8
H. Zhang et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 517 (2012) 1–8
particle size of samples ranged from 100 nm to 300 nm. The MnO2
synthesized under optimum conditions (sample C) shows a specific
capacitance 178 F/g at the current density of 500 mA/g, which is
higher than the MnO2 synthesized without surfactant (sample A) by
41.3%. The BET surface area of the optimized sample is 229.8 m2/g,
which is larger than sample A by 28.8%. The MnO2 synthesized
under optimum conditions also has a good rate capability. The BET
surface area and SEM images of material indicate that the surfac-
tant introduced in the preparation process of MnO2 can reduce the
agglomeration of manganese dioxide particles, make it distributed
more evenly and increase the BET surface area of sample. These
results indicate that surfactant CTAB can improve the electrochemi-
cal performance of MnO2 electrode, and an optimum concentration
for CTAB does exist. The CTAB residue makes the specific capaci-
tance of material decrease slightly, and may not necessary need to
be washed.
[12] S.R. Segal, S.L. Suib, L. Foland, Chem. Mater. 9 (1997) 2526.
[13] Y. Li, H.Q. Xie, J.F. Wang, L.F. Chen, Mater. Lett. C5 (2011) 403.
[14] J.H. Zhou, Y.J. Ji, J.P. He, C.X. Zhang, G.W. Zhao, Microporous Mesoporous Mater.
114 (2008) 424.
[15] R.R. Jiang, T. Huang, J.L. Liu, J.H. Zhuang, A.S. Yu, Electrochim. Acta 54 (2009)
3047.
[16] T. Zhao, H. Jiang, J. Ma, J. Power Sources 196 (2011) 860.
[17] M.S. Wu, M.J. Wang, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 6968.
[18] B. Senthilkumar, P. Thenamirtham, R. Kalai Selvan, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 (2011)
9063.
[19] Z.A. Zhang, B.C. Yang, J. Funct. Mater. Devices 11 (2005) 58 (in Chinese).
[20] J.P. Zheng, P.J. Cygan, T.R. Jow, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) 2699.
[21] B.C. Yang, Z.A. Zhang, Electron. Compon. Mater. 24 (2005) 33 (in Chinese).
[22] L.S. Suib, Acc. Chem. Res. 41 (2008) 479.
[23] D.L. Fang, B.C. Wu, A.Q. Mao, Y. Yan, C.H. Zheng, J. Alloys Compd. 507 (2010)
526.
[24] Z.H. Ai, L.Z. Zhang, F.H. Kong, H. Liu, W.T. Xing, J.R. Qiu, Mater. Chem. Phys. 118
(2008) 162.
[25] M.V. Ananth, S. Pethkar, K. Dakshinamurthi, J. Power Sources 75 (1998)
278.
[26] Y. Zhang, H. Feng, X.B. Wu, L.Z. Wang, A.Q. Zhang, T.C. Xia, Int. J. Hydrogen
Energy 34 (2009) 4889.
[27] P. Sharma, T.S. Bhatti, Energy Convers. Manage 51 (2010) 2901.
[28] C.Y. Chen, S.C. Wang, C.Y. Lin, F.S. Chen, C.K. Lin, Ceram. Int. 35 (2009)
3469.
[29] Q.T. Qu, P. Zhang, B. Wang, Y.H. Chen, S. Tian, Y.P. Wu, R. Holze, J. Phys. Chem.
C 113 (2009) 14020.
[30] G. Zhu, H.J. Li, L.J. Deng, Z.H. Liu, Mater. Lett. 64 (2010) 1763.
[31] Q.X. Zha, An Introduction to Dynamics in Electrode Process, First ed., Science
Press, Beijing, 2005, pp. 32–33, (in Chinese).
[32] C.N. Cao, J.Q. Zhang, An Introduction to Electrochemical Impedance Spec-
troscopy, First ed., Science Press, Beijing, 2002, pp. 68–92, (in Chinese).
[33] M. Ghaemi, F. Ataherian, A. Zolfaghari, S.M. Jafari, Electrochim. Acta 53 (2008)
4607.
References
[1] M. Conte, Fuel 10 (2010) 806.
[2] H.Y. Lee, J.B. Goodenough, J. Solid State Chem. 144 (1999) 220.
[3] J.J. Jow, H.J. Lee, H.R. Chen, M.S. Wu, T.Y. Wei, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 2625.
[4] K.W. Nam, E.S. Lee, J.H. Kim, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152 (2005) A2123.
[5] C. Lin, J.A. Ritter, B.N. Popov, J. Electrochem. Soc. 145 (1998) 4097.
[6] M.S. Wu, P.C. Julia, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 7 (2004) A123.
[7] C.J. Xu, F.Y. Kang, B.H. Li, H.D. Du, J. Mater. Res. 25 (2010) 1421.
[8] P. Staiti, F. Lufrano, Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010) 7436.
[9] O.A. Vargas, A. Caballero, L. Hernán, J. Morales, J. Power Sources 196 (2011)
3350.
[10] D.P. Dubal, D.S. Dhawale, R.R. Salunkhe, V.J. Fulari, C.D. Lokhande, J. Alloys
Compd. 497 (2010) 166.
[11] Y.C. Chen, Z.Y. Duan, Y.L. Min, M.W. Shao, Y.G. Zhao, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron.
22 (2011) 1162.
[34] S.F. Chin, S.C. Pang, M.A. Anderson, Mater. Lett. 64 (2010) 2670.
[35] L.L. Dai, R. Sharma, C.Y. Wu, Langmuir 21 (2005) 2641.
[36] J.K. Sakata, A.D. Dwoskin, J.L. Vigorita, E.M. Spain, J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005)
138.