presence in catalytic amounts accelerates the reaction by a factor
of 10 (compare entries 1, 2 and 3, 4 of Table 2), a promoting effect
that was already observed also for the hydrodehalogenation reac-
tion.29,30
Iodoarenes with electron withdrawing groups react faster with
respect to ones with electron donating ones; in analogy to what has
already been observed by other authors, this behaviour is presum-
ably due to the stabilization of the “Ar–Pd–X” species formed by
the initial oxidative addition of Ar-X to Pd(0).
The multiphase Heck reaction was conducted with less activated
olefins as well—styrene 2b and acrylonitrile 2c—in the presence of
A336, the results are compiled in Table 3.
Coupling of 1a and 2b produced exclusively stilbene in 46%
yield after 20 h (entry 1). Iodoacetophenone 1g and nitro-iodo-
benezne 1d reacted less selectively: after 5.5 h a mixture of products
was observed in both cases (entries 2 and 3).
Acrylonitrile 2c was quite unreactive with 1a, yielding only
traces of cinnamonitrile (entry 4).
The poorer chemoselectivity observed using less activated ole-
fins was particularly pronounced in the presence of an electron
withdrawing group on the aryl iodide.
Two different solvents, water and isooctane, were explored.
In the presence of catalytic amounts of A336, after 1.5 h, 50 and
68% yield of 3a was obtained using isooctane (entry 4) and water
(entry 6), respectively. In its absence the reaction slowed remark-
ably with both solvents: 10% and 17% yield of 3a was obtained
using isooctane (entry 3) and water (entry 5), respectively.
Using PhBr 1b the Heck reaction in A336 as solvent was com-
plete after 3.5 h at 100 °C (entry 7). With PhCl it was practically
inhibited (not in table).
In all cases, a beneficial effect of A336 on the rate of the Heck
reaction was observed, in analogy to the behaviour already observed
for other PTCs.14–20
Multiphase conditions. The effect ofA336 on the Heck coupling
was then investigated in the multiphase system. A series of reac-
tions was run using different substituted iodobenzenes and different
olefins, a commercial Pd/C catalyst suspended in two immiscible
phases (water and isooctane), and in the presence of triethylamine.
Along with the Heck product (3), the Ullmann coupling product (4),
and the reduced Ar-H (5), were sometimes observed [eqn. (2)]. The
results are shown in Table 2.
In the multiphase system, the Heck coupling of iodobenzene
1a with ethyl acrylate 2a was favoured by the presence of A336.
After 20 h, complete conversion was observed and 3a was obtained
in 94% yield, with only small amounts of Ullmann type coupling
(biphenyl 4a <6%, entry 2). Without A336 the reaction was slug-
gish, and a 15% yield of cinnamate 3a was reached after 20 hours
(entry 1).
In order to investigate the influence of different substituents,
p-methoxy- (1c), p-nitro (1d), p-amino- (1e), p-chloro- (1f), p-
MeCO- (1g), and m-cyano- (1h) substituted iodobenzenes were
made to react with 2a, and in the presence of A336 and Et3N. The
reactivity scale was the following.
2
Chemoselectivity
A degree of competitive Ullmann coupling—known under simi-
lar conditions31—was expected. Rather surprisingly however, the
major selectivity drawback was due to the formation of the product
(2)
2 2 5 0
O r g . B i o m o l . C h e m . , 2 0 0 4 , 2 , 2 2 4 9 – 2 2 5 2

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Table 3 Multiphase Heck coupling of Z-C6H4-I with CH2CHR [eqn. (2)]a
Products (% GC)
Entry
1
Z
R
A336
Y
Time/h
Conv. (%)
3
4
5
H
Ph
1.5
20
5.5
4.5
20
10
46
65
83
2
10
46
45
31
<1
0
5
0
2
3
4
p-MeCO
p-NO2
H
Ph
Ph
CN
Y
15
9
0
Yb
Y
43
1
a Reaction conditions: T = 100 °C, N2 atmosphere, Pd/C 5% catalyst (0.05% mmol Pd), ZC6H4X (1.0 mmol), RCHCH2 (1.5 mmol), Et3N (1.5 mmol), 10 mL
isooctane, 5 ml water, A336 (0.30 mmol). b Since the substrate is insoluble in isooctane, toluene was used in its place.
Table 4 Multiphase Heck coupling of Z-C6H4-Br with ethyl acrylatea
Entry
1
Z
Solvent
Time/h
Conversion (%)
3 (% by GC)
H
A336 (3 mL)
1.5
3.5
20
20
20
55
100
1
98
5
55
100
<1
96
2
3
4
p-MeO
p-NO2
p-Cl
Multiphase
Multiphase*
Multiphase
3
a Reaction conditions: T = 100 °C, N2 atmosphere, Pd/C 5% catalyst (0.05% mmol Pd), ZC6H4Br (1.0 mmol), EtCO2CHCH2 (1.5 mmol), Et3N (1.5 mmol),
10 mL i-octane, 5 ml water, A336 (0.30 mmol). *Since the substrate is insoluble in isooctane, toluene was used in its place.
Table 5 Reaction of Ph-I with ethyl acrylate using different basesa
Products
Entry
Solvent system
Base
Time/h
4
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
A336 solventb
A336 + water solvent
Solventless
Multiphase
Multiphase
KOH
KOH
0.5
1.0
20
44
20
5
50
10
100
—
—
80
—
10
KOH
KOHc
—
NaHCO3 4.5%
K2CO3 10%
50d
30d
Multiphase
20
a Reaction conditions: T = 100 °C, N2 atmosphere, Pd/C 5% catalyst (0.05% mmol Pd), PhI (1.0 mmol), EtCO2CHCH2 (1.5 mmol), 10 mL isooctane, 5 ml
water, A336 (0.30 mmol), KOH (1.5 mmol). b 3 ml ofAliquat 336 were used. c 5 mL 10% aqueous solution KOH (9 mmol KOH) were used. d Reaction becomes
inhibited after 30–40% conversion.
deriving from hydrodehalogenation of the substrate (Table 2, entries
4, 5, 9) to give the hydrodehalogenation products, particularly with
reactive aryl halides.
Heck reaction. This however was not the case. The reaction of aryl
bromides with ethyl acrylate was carried out under the same condi-
tions of Table 2 [eqn. (4)]. The results are reported in Table 4.
To probe the selectivity, the reactions of p-nitroiodobenzene 1d
and p-iodoacetophenone 1g were run under the same conditions of
entries 4 and 5 of Table 2, but without olefin [eqn. (3)]. After 20 h,
1d was converted to p,p′-dinitrobiphenyl 4d (84%) and nitrobenzene
5d (16%); while 1g behaved with opposite chemoselectivity,
providing 12% of 4g and 43% of 5g.
(4)
In the multiphase system, p-nitro-bromobenzene 1k reacted
smoothly to yield the Heck product 3d in 96% yield after 20 h
(Table 4, entry 3). Less activated bromides, such as p-methoxy- 1j,
and p-chloro-bromobenzene 1l, did not react (entries 2, 4).
(3)
The relative stability of the Ar-Pd-I species from compound 1d
may have favoured the Ullmann coupling. Instead, the large amount
of acetophenone formed from compound 1g, might be accounted
for by a photoinitiated radical mechanism.32,33 This hypothesis was
substantiated by the observation that the reaction of 1g [eqn. (3)]
was suppressed in the absence of triethylamine or water. As well
as by the fact that the reaction was inhibited in the presence of air,
where oxygen acts as a radical scavenger.
4
Effect of the base
Typically, triethylamine is the base of choice for the Heck reaction,
but also inorganic bases can be used under aqueous-PTC condi-
tions.34 A preliminary investigation was undertaken, to determine
if under the multiphase conditions the base could be changed to an
advantage.
Three inorganic bases were tested in the reaction of Ph-I 1a with
ethyl acrylate 2a: KOH, NaHCO3, and K2CO3. Some results are
listed in Table 5.
3
Aryl bromides
Iodide produced from the reaction could have been expected to poi-
son the Pd/C catalyst more than bromide and chloride, therefore it
was hoped that Ar-Br and Ar-Cl would react more efficiently in the
In A336 as a solvent, with KOH, the Heck product 3a predomi-
nates (80% after 3 h), although 5% of biphenyl 4a was formed
as well. In water as a solvent, with KOH as the base, only 4a
O r g . B i o m o l . C h e m . , 2 0 0 4 , 2 , 2 2 4 9 – 2 2 5 2
2 2 5 1

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was formed in 50% yield after 1 h. Under solventless conditions
(1a + 2a + Pd/C + KOH), an equal mixture of 3a and 4a (10% of
each) was observed.
Acknowledgements
Consorzio Interuniversitario “la Chimica per l’Ambiente” (INCA:
www.unive.it/inca); and Ministero Affari Esteri, Direzione
Generale per la Promozione Culturale, protocollo d’intesa Italia-
Russia (contributi L. 401/90), are gratefully acknowledged for
financial support.
Remarkably, when KOH was used as the base under multiphase
conditions, the reaction yielded selectively 4a, in quantitative yield
after 44 h. A synergistic effect of base and solvent systems directed
selectivity from the exclusive formation of the Heck derived cin-
namate (with Et3N), to the sole formation of biphenyl (KOH).
Carbonate and bicarbonate in the multiphase conditions favoured
the selective formation of 3a, but the reaction became inhibited after
approximately 30–40% conversion.
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