Novel metal-organic framework based on cubic and trisoctahedral supermolecular building blocks: Topological analysis and photoluminescent property

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/cg3002866

A novel supermolecular building blocks (SBBs) based metal-organic framework (MOF), with formula [Zn₇(TMBHB)₂?2NO ₃?5DMF?4CH₃CH₂OH?6H ₂O]_n (SDU-1), was constructed from C₃

Full text of DOI:10.1021/cg3002866

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Novel Metal−Organic Framework Based on Cubic and Trisoctahedral
Supermolecular Building Blocks: Topological Analysis and
Photoluminescent Property
Xiaoliang Zhao,† Xiaoyang Wang,† Suna Wang,‡ Jianmin Dou,‡ Peipei Cui,† Zhen Chen,† Di Sun,*,†
Xingpo Wang,† and Daofeng Sun*,†
†Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong
University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
‡Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
S
* Supporting Information
ABSTRACT: A novel supermolecular building blocks (SBBs)
based metal−organic framework (MOF), with formula
[Zn7(TMBHB)2·2NO3·5DMF·4CH3CH2OH·6H2O]n (SDU-1),
was constructed from C3-symmetric trimethyl substituted
3,3′,3″,5,5′,5″-benzene-1,3,5-triylhexabenzoic acid (H6TMBHB).
Notably, the SDU-1 consists of two kinds of rare secondary
building units (SBUs), [Zn2(COO)3] and [Zn2(COO)4], which are
linked by TMBHB to form cubic and trisoctahedral SBBs,
respectively. TOPOS software analysis of SDU-1 indicates that
two alternative simplifications based on different SBBs can produce
(3,24)-connected rht or (4,12)-connected ftw topologies. Compared with a recently reported Zn-BHB (H6BHB = 3,3′,3″,5,5′,5″-
benzene-1,3,5-triylhexabenzoic acid) MOF, the structural dissimilarity between them was caused by the steric hindrance of three
methyl groups, which makes three isophthalate units on TMBHB nearly perpendicular to the central phenyl ring, giving TMBHB
a nonplanar conformation. The photoluminescence behavior of SDU-1 was also discussed.
organic ligand has a significant effect on the topologies of the
final structure.9 Hence, interesting MOFs with novel topologies
could be achieved by applying nonplanar methyl-substituted
terephthalic acid or 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, such as, 2,3,5,6-
tetramethylterephthalic acid or 2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3,5-
tricarboxylic acid, which can be synthesized through the
introduction of an methyl group in the carbon atoms beside
the carboxylate groups.10 The carboxylate groups can rotate to
form a large dihedral angle with respect to the central phenyl
ring when they coordinate to metal ions in bidentate bridging
coordination mode.
On the other hand, extension of ligand has been recognized
as an efficient method toward the enhancement of the gas-
uptake capabilities of MOFs.11 However, increasing the surface
area by larger ligands often leads to the interpenetration or self-
interpenetration, which could be effectively alleviated by
introduction of steric hindrance organic groups on linkers.7c
On the basis of the above-mentioned points and our previous
work, we extend our previously used 2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-
1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid to trimethyl substituted 3,3′,3″,5,5′,5″-
benzene-1,3,5-triylhexabenzoic acid (H6TMBHB), and con-
structed a novel MOF (SDU-1) based on cubic and rare
orous metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) based upon
Pcombinations of metal centers and polydentate bridging
ligands have attracted unparalleled attention in the past 20
years due to their appealing structural diversities and potential
applications, such as gas storage and separation, luminescence,
catalysis, drug delivery, and chemical sensing.1 However, how
to rationally realize the preferred structures with specific
functionalities still remains a fundamental scientific challenge
due to a number of factors that can influence the construction
of MOFs.2 Therefore, much effort should be continuously
devoted to the design and controlled synthesis of porous
MOFs. As we know, the supermolecular building blocks (SBBs)
route has recently appeared as an effective strategy to design
and construct porous MOFs with tailorable network topologies
as well as pore size and surface characteristics.3 With this
synthetic strategy, a huge number of porous MOFs have been
prepared and characterized.4 An elegant example is the ZnII
benzenedicarboxylate MOF-5 based on the well-accepted
[Zn4(O)(COO)6] secondary building unit (SBU) showing
high BET (Brunauer−Emmet−Teller) surface area and unusual
stability.5 The strongest advantage of the SBB route mainly
stems from the predesigned carboxylate ligands.6 Although pure
carboxylate ligands have been extensively studied,7 less methyl-
substituted nonplanar polycarboxylate ligands were found to
possess promising coordination chemistry for the synthesis of
MOFs.8 As indicated by our previous work, the planarity of the
Received: February 27, 2012
Revised: April 24, 2012
Published: April 26, 2012
© 2012 American Chemical Society
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dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg3002866 | Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 2736−2739

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Crystal Growth & Design
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trisoctahedron, in which two kinds of rare SBUs, [Zn2(COO)3]
and [Zn2(COO)4], were observed. TOPOS software analysis of
SDU-1 indicates that two alternative simplifications based on
different SBBs can produce (4,12)-connected ftw or (3,24)-
connected rht topologies.
Ligand H6TMBHB was synthesized using Suzuki reaction of
dimethyl 5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolyl)isophthalate
and 1,3,5,-trimethyl-2,4,6-tribromobenzene (Scheme 1 and
a
Scheme 1. Synthetic Procedures of the H6TMBHB
Figure 1. Ball-and-stick representation of [Zn2(COO)4] (a) and
[Zn2(COO)3] (b) SBUs in 1. Polyhedral representation of
trisoctahedral (c) and cubic (d) SBBs.
most widely recognized polyhedra are tetrahedron, cube,
octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron, which are
constructed from one type of regular polygon and belong to
the Platonic solids.14 Another common class of polyhedra
closely associated to Platonic solids are the Archimedean solids,
which contain no less than two kinds of polygons in each
Archimedean polyhedron.15 However, there are two different
polyhedra, namely, cube and trisoctahedron in SDU-1, and the
latter one belongs to the class convex polyhedron, being very
rare in SBB-based MOFs.
An appealing structural feature of SDU-1 is that the 3D
framework can be alternatively simplified to two different
networks with high-connected topologies based on different
SBB nodes. First, taking the [Zn2(COO)3] SBU as a 3-
connected node (Figure 2a), each trisoctahedral SBB (Figure
2b) is extended by 24 [Zn2(COO)3] SBUs to form the
a
(a) NaNO2, 2M HCl, KI; (b) triethylamine, PdCl2(dppf), CH3CN,
4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane; (c) Pd(PPh3)4, K3PO4, 1,4-
dioxane, 1,3,5,-trimethyl-2,4,6-tribromobenzene; (d) 10 M NaOH,
MeOH, tetrahydrofuran, 2 M HCl.
Supporting Information (SI)). Colorless polyhedral crystals of
SDU-1 were synthesized by solvothermal reaction of Zn-
(NO3)2·6H2O and H6TMBHB in the presence of 0.05 mL of
HBF4 in DMF−EtOH−H2O (1 mL, v/v/v = 1:1:1, sealed tube,
90 °C). The phase purity is sustained by the powder X-ray
diffraction patterns (Figure S1 in the SI). For SDU-1, most
peak positions of the simulated and experimental patterns are in
good agreement with each other. The dissimilarities in intensity
may be due to the preferred orientation of the crystalline
powder samples. The solid FT-IR spectra (Figure S2 in the SI)
of SDU-1 show characteristic absorption bands for carboxyl
groups.12
The crystal structure of SDU-1 was determined by single-
crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (see SI). SDU-1 crystallizes in
the cubic space group Fm3m with a = 38.5910(8) Å and is a
̅
cationic 3D framework. In the asymmetric unit, there are four
crystallographically independent ZnII ions with three different
coordination environments. As shown in Figure 1a, both Zn1
and Zn2 locate in a distorted square pyramidal coordination
geometry and are linked by four carboxyl groups to form a
paddle-wheel [Zn2(COO)4] SBU. Zn3 and Zn4 are coordi-
nated by six and four O atoms, respectively, and they are linked
together by three carboxyl groups to form a [Zn2(COO)3] SBU
(Figure 1b). It should be pointed out that, compared to the
usual [Zn4(O)(COO)6] SBU, the three-connected
[Zn2(COO)3] and four-connected [Zn2(COO)4] SBUs are
quite rare in the construction of functional MOFs.13
Interestingly, six [Zn2(COO)4] SBUs are bonded together by
eight TMBHB ligands to form a rare convex polyhedral SBB,
namely, a trisoctahedron (Figure 1c) with a diameter of ca. 20
Å, that also can be seen as an eight-capped octahedron. On the
other hand, four [Zn2(COO)3] SBUs and four TMBHB ligands
constitute another Platonic polyhedral SBB, a cube (Figure 1d),
with the dimensions of 7.8986(2) × 7.8986(2) × 7.8986(2) Å3.
Two different kinds of polyhedra were packed into a
complicated 3D framework. As we know, the simplest and
Figure 2. (a) 3-Connected [Zn2(COO)3] node. (b) 24-Connected
trisoctahedral SBB node. (c) Schematic representation of a simplified
3D network with rht topology. (d) 4-Connected [Zn2(COO)4] node.
(e) 12-Connected cubic SBB node. (f) Schematic representation of an
alternatively simplified 3D network with ftw topology. (g) Schematic
representation of a new (3,4,6)-connected topology.
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resulting 3D framework, which belongs to a 2-nodal (3,24)-
connected network with a common rht topology (Figure 2c).
transfer.21 The emission of SDU-1 can probably be assigned
to the intraligand or ligand-to-ligand charge transition as a
result of the resemblance of the emission spectra in comparison
with those of the free ligand.22
The short Schlafli vertex notation of the net can be represented
̈
as {43}8{472·6132·872}, indicated by TOPOS software.16 Second,
if the [Zn2(COO)4] SBU and cubic SBB are treated as 4-
(Figure 2d) and 12-connected (Figure 2e) nodes, respectively,
the present framework can also be interpreted topologically as a
novel 2-nodal (4,12)-connected ftw network (Figure 2f) with
In summary, we have successfully prepared a 3D ZnII MOF
based on cubic and rare trisoctahedral SBBs incorporating
[Zn2(COO)3] and [Zn2(COO)4] as SBUs. This MOF reveals
an uncommon (4,12)-connected ftw topology from the
assembly of cubic SBBs and [Zn2(COO)4] SBUs. The steric
hindrance from methyl groups of TMBHB ligands plays an
important role in the assembly process to determine the
resulting high symmetric MOF.
Schlafli symbol {436·630}{44·62} . Compared to the commonly
̈
3
encountered MOFs with common rht topology,17 MOFs with
ftw topology were limitedly reported.18 It is worthy to note that
if two kinds of SBUs and TMBHB ligand are treated as 3-, 4-,
and 6-connnected nodes, respectively, this framework can be
topologically simplified to a low-connected 3-nodal (3,4,6)-
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
■
connected network with Schlafli symbol {43} {44·62} {46·89}
̈
4
3
4
S
* Supporting Information
(Figure 2g). This simplified net defines a completely new
topology for three-periodic nets that not only is unobserved in
MOFs but also is unenumerated in the electronic databases
EPINET, RCSR, and TTD.19
Preparation of ligand and SDU-1, tables of crystal data and
bond distances and angles, IR spectra, TG curves, and powder
XRD patterns. X-ray crystallographic files in cif format for
SDU-1. This material is available free of charge via the Internet
at http://pubs.acs.org.
Recently, Chen and co-workers reported two ZnII MOFs
(MOF-1 and MOF-2) based on 3,3′,3″,5,5′,5″-benzene-1,3,5-
triylhexabenzoic acid (H6BHB) showing NaCl-type and (4,6)-
connected cor topologies, respectively.20 A comparison of
SDU-1 with MOF-1 and MOF-2 suggests that the
conformation of hexacarboxylate ligand (Scheme S1 in the
SI) dictates the resulting structures. In SDU-1, the steric
hindrance of three methyl groups drives the three isophthalate
units of each TMBHB to be perfectly perpendicular to the
central phenyl ring with a dihedral angle of 90°. However, in
the absence of three methyl groups, the steric hindrance effect
was alleviated and the resulting dihedral angles between the
isophthalate unit and the central phenyl ring in MOF-1 and
MOF-2 are 32.6 and 40.9°, respectively.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
■
Corresponding Author
*E-mail: dsun@sdu.edu.cn; dfsun@sdu.edu.cn. Fax: +86-531-
88364218.
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
■
This work was supported by the NSFC (Grant No. 90922014),
the Shandong Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young
Scholars (2010JQE27021), the NSF of Shandong Province
(BS2009L007, Y2008B01), Independent Innovation Founda-
tion of Shandong University (2010JQ011 and 2011GN030),
and the Special Fund for Postdoctoral Innovation Program of
Shandong Province (201101007).
The solid-state luminescent emission spectra of SDU-1 and
H6TMBHB were studied at room temperature. As shown in
Figure 3, H6TMBHB and SDU-1 have slightly different
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