Bi2O2CO3/TiO2hybrid with 0D/1D nanostructure: design, synthesis and photocatalytic performance

Article abstract of DOI:10.1039/d1nj00281c

Photocatalytic technology is a potential technology to meet energy and environmental requirements. Herein, the solvothermal method was used for the first time to synthesize a Bi₂O₂CO₃/TiO₂hybrid with 0D/1D nanostructure, and the obtained materials were characterized systematically. In the architecture of the composite, Bi₂O₂CO₃quantum dots (QDs) (1.40-1.50 nm) uniformly grew on the surface of TiO₂nanobelts (NBs). The degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation was applied to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the obtained materials. Of them, TB-3 exhibited the best photocatalytic performance, and more than 95.43% RhB was degraded under visible light. The reaction rate constant is 18.51 × 10^?3min^?1, which is nine times larger than that of TiO₂NBs. Moreover, it exhibited remarkable stability and recyclability in a recycling experiment. According to the photoelectric characterization, the excellent performance may be attributed to the construction of a heterojunction and hybrid structure with 0D Bi₂O₂CO₃QDs and 1D TiO₂NBs, which endows the catalyst with faster migration of photo-generated carriers and less recombination of electron/hole pairs. Our work provides a promising method to build novel visible light-driven photocatalysts with a 0D/1D hybrid structure.

Full text of DOI:10.1039/d1nj00281c

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Bi O CO /TiO hybrid with 0D/1D nanostructure:
2
2
3
2
design, synthesis and photocatalytic
Cite this: New J. Chem., 2021,
4
5, 6247
performance†
a
a
abc
a
abc
Yanwei Wang,‡ Jiayi Li,‡ Bowei Wang,
Ligong Chen,
*
Mingming Sun, Xilong Yan,
*
abc
d
abc
Guoyi Bai
and Yang Li
Photocatalytic technology is a potential technology to meet energy and environmental requirements.
Herein, the solvothermal method was used for the first time to synthesize a Bi CO /TiO hybrid with
D/1D nanostructure, and the obtained materials were characterized systematically. In the architecture
of the composite, Bi CO quantum dots (QDs) (1.40–1.50 nm) uniformly grew on the surface of TiO
2
O
2 2
3
2
0
O
2 2
3
nanobelts (NBs). The degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation was applied to
evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the obtained materials. Of them, TB-3 exhibited the best
photocatalytic performance, and more than 95.43% RhB was degraded under visible light. The reaction
À3
À1
rate constant is 18.51 Â 10 min , which is nine times larger than that of TiO
2
NBs. Moreover, it exhibited
Received 18th January 2021,
Accepted 4th March 2021
remarkable stability and recyclability in a recycling experiment. According to the photoelectric characterization,
the excellent performance may be attributed to the construction of a heterojunction and hybrid structure
2 2 3 2
with 0D Bi O CO QDs and 1D TiO NBs, which endows the catalyst with faster migration of photo-
DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00281c
generated carriers and less recombination of electron/hole pairs. Our work provides a promising method
to build novel visible light-driven photocatalysts with a 0D/1D hybrid structure.
rsc.li/njc
Considering the great impact of morphology for nanostructured
1
. Introduction
materials, the adjustment of the morphology for TiO
Water pollution, especially organic contaminants, is a great widespread attention. Among them, 1D TiO nanobelts (NBs) have
hazard to public health and ecosystems, and is a problem that achieved remarkable results due to the advantages
2
has attracted
2
15–19
of larger
1
–3
15
16
urgently needs to be solved. Among various methods to treat surface area, higher migration of carriers in the axial direction
the organic pollutants in wastewater, photocatalytic technology and excellent recyclability. Moreover, the nanobelts can be used
has been carried out extensively as it is sustainable and eco- as a substrate to grow other components and construct hetero-
17
1
–3
14,18,19
20
friendly.
been developed, such as TiO
TiO has attracted significant attention due to chemical in the degradation of MO and MB under UV irradiation. The
So far, many semiconductor photo-catalysts have structures.
In our previous work, a graphene modified TiO
2
4
–9
2
2 2 3 3 4 2
, Bi O CO , C N , MoS , etc.
NB hybrid was synthesized and displayed excellent performance
2
1
0
stability, appropriate band structure and low cost. However, synergistic effect between the two components promotes the
owing to its large band gap and high recombination rate of effective separation of charges. Therefore, the construction of a
1
1
photo-generated carriers, its application is seriously restricted.
hybrid nanostructure is an effective way to construct a hetero-
In order to enhance the photocatalytic performance of TiO , a structure and improve the photocatalytic activity, which has been
2
1
2–14
number of modification methods have been proposed.
proven as an efficient method to prevent the recombination of
14,20
photogenerated electron/hole pairs in semiconductors.
Furthermore, Bi CO as an indirect bandgap semiconductor
has received extensive attention in the field of photocatalysis.
2
O
2
3
a
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University,
6,21–23
Tianjin 300350, China. E-mail: bwwang@tju.edu.cn, liyang777@tju.edu.cn
6
b
2 2 3
In 2010, Cheng et al. reported the synthesis of 3 mm Bi O CO
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin),
Tianjin 300072, China
microflowers via the solution method for degradation of MO under
c
24
Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, China
College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University,
Baoding 071002, P. R. China
UV light. Then, Y. Lian et al. reported the synthesis of Bi O CO /
2
2
3
d
TiO composites, which can efficiently catalyze the degradation of
2
Rhodamine B (RhB) under UV illumination, and it confirmed that
†
Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/
charges can be transferred between Bi
the photocatalytic performance of the material was unsatisfactory
2 2 3 2
O CO and TiO . However,
d1nj00281c
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
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under visible light. To date, although there have been many by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (K-Alpha+ spectrometer,
studies on Bi CO catalysts, all of them were concentrated on ThermoFisher Scientific) with Al Ka radiation. The intermediates
the micron-size Bi O CO whose applications were still limited by were detected with an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromato-
2
O
2
3
2
2
3
poor utilization of visible light and high recombination rate of graphy-Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometer (UPLC-
photo-generated carriers. Quantum dots (QDs) with shorter MS/MS, Xveo TQ-XS) with an electrospray ionization source.
charge-migration distance were frequently used to construct
the hybrid nanostructure. The material with this structure has
2
.4. Photoelectric characterization
achieved excellent photocatalytic performance under visible light
because of the characteristics of large interface area and ultra-
The photocatalytic activities of the obtained materials were
investigated by degradation of RhB under visible irradiation
2
5–27
fast carrier transportation.
(l 4 420 nm) at room temperature. In a typically experiment,
Based on the above, we tried to take advantage of the easy
assembly of TiO2 NBs and ultra-fast charge transport of
Bi O CO QDs to develop a novel Bi O CO /TiO hybrid with
À1
1
2.5 mg material was dispersed in 20.0 mg L RhB (25.0 mL)
aqueous solution. Before irradiation, the suspensions were kept
in the dark for 45 min to establish adsorption/desorption
equilibrium. A 450 W Xe arc lamp (CEL-LAB500E4) with a filter
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
a 0D/1D nanostructure (TB-3). The photocatalytic performance
of the material was investigated by the degradation of RhB
under visible light irradiation. As predicted, the material
exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance. The obtained
materials were characterized systematically. The construction
of 0D Bi O CO QDs and 1D TiO NBs can reduce the band gap,
(l = 420 nm) was applied as a visible light source. 2.5 mL of the
suspension was collected every 0.5 h, and the concentration of
RhB was tested with a UV-visible spectrophotometer (L8 Shanghai
INESA Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd, China) to evaluate the
photocatalytic activity of the material for the degradation of RhB.
In the active species-trapping experiments, 5.0 mM EDTA-2Na,
2
2
3
2
as well as promote ultra-fast charge transfer and efficient
separation, which greatly improved the visible-light-driven
degradation efficiency.
5.0 mM t-BuOH and 5.0 mM BQ were employed as the scavenger
+
ꢀ
ꢀ
À
of holes (h ), hydroxyl radicals ( OH) and electrons ( O ), respec-
2
tively. Under the same conditions of the light reaction experiment,
the active species-trapping experiments were carried out. UV-
vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) were recorded on a PE
Lambda 750 spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere
2
. Experimental section
2.1. Chemicals
Ethanol, titanium(IV) butoxide, acetic acid, lithium acetate dehy- attachment in the range of 200–800 nm and with BaSO used
4
drate, N,N-dimethylformamide, bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as the reflectance standard. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of
(
Bi(NO ) Á5H O), ethylene glycol (EG), sodium sulphate (Na SO ), different materials were obtained by a Fluorolog3 spectrofluorometer
3
3
2
2
4
t-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH), ethylenediamintetraacetic acid diso- (excitation wavelength is 260.0 nm). The electrochemical impedance
dium (EDTA-2Na) and benzoquinone (BQ) were purchased and spectroscopy (EIS) was tested under the amplitude of alternating
used as analytical grade without further purification.
current voltage (AC) of 5.0 mV. Ruthenium–titanium mesh was used
as the auxiliary electrode. The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was
used as the reference electrode, and 0.5 M Na SO aqueous solution
2 4
2.2. Catalyst preparation
was used as the electrolyte solution. The electrochemical measure-
ment was performed on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660D).
TB catalysts were prepared via a solvothermal method. Typically, a
certain amount of Bi(NO ) Á5H O and 96.0 mg TiO NBs prepared
3
3
2
2
28
by a typical preparation process were dispersed in 40.0 mL EG to
form a uniform solution under vigorous stirring. The above
solution was transferred to a Teflon-sealed autoclave and kept at
3
. Results and discussion
180 1C for 6 hours. After being cooled to room temperature, the
product was collected through centrifugation and washed several 3.1. Physical properties of the materials
times with distilled water before freeze drying. According to
3
.1.1. XRD analysis. The crystal structure information was
the masses of Bi(NO ) Á5H O (12.0, 24.0, 36.0, 48.0, 60.0 mg),
3
3
2
examined by XRD measurement. As shown in Fig. 1, the diffraction
peaks of TiO are consistent with those of anatase phase TiO2
the materials were named as TB-1, TB-2, TB-3, TB-4, and TB-5,
respectively.
2
(
PDF#86-1156) and rutile phase TiO
dual crystal phase structure of anatase and rutile.
inherits the diffraction peaks of TiO , confirming that the crystal
X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained with an X-ray phase of TiO was not destroyed during the prepared processing.
2
(PDF#21-1276), indicating the
29–31
The TB-3
2.3. Characterization of materials
2
2
diffractometer (PANalytical X’Pert PRO), employing Cu-Ka radia- In addition, the diffraction peaks at 23.901, 30.301, 32.731, and
tion, the scanning range is 20–801, and the scanning speed is 41 52.241 in TB-3 are contributed by the (121), (161), (002) and (2120)
À1
min . Microstructures and surface morphologies were observed crystal planes of Bi O CO , indicating the successful preparation of
2
2
3
on a Hitachi S-4800 scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Bi O CO . At the same time, the average grain sizes of TiO and
2
2
3
2
JEOL JEM-F200 transmission electron microscope (TEM). BET TB-3 were calculated by the Scherrer formula. Among them, the
surface area data were acquired by a NOVE 2000e (Quanta- average grain sizes of the TiO and TB-3 are 19.67 nm and
chrome). The chemical valence states of materials were detected 21.07 nm, respectively, which indicates that the introduction of
2
6
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subsequent processing cannot destroy the TiO
However, unlike the smooth surface of TiO
2
NB structure.
NBs, TB-3 is
2
presented as narrow belts decorated with many uniform 0D
nanoparticles with diameter less than 10 nm on the surface.
And the lattice spacing of 0.24 nm is attributed to the (201)
crystal plane of Bi
dispersed on the surface of the nanobelts were Bi
Furthermore, typical electron diffraction patterns of TiO
Bi CO
2 2 3
O CO , which proves that the nanoparticles
2
O
2
CO
3
.
2
and
2
O
2
3
are discovered in TB-3 shown in Fig. 2e. Within the
elected area (inserted image in Fig. 2e), the diffraction spots
belonging to the (110) and (220) planes of anatase phase, the
(101) plane of rutile phase and the (382) and (2120) planes of
Bi O CO are found. Moreover, the elemental mapping of Bi in
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of TiO
2
and TB-3.
2
2
3
TB-3 (Fig. 2f) coincides with the nanoparticles with a typical
diameter of 1.40–1.50 nm, further indicating that the Bi CO
TiO hybrid with a 0D/1D nanostructure was successfully
constructed as expected.
.1.3. BET analysis. The porous structure and specific surface
area of TiO NBs and TB-3 were analysed by N adsorption–desorp-
2
O
2
3
/
Bi
catalyst.
.1.2. SEM, TEM, STEM, SAE and EDX analysis. To explore
the morphology and microstructure of materials, SEM and
HRTEM were employed. As revealed in Fig. 2a, TiO presents
as uniform strip-like structure. And as the HRTEM image shows
2 2 3
O CO QDs slightly increases the average grain size of the
2
3
3
2
2
2
tion measurement, and the results are shown in Fig. 3. For TiO
2
2
À1
NBs, the BET specific area is 83.36 m
2.65 nm, and the isotherm of TiO
pattern. By contrast, TB-3 has a larger surface area (121.49 m g
g
, the pore size is
3
2
in Fig. 2c, TiO
of 6.9 nm and the length of 200.0 nm. Its lattice spacings of
.32 nm and 0.35 nm are well assigned to the (110) crystal plane
of rutile and the (101) crystal plane of anatase, respectively. The
2
presents as smooth nanobelts with the width
1
2
NBs belongs to the type V
2
À1
)
0
and the pore size is 12.24 nm. Meanwhile, for TB-3, the isotherm is
close to the type V pattern with H3-type hysteresis loops, which is
clear dual-crystalline structure of TiO NBs is consistent with
2
almost the same as TiO NBs. There is a negligible peak in the
2
the XRD result. Meanwhile, according to Fig. 2b and the lattice
spacings in Fig. 2d, TB-3 obviously inherits the strip-like
morphology and dual-crystalline structure, which proves that the
pore-size distribution curves which can be derived from the
3
3
pores between the aggregated nanobelts, and no mesopores
appear on the nanobelts of TB-3. QDs with a larger surface area
show excellent photocatalytic activity, and thus the introduction of
34
Bi
2
O
3
2
CO
.1.4. XPS analysis. The surface composition and chemical
states of TB-3 were characterized by XPS. In the full-scan XPS
Fig. 4a), it is determined that TB-3 is composed of Bi, C, O and
3
QDs may be beneficial to improve the photoactivity.
(
Ti. The XPS spectrum of Ti 2p in Fig. 4b shows two broad peaks
with binding energy of 458.50 eV and 464.30 eV, which are
4+
assigned to Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 of Ti respectively. As shown in
Fig. 4c, the XPS spectrum of Bi 4f exhibits two XPS peaks located at
3
+
1
58.74 eV and 164.07 eV, which are contributed by Bi 4f7/2 and
3+
Bi 4f5/2 respectively. The O 1s spectrum (in Fig. 4d) can be fitted
with four typical peaks, which are ascribed to adsorbed H
532.40 eV), Bi–O bands (529.50 eV), Ti–O bands (529.90 eV)
and carbonate species (531.30 eV), and the existence of Bi–O
bands and carbonate species proves the existence of Bi O CO .
2
O
35
36
36
(
35
2
2
3
Fig. 2 SEM images of (a) TiO
and (d) TB-3. (e) TEM image of TB-3 and the corresponding SAED pattern.
f) STEM image with size distribution and the corresponding mapping of TB-3.
2 2
and (b) TB-3. HRTEM images of (c) TiO
Fig. 3 (a) N
curves.
2
adsorption–desorption isotherms. (b) The pore-size distribution
(
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Fig. 6 (a) UV-vis-DRS and plot of Kubelka–Munk function versus energy of
TiO
2
NBs and TB-3. (b) Transient photocurrent responses of TiO
2
NBs and
Fig. 4 (a) The full-scan XPS spectra for TB-3. XPS spectra of (b) Ti 2p, (c) O 1s
TB-3. (c) PL spectra of TiO
2
NBs and TB-3. (d) EIS of TiO NBs and TB-3.
2
and (d) Bi 4f for TB-3.
3
7
3
.1.5. FT-IR spectra. Fig. 5 shows FT-IR spectra of TiO
2
and interfacial interaction between the two components. Then, the
NBs and TB-3 are
À1
TB-3. The peaks at 3422 and 1629 cm can be ascribed to the transient photocurrent responses of TiO
2
stretching and deformation vibration of O–H. Notably, as determined to evaluate the separation of photogenerated elec-
shown in the detailed pattern, compared with typical TiO tron/hole pairs (Fig. 6b). Compared with TiO NBs, stronger
bands, the new stretches at 1454 and 1097 cm in TB-3 are optical flow intensity of TB-3 may be attributed to the introduc-
2
2
-
1
3
8
2 2 3
contributed to the asymmetric vibration and the symmetric tion of Bi O CO QDs with an ultra-fast carrier transport ability.
-
1
stretching mode of the carbonate, and the peak at 1125 cm is Furthermore, the PL spectra were measured to investigate the
the characteristic peak of the synergistic vibrational effect of recombination of the photo-generated carriers of the material. As
C–Bi and Bi–O–Bi bonds. These stretches prove the formation shown in Fig. 6c, the lower intensity of the curve indicates that the
of Bi
2
O
2
CO
3
.
recombination of photo-generated holes and electrons is inhib-
ited in TB-3. The EIS was also performed to investigate the
3
.2. Photoelectric performance of the samples
The UV-vis-DRS of TiO NBs and TB-3 was recorded. As displayed
in Fig. 6a, due to the dual-crystalline structure of TiO NBs, there
2
photoelectron transfer. Compared with 1D TiO NBs, the smaller
semicircle arc of the TB-3 sample is observed in Fig. 6d, implying
that TB-3 successfully decreases the charge-transfer resistance.
This may be caused by the reason that Bi O CO QDs acting as
2
2
2
9–31
2
2
3
is a faint absorption in the TiO NBs around 400 nm.
contrast, TB-3 shows an obvious absorption in the range from
By
2
excellent electron acceptors with shorter charge-migration dis-
39
tance are beneficial for charge transfer and separation in TB-3.
200—to 800 nm, which may be due to the introduction of
3
7
RhB was used as a typical organic pollutant to evaluate the
photocatalytic performance of the synthesized materials under
visible light irradiation. As shown in Fig. 7a, the concentration
of RhB remains almost changeless after 2.5 hour under visible
light irradiation without any catalyst (Blank), which proves the
stability of RhB. Under the same conditions, TB-3 exhibits
excellent degradation efficiencies of 95.34% compared with
Bi
O CO
2 2 3
QDs. According to the transformed Kubelka–Munk
NBs is 3.01 eV (inserted image in
Fig. 6a). Meanwhile, the band gap of TB-3 is 2.91 eV, much
smaller than that of TiO NBs. This may be ascribed to the
function, the band gap of TiO
2
2
2
pure TiO NBs (28.77%). Considering that the photocatalytic
degradation process of RhB followed the quasi-first order
reaction kinetics, the reaction rate constant (K) was calculated
and displayed in Fig. 7b. Thereinto, the largest K belongs to
À3
À1
TB-3 (K = 18.51 Â 10 min ), which is nine times larger than
that of TiO NBs. Obviously, the introduction of Bi CO QDs
2
2
O
2
3
significantly improves the photocatalytic activity of TB-3 under
visible light. According to the characterization results, we
speculate that the combination of 0D Bi
TiO NBs plays an important role in facilitating the photode-
gradation of RhB, and TB-3 possesses a narrower band gap.
Furthermore, charges can be transferred from TiO NBs to
2 2 3
O CO QDs and 1D
2
4
0
2
Fig. 5 FT-IR spectra of TiO and TB-3, and the corresponding enlarged
details of the FT-IR spectra.
2
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Fig. 8 The temporal UV-visible adsorption spectral change of the RhB at
different times.
process is summarized in Fig. S5 (ESI†). The degradation
Fig. 7 (a) Photocatalytic activities of blank, TiO
2
NBs and TB-3 under process of RhB is the gradual removal of ethyl groups and the
visible light irradiation. (b) Plot of ln(C
0
/C) versus time. (c) Results of active
continued mineralization. As shown in the 150 minute UPLC-
MS/MS spectrum, there are no by-product peaks except for a
negligible peak of m/z = 331 (Rhodamine), which indicates that
7,37 most of the RhB is successfully transformed into CO and H O
species-trapping experiments. (d) Recycling experiment of TB-3.
2
2
2
Bi
2
O
2
CO
3
QDs, which facilitates the separation of carriers.
CO QDs have smaller size and shorter
in the photocatalytic process over TB-3.
.3.2. Photocatalysis mechanism. Based on the mentioned
experiments and characterization, a possible reaction mechanism
is proposed in Fig. 9. The combination of 0D Bi CO QDs and
In addition, as the Bi
2
O
2
3
3
charge-migration distance, carriers are more likely to conduct
ultra-fast transfer. Therefore, the recombination of photo-
generated holes and electrons is reduced, which is also con-
O
2 2
3
2
1
1D TiO NBs reduces the band gap and improves the utilization of
2
sistent with the PL spectrum. Moreover, the introduction of
Bi O CO QDs also increases the surface area of TB materials,
visible light. When TB-3 is irradiated by visible light, the excited
2
2
3
À
e
is transferred from the valence band (VB) to the conduction
which is beneficial for light adsorption and mass transfer. Com-
pared with other TB samples, TB-3 exhibits the best photocatalytic
activity (image in Fig. S1 and S2, ESI†), which may be due to the
higher crystallinity and better carrier-transport capability of
+
band (CB), leaving h with high oxidative activity on the VB. Part of
the h directly reacts with RhB into CO and H O. Some of the
holes are captured by water molecules to generate OH, which is
one of the main active species to degrade RhB. Furthermore, the
+
2
2
ꢀ
41
2 2 3
Bi O CO QDs.
2 2 3
introduced Bi O CO endows the hybrid with faster electron
To explore the main active species in the degradation
transport rate and less recombination of charges. The QD archi-
tecture generated on the surface of 1D NBs acts as an electron
acceptor and reservoir. The electrons can easily transfer from 1D
TiO NBs to Bi O CO QDs, which facilitates the separation of the
photo-generated carriers and further improves the photocatalytic
activity.
process of RhB, different scavengers were employed. As shown
in Fig. 7c, when BQ was added to the reaction system, there is
no obvious drop in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. How-
ever, with the addition of EDTA-2Na and t-BuOH, the degradation
efficiency decreases visibly, which implies that h and OH are the
main active species to degrade RhB in the reaction system.
In order to study the stability and reusability of TB-3, recycling
experiments were carried out. As displayed in Fig. 7d, the photo-
degradation activity of TB-3 does not drop obviously in six cycles,
illustrating the excellent recyclability. The XRD pattern and STEM
image of recycled TB-3 (Fig. S3, ESI†) display similar to those of a
fresh sample. These results fully demonstrated that TB-3 is
extremely robust.
2
2
2
3
+
ꢀ
3.3. Mechanism research
3.3.1. Pollutant degradation mechanism. Temporal UV-visible
adsorption spectral change was used to explore the photo-
degradation process of RhB, and the result is shown in Fig. 8.
After 150 minutes of visible light irradiation, the absorption
peak of the solution gradually blue-shifts from 554 to 498 nm,
which is caused by the N-deethylation of RhB during the
4
2
photocatalytic degradation. According to the UPLC-MS/MS
Fig. 9 Schematic illustration for the photocatalytic mechanism over the
spectrum (Fig. S4, ESI†), a schematic diagram of the reaction TB-3.
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4
. Conclusions
6 H. Cheng, B. Huang, K. Yang, Z. Wang, X. Qin, X. Zhang and
Y. Dai, ChemPhysChem, 2010, 11, 2167–2173.
2 2 3 2
Herein, a novel Bi O CO /TiO hybrid with 0D/1D nanostructure
7
8
9
Z. Dong, L. Zhang, J. Gong and Q. Zhao, Chem. Eng. J., 2021,
03.
Q. Tang, R. Niu and J. Gong, New J. Chem., 2020, 44,
7405–17412.
M. Sadeghi, S. Farhadi and A. Zabardasti, New J. Chem.,
020, 44, 20878–20894.
was successfully developed via a simple solvothermal method.
It was verified by XRD and TEM that Bi CO QDs with a
diameter of 1.4–1.5 nm uniformly grew on the surface of 1D
TiO NBs. The materials exhibit excellent photocatalytic perfor-
mance on the degradation of RhB. Among them, TB-3 shows the
best performance, achieving 95.34% degradation efficiency within
4
2
O
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
0 A. Fujishima and K. Honda, Nature, 1972, 238, 37–38.
1 C. M. Teh and A. R. Mohamed, J. Alloys Compd., 2011, 509,
À3
À1
1
50 minutes. And the K is 18.51 Â 10 min , which is nine
times larger than that of the TiO NBs. The preeminent perfor-
mance may be attributed to the successful introduction of
Bi CO QDs, which endows the material with more utilization
of visible light, faster electronic transport rate and less recombi-
2
1648–1660.
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