Full text of DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006535

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 149–156 (2001)
Nuclear Technology Publishing
EFFECTIVE DOSES AND ORGAN DOSES IN THE MIRD-5
PHANTOM EXPOSED TO MONOENERGETIC 0.1 MeV TO
200 MeV ELECTRONS IN THE LAT DIRECTION
M. Katagiri, M. Hikoji, M. Kitaichi, Y. Aoki and S. Sawamura
Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060–8628, Japan
Received October 17 2000, revised February 5 2001, accepted May 16 2001
Abstract — Organ doses and effective doses were calculated using the EGS-4 Monte Carlo simulation code and a MIRD-5
mathematical human phantom placed in a vacuum. For broad right and left lateral beams of monoenergetic (0.1–200 MeV)
electrons, conversion coefficients from the incident fluence to organ dose, to effective dose, and to effective dose equivalent
were obtained. There were no clear differences between the conversion coefficients in the case of left-lateral (LLAT) and right-
lateral (RLAT) irradiation. Therefore, when investigating lateral geometries for electron exposure, it is not necessary to evaluate
both directions independently. In general, conversion coefficients for lateral irradiation (LAT) were smaller than those for AP
and PA. The difference between the AP and PA conversion coefficients and LAT became smaller with increasing incident energy;
at 200 MeV the conversion coefficients were almost independent of the irradiation geometry. The agreement between the results
of the present study and those of other studies was acceptable within the statistical uncertainties.
INTRODUCTION
for conversion coefficients are not established. To deter-
mine such values it is important to use different kinds
of simulation codes and different types of phantoms.
Recently, the effective dose per unit fluence has been
calculated through the EGS-4 Monte Carlo simulation
code for the MIRD-5 mathematical human phantom in
AP and PA irradiation with monoenergetic electrons
The International Commission on Radiological Pro-
tection (ICRP) has recommended the use of the effective
dose as the radiological protection quantity to assess
radiation risks(1). The calculation of the effective dose
requires the knowledge of organ doses which are not
directly measurable, but can be determined using Monte
Carlo simulations.
from 0.1 MeV to 100 MeV(15)
.
To obtain data for other irradiation geometries with
electrons, the present study calculated the organ dose,
the effective doses, and the effective dose equivalents
using the EGS-4 Monte Carlo code and the MIRD-5
phantom for left and right lateral geometrical irradiation
conditions. These calculations were carried out for
electrons with energies in the 0.1 to 200 MeV range. At
incident energies smaller than 10 MeV, the skin in-
sensitive layer was taken into account.
There have been many studies to obtain conversion
coefficients for effective doses of neutrons and photons
with human phantoms and a Monte Carlo code(2). For
electrons there are some data using the ICRU sphere and
other simple phantoms, such as a slab phantom(2–8), but
there have been only a few studies using a human
phantom(9–14)
.
Schultz and Zoetelief calculated the conversion coef-
ficient per unit fluence using the MCNP code version 4
for the mathematical adult male phantom (ADAM)(11)
,
and for the female phantom (EVA) and the 7 year old METHODS OF CALCULATION
girl phantom(12) in broad AP beams of monoenergetic
The simulations used the Electron Gamma Shower
electrons of 0.1 to 10 MeV. For monoenergetic electrons
from 5 MeV to 10 GeV, Ferrari et al(13) calculated the
effective dose equivalent and the effective dose per unit
fluence using the FLUKA code for the hermaphrodite
phantom under various geometrical conditions (AP, PA,
LAT and ISO). These data were recently extended to
100 GeV(14). Data on organ and effective doses for elec-
trons, however, are very scarce, and recommendations
version 4 (EGS-4) Monte Carlo code system(16) in-
cluding a pre-processor to simplify the input and output
data(17). The simulations were performed on a Sun
SPARC 10 workstation (36 MHz Super SPARC
processor, 64 Mb main memory, 1 Gb hard disc) run-
ning UNIX (SunOS 4.1.4). The mathematical anthro-
poid phantom used in this study was derived from
MIRD pamphlet No 5 (revised)(18) to which a Lewis’s
oesophagus(19) was added.
In the present study, the cut-off energies for photons
Contact author E-mail: katagiriȰpleiades.qe.eng.hokudai.ac.jp were 0.02 MeV at incident energies from 0.1 MeV to
149

M. KATAGIRI, M. HIKOJI, M. KITAICHI, Y. AOKI and S. SAWAMURA
20 MeV, 0.05 MeV for 50 to 100 MeV, and 0.5 MeV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
for 200 MeV. For electrons, the cut-off energies
Some of the calculated organ doses per unit fluence
were 0.531 MeV (including rest mass energy) for
0.1 MeV to 20 MeV, 0.561 MeV for 50 to 100 MeV,
and 1.011 MeV for 200 MeV. To obtain a sufficient
statistical reliability of the calculated conversion
coefficients, 1 ϫ 106 particle histories were simulated
at energies м1 MeV and 1 ϫ 107 histories at lower
energies. This took between a few hours and 20 days
of CPU time depending on the initial incident elec-
tron energy.
The calculations were carried out for whole body
irradiation with parallel broad monoenergetic electrons
of 0.1 to 200 MeV (0.1, 0.12 (for RLAT), 0.15 (for
LLAT), 0.2 (for LLAT), 0.22 (for RLAT), 0.3, 0.5, 1,
2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 MeV). The direction of
the incident beam was either left-lateral (LLAT) or
right-lateral (RLAT). When the MIRD-5 phantom is in
air, the radiation field incident on its surface is not
aligned and expanded in air(20). To match the definition
of LLAT and RLAT irradiation geometries, the MIRD-
5 phantom was placed in a vacuum.
as a function of electron energy are shown in Figure 1
for LLAT and Figure 2 for RLAT. In general, all doses
increase with increasing incident energies. Almost all
organ dose curves were in agreement for both geo-
metries, however, the colon and liver dose curves
showed different patterns for LLAT and RLAT. In the
case of the colon, the dose curve for LLAT climbed
more steeply for RLAT at lower incident energies and
the value of the colon dose for LLAT was 10 times as
large as that for RLAT. The liver dose curve for RLAT
climbed steeper at lower incident energies than that for
LLAT and the value of the liver dose for RLAT was
10 times larger than that for LLAT. The reasons for this
are that, in the abdomen, the left side of the colon region
is larger than the right side, and the right side of the
liver region is larger than the left side.
Detailed data of organ doses per unit fluence, and the
statistical uncertainties as a function of electron energy,
are shown in the appendix (Table A1 for LLAT and
Table A2 for RLAT). The values with statistical uncer-
tainties of more than 95% were deleted. At incident
energies below a few MeV, the simulated values with
respect to small organs were not very accurate, but the
contribution of these uncertain values to the overall
coefficients was not large and the statistical uncer-
tainties of the conversion coefficients were below 1
per cent.
The method of calculation of conversion coefficients
(effective dose equivalent and effective dose) and organ
doses of gonads, muscle, and bone region, which
consists of a homogeneous mixture of bone surface and
bone marrow in the MIRD-5 phantom, has been
described elsewhere(15). The calculated skin dose con-
cerned the total 0.2 cm skin thickness. The top layer
(70 ␮m) of the skin, however, is insensitive to radiation.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider the insensitive skin
layer at incident energies lower than 10 MeV; the deri-
vation of an appropriate correction factor to be applied
The effective dose equivalent for LLAT and RLAT
are shown in Table 1 as a function of electron energy.
The effective dose (with and without the insensitive skin
to the EGS-4 output has been given elsewhere(15)
.
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
colon
liver
testes
breast
10-15
10-15
colon
liver
testes
breast
10-16
10-16
skin (total)
skin (total)
10-17
10-17
10-2
10-2
10-1
1
10
102
103
10-1
1
10
102 103
Electron energy (MeV)
Electron energy (MeV)
Figure 1. Organ doses per unit fluence as a function of electron
Figure 2. Organ doses per unit fluence as a function of electron
energy for the LLAT geometry.
energy for the RLAT geometry.
150

EFFECTIVE AND ORGAN DOSES IN MIRD-5 PHANTOM
layer) and the statistical uncertainties for LLAT and by the differences in the colon and liver doses, which
RLAT are shown in Table 2. Both sets of conversion were different for LLAT and RLAT as shown in
coefficients are normalised to unit incident electron Figure 1 and 2. In the whole energy region, the doses
fluence. The organs contributing to the conversion coef- to the colon and liver contributed less than 10% to the
ficients by more than 10% are also presented in the effective dose equivalent (see Table 1). The colon con-
tables. This data and the effective doses for AP and tributed about 12% to the effective dose for LLAT
PA(15) are shown in Figure 3.
above 50 MeV and the liver about 10% for RLAT at
At electron energies up to about 20 MeV, the organ 20 MeV (see Table 2). Breasts and testes, which are the
contributing most to the effective dose equivalents was main contributors to the difference between the conver-
the breast; above 50 MeV the gonads and lung became sion coefficients for AP and PA, are surface organs and
the main contributors for both geometries (see Table 1). the testes have a high tissue weighting factor (wT = 0.2).
For effective doses, up to about 1.0 MeV the skin con- Colon and liver lie deeper than surface organs and they
tributed most, then up to about 10 MeV the dose to the are shielded from the source by other organs. For effec-
breast was the largest, and above 50 MeV the gonads tive dose equivalents, no tissue weighting factors are
and lung became the main contributors for both geo- given for the colon and liver while for the effective dose
metries (see Table 2). With incident energies smaller the tissue weighting factor for the colon is 0.12 and for
than about 1.0 MeV, the difference between the values the liver 0.05. The doses of organs with large contri-
of the effective dose equivalent and the effective dose butions (breasts, gonads, lung and skin) showed similar
was large because the skin dose was taken into account. patterns in both LLAT and RLAT geometries, so the
In Figure 3, both the effective dose and the effective differences in the organ (colon and liver) doses of
dose equivalent are similar for LLAT and RLAT. This LLAT and RLAT do not appear in the conversion coef-
means that the conversion coefficients were not affected ficients. Therefore, when investigating effective doses
Table 1. Effective dose equivalents per unit fluence as a function of electron energy with organs contributing by more
than 10% to the effective dose equivalent for LLAT and RLAT.
Electron energy (MeV)
Effective dose equivalent
(Sv.cm2)
Organs contributing by more than 10% to Effective dose equivalent
LLAT exposure
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.50
1.00
2.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
50.00
100.00
200.00
3.22E–16
2.54E–16
3.55E–16
7.66E–16
2.42E–15
7.14E–13
4.12E–12
1.55E–11
3.78E–11
9.68E–11
2.46E–10
3.40E–10
4.32E–10
breast(67.2)
breast(40.8), red bone marrow(16.1), muscle(14.9)
breast(22.0), red bone marrow(18.0), muscle(15.4)
breast(25.6), red bone marrow(18.7), muscle(12.7)
breast(19.5), red bone marrow(17.3), muscle(10.1)
breast(77.9), muscle(14.6)
breast(75.8), muscle(12.7)
breast(65.6), red bone marrow(14.1), muscle(10.6)
breast(52.8), red bone marrow(13.1)
breast(24.9), brain(13.0), lung(12.3), red bone marrow(11.8)
gonads(20.7), lung(12.1), red bone marrow(11.6), breast(10.3)
gonads(23.2), lung(14.2), red bone marrow(11.6), breast(10.9)
gonads(25.9), lung(13.5), red bone marrow(12.0), breast(11.2)
RLAT exposure
0.10
0.12
0.22
0.30
0.50
1.00
2.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
50.00
100.00
200.00
2.99E–16
2.52E–16
3.73E–16
7.02E–16
1.96E–15
7.14E–13
4.57E–12
1.62E–11
3.71E–11
9.92E–11
2.36E–10
3.40E–10
4.32E–10
breast(46.3), thyroids(12.4)
breast(34.1), gonads(15.7), red bone marrow(12.2), muscle(12.0)
breast(28.1), red bone marrow(19.6), muscle(16.3)
breast(26.8), red bone marrow(20.1), muscle(14.1)
red bone marrow(21.8), breast(18.2), muscle(12.6)
breast(77.9), muscle(14.6)
breast(78.1)
breast(67.5), red bone marrow(13.5)
breast(50.6), red bone marrow(13.4)
breast(25.5), lung(13.8), brain(12.8), red bone marrow(11.6)
gonads(18.4), lung(13.5), red bone marrow(12.2), breast(10.4)
gonads(22.2), lung(13.9), breast(13.2), red bone marrow(11.8)
gonads(25.6), lung(13.3), breast(12.4), red bone marrow(11.9)
151

M. KATAGIRI, M. HIKOJI, M. KITAICHI, Y. AOKI and S. SAWAMURA
recommended by ICRP under lateral geometries for ferent geometries including the LAT direction, in detail
electrons, evaluating only one direction is reasonable.
In general, the conversion coefficients for LAT are
above 100 MeV incident electron energy.
At electron energies below 0.5 MeV, the skin dose
lower than for AP and PA. The difference between the comprises more than 98% of the effective dose. The
conversion coefficients for AP and PA and for LAT difference between the effective doses with and without
become smaller with increasing incident energies, and at the insensitive skin was clearly shown, and at 0.1 MeV
200 MeV the conversion coefficients for all geometries the effective dose without the insensitive layer was 2.5
nearly agreed. Above 200 MeV it is not clear in which times larger. Below 0.5 MeV, the dose absorbed by the
geometry the effective dose shows the largest value. For insensitive layer was relatively large, when compared to
radiation management it is important to investigate dif- the dose in the sensitive part of the skin and in other
Table 2. Effective doses (total and skin correct) and per unit fluence as a function of electron energy with organs contribu-
ting by more than 10% to the effective dose for LLAT and RLAT.
Electron energy
(MeV)
Effective dose SD (%) Effective dose
Organs contributing by more than 10% to effective dose
(for skin total)
(total skin)
(skin corrected)
(Sv.cm2)
(Sv.cm2)
LLAT exposure
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.50
1.00
2.00
5.00
1.32E–13
2.07E–13
2.65E–13
4.14E–13
6.74E–13
1.32E–12
2.79E–12
8.62E–12
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.11
0.64
0.66
5.22E–14
—
2.35E–13
—
6.75E–13
1.33E–12
2.79E–12
8.63E–12
skin(99.9)
skin(99.9)
skin(99.9)
skin(99.9)
skin(99.5)
skin(78.0), breast(14.0)
breast(37.3), skin(36.7), remainder(14.2)
breast(39.4), red bone marrow(25.4), remainder(14.5),
skin(12.8)
10.00
20.00
2.02E–11
6.24E–11
2.37E–10
3.44E–10
4.32E–10
0.71
0.61
0.42
0.37
0.43
2.03E–11
breast(32.9), red bone marrow(24.6), remainder(13.9),
thyroid(12.2)
thyroid(23.3), lung(19.1), red bone marrow(18.2),
breast(12.9)
gonads(17.2), stomach(14.8), colon(13.6), lung(12.5), red
bone marrow(12.1)
gonads(18.4), lung(14.0), stomach(14.0), colon(12.5), red
bone marrow(11.5)
—
—
—
—
50.00
100.00
200.00
gonads(20.7), lung(13.5), stomach(12.1), red bone
marrow(12.0), colon(11.6)
RLAT exposure
0.10
0.12
0.22
0.30
0.50
1.00
2.00
5.00
1.32E–13
1.65E–13
3.02E–13
4.14E–13
6.73E–13
1.32E–12
2.94E–12
8.83E–12
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.11
0.65
0.66
5.23E–14
—
skin(99.8)
skin(99.9)
skin(99.9)
skin(99.9)
—
—
6.75E–13
1.33E–12
2.94E–12
8.84E–12
skin(99.8)
skin(77.6), breast(14.1)
breast(40.5), skin(35.0), remainder(13.4)
breast(41.3), red bone marrow(24.8), remainder(14.2),
skin(12.6)
10.00
20.00
2.09E–11
6.86E–11
2.00E–10
3.23E–10
4.28E–10
0.71
0.59
0.44
0.36
0.41
2.09E–11
breast(29.9), red bone marrow(23.8), remainder(13.3),
thyroid(12.9)
thyroid(23.2), lung(20.0), red bone marrow(16.7),
breast(12.3), liver(11.1)
gonads(17.3), lung(16.0), red bone marrow(14.4),
thyroid(11.5)
gonads(18.7), lung(14.6), stomach(12.9), red bone
marrow(12.4)
—
—
—
—
50.00
100.00
200.00
gonads(20.7), lung(13.5), stomach(12.6), red bone
marrow(12.1), colon(11.8)
152

EFFECTIVE AND ORGAN DOSES IN MIRD-5 PHANTOM
organs. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the insensi- gonads dose in the present study was only about 0.3
tive skin layer at these energies.
times that of Ferrari et al. The reason for these differ-
With low energy electrons, the bone may be non- ences is not clear, but the type of the phantom and the
uniformly irradiated. It is important to consider the simulation code used in the calculations could be
presence of red bone marrow here because the responsible.
contribution of red bone marrow to the conversion
coefficients is large at some energies. As a result it
is necessary to consider the bone structure in the
CONCLUSION
phantom further and perform more detailed
calculations.
For monoenergetic electrons at 0.1 to 200 MeV the
organ doses and conversion coefficients were calculated
using EGS-4 and a MIRD-5 mathematical human
phantom for the LLAT and RLAT irradiation geo-
metries. The agreement between the effective dose and
effective dose equivalent of LLAT and RLAT was
acceptable in spite of differences in organ positions in
the abdomen. Therefore, it is reasonable that only one
direction is evaluated in simulations of conversion coef-
ficients with lateral geometries in electron irradiation.
In general, conversion coefficients for LAT were
smaller than for AP and PA in the whole energy region.
The difference between the conversion coefficients for
AP and PA and for LAT became smaller with increasing
incident energies, and at 200 MeV the conversion coef-
ficients for all geometries were similar. It is not clear
whether the effective dose for AP keeps the largest
value above 200 MeV. In radiation management above
100 MeV incident electron energies it is important to
investigate various geometries, not only the AP and PA
but also the LAT direction. At lower electron energies,
almost the whole incident energy is deposited in the skin
layer. However, the skin dose in the present study was
simulated using a MIRD-5 phantom, which does not
have an insensitive skin layer, and the effective dose
without the insensitive skin layer was overestimated. It
is necessary to consider the insensitive skin layer at
these energies. For low energy electrons, it is also
necessary to consider the detailed bone structure in the
MIRD-5 phantom to obtain more precise data. The
results of the conversion coefficients obtained in this
study were in good agreement with the values of others
within the statistical uncertainties, though the simulation
code and the phantoms used were different.
A comparison of the present study and the results by
Ferrari et al(13) is only possible for LAT irradiation and
only at 5–200 MeV. The effective dose agreed within
the statistical uncertainties, in spite of the differences
in the simulation code (EGS-4 vs. FLUKA) and in the
phantoms (MIRD-5 vs. hermaphrodite). For the effec-
tive dose equivalent, however, the present results show
differences from those of Ferrari et al. At electron ener-
gies below 20 MeV, the present results were slightly
smaller than those of Ferrari et al. At 5 MeV the effec-
tive dose in this study was about 0.7 times that of Ferrari
et al and the difference became smaller with increasing
incident energies. Comparing organ doses, the results of
some organs in this study were smaller; especially the
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
HE(LLAT)
HE(RLAT)
10-14
E_LLAT (total)
E_LLAT (sensitive)
E_RLAT (total)
E_RLAT (sensitive)
10-15
E_AP (total)
E_PA(total)
10-16
10-2
10-1
1
10
102
103
Electron energy (MeV)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Figure 3. Effective doses (with and without insensitive skin
layer) and effective dose equivalents per unit fluence as a func-
tion of electron energy for the LLAT and RLAT geometries,
The authors are greatly indebted to Ichiro Nojiri from
the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute for
helpful discussion.
and effective doses for AP and PA(15)
.
153

M. KATAGIRI, M. HIKOJI, M. KITAICHI, Y. AOKI and S. SAWAMURA
APPENDIX
Table A1. Organ doses (Gy.cm2) to principal organs per unit fluence as a function of electron energy, and the per cent
relative error (in brackets) in the LLAT geometry.
Organ
Electron energy
0.2 MeV
0.1 MeV
0.15 MeV
0.3 MeV
0.5 MeV
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
—
—
—
—
—
—
5.70E–17 (70.71)
1.14E–16 (70.71)
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.22E–16 (42.42) 8.71E–16 (29.04)
2.44E–16 (42.42) 3.98E–16 (30.77)
—
—
—
—
1.34E–15 (36.52)
Red bone marrow
Colon
Lung
1.96E–16
(2.13) 3.41E–16
(2.41) 5.32E–16
(1.60) 1.20E–15
(1.11) 3.49E–15 (0.71)
7.70E–17 (51.04) 7.48E–17 (67.18) 1.13E–16 (27.02) 4.51E–16 (17.27) 2.19E–15 (13.77)
1.16E–16 (26.69) 1.35E–16 (28.23) 1.89E–16 (16.09) 3.76E–16 (8.32) 1.33E–15 (5.00)
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Breast
Liver
Oesophagus
Thyroid
4.85E–17 (63.99) 6.89E–17 (64.19) 1.09E–16 (48.38) 9.99E–17 (39.72) 3.69E–15 (13.33)
1.23E–17 (64.98) 1.67E–16 (57.60) 1.26E–16 (26.06) 1.56E–16 (25.88) 6.14E–16 (15.91)
1.44E–15 (28.10) 6.90E–16 (32.49) 5.21E–16 (28.27) 1.31E–15 (22.73) 3.15E–15 (11.06)
9.81E–18 (36.80) 3.47E–17 (30.73) 1.58E–17 (28.01) 7.01E–17 (12.89) 3.53E–16 (10.54)
9.16E–18 (56.51) 8.17E–17 (66.88) 9.99E–17 (58.52) 4.23E–16 (39.28) 1.04E–15 (23.09)
—
—
—
—
1.63E–16 (68.41) 1.00E–15 (27.51) 2.80E–15 (25.24)
Skin (total)
Skin (sensitive)
Bone surface
Remainder
1.32E–11
5.20E–12
2.34E–16
4.17E–16
(0.03) 2.07E–11
(0.03) 2.65E–11
2.35E–11
(2.91) 7.33E–16
(1.50) 8.42E–16
(0.03) 4.14E–11
(0.03) 6.72E–11 (0.03)
6.73E–11
(1.32) 4.35E–15 (0.85)
(1.02) 3.83E–15 (0.75)
(4.98) 4.36E–16
(1.93) 5.75E–16
(2.25) 1.56E–15
(1.26) 1.52E–15
1 MeV
2 MeV
5 MeV
10 MeV
20 MeV
Gonads
Testes
4.51E–15 (25.33) 3.13E–14 (31.52) 9.34E–14 (20.20) 4.09E–13
1.94E–15 (28.61) 1.06E–14 (27.01) 1.72E–13 (21.86) 3.98E–13
(6.70) 5.08E–12 (6.92)
(8.35) 6.10E–12 (7.32)
Ovaries
Red bone marrow
Colon
Lung
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Breast
Liver
7.09E–15 (31.29) 5.19E–14 (37.58) 1.48E–14 (22.24) 4.20E–13 (10.37) 4.06E–12 (13.37)
1.37E–13
9.53E–15
7.58E–15
(0.28) 1.79E–12
(5.80) 9.63E–14 (11.79) 2.29E–13
(3.02) 4.63E–14 (5.04) 3.37E–13
(0.28) 1.83E–11
(0.10) 4.14E–11
(7.22) 1.28E–12
(2.91) 7.06E–12
(9.96) 1.68E–12
(6.45) 8.59E–13
(1.55) 1.33E–10
(4.34) 6.22E–13
(0.09) 9.49E–11 (0.14)
(4.97) 2.47E–11 (1.92)
(1.46) 9.91E–11 (0.51)
(6.02) 2.45E–11 (2.89)
(4.65) 1.11E–11 (2.66)
(1.47) 1.61E–10 (1.57)
(3.01) 4.57E–12 (1.88)
4.34E–15 (12.45) 6.51E–14 (16.50) 1.76E–13
5.70E–15
3.71E–12
2.12E–15
(6.85) 4.30E–14 (15.74) 1.41E–13
(0.76) 2.08E–11
(4.59) 1.34E–14
(1.69) 6.79E–11
(7.85) 1.30E–13
Oesophagus
Thyroid
Skin (total)
Skin (sensitive)
Bone surface
Remainder
50 MeV
100 MeV
200 MeV
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
Red bone marrow
Colon
Lung
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Breast
Liver
Oesophagus
Thyroid
Skin (total)
Skin (sensitive)
Bone surface
Remainder
2.04E–10
2.19E–10
1.89E–10
2.38E–10
2.69E–10
2.47E–10
2.91E–10
2.21E–10
1.68E–10
6.10E–11
2.35E–10
4.01E–10
2.19E–10
—
(1.78) 3.16E–10
(1.78) 3.12E–10
(3.24) 3.19E–10
(0.14) 3.30E–10
(0.79) 3.58E–10
(0.35) 4.02E–10
(1.09) 4.01E–10
(1.04) 3.55E–10
(1.58) 2.47E–10
(0.81) 2.74E–10
(1.19) 3.08E–10
(2.16) 4.12E–10
(0.17) 2.75E–10
—
(1.54) 4.47E–10
(1.54) 4.03E–10
(2.64) 4.91E–10
(0.12) 4.33E–10
(0.76) 4.16E–10
(0.29) 4.86E–10
(1.06) 4.49E–10
(0.96) 4.27E–10
(1.32) 3.24E–10
(0.52) 4.25E–10
(1.04) 4.18E–10
(2.18) 4.45E–10
(0.16) 2.75E–10
—
(1.76)
(1.68)
(2.90)
(0.12)
(0.83)
(0.31)
(1.08)
(1.04)
(1.36)
(0.51)
(1.19)
(2.38)
(0.17)
2.31E–10
2.33E–10
(0.15) 3.16E–10
(0.10) 3.23E–10
(0.14) 4.16E–10
(0.11) 4.11E–10
(0.14)
(0.11)
154

EFFECTIVE AND ORGAN DOSES IN MIRD-5 PHANTOM
Table A-2. Organ doses (Gy.cm2) to principal organs per unit fluence as a function of electron energy, and the per cent
relative error (in brackets) in the RLAT geometry.
Organ
Electron energy
0.22 MeV
0.1 MeV
0.12 MeV
0.3 MeV
0.5 MeV
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.58E–16 (86.21) 6.45E–17
3.16E–16 (86.21) 1.38E–17
(63.61) 1.46E–17 (59.17) 2.87E–16 (36.11)
(70.71) 2.93E–17 (59.17) 3.52E–16 (46.30)
—
—
1.15E–16
(70.71)
(1.66) 1.18E–15
(51.21) 3.12E–16 (40.36) 3.08E–16 (23.33)
(10.04) 4.05E–16 (8.60) 1.56E–15 (5.73)
—
—
2.22E–16 (57.69)
Red bone marrow 2.19E–16
Colon
Lung
(2.21) 2.55E–16
(2.64) 6.07E–16
(1.07) 3.57E–15 (0.71)
8.14E–17 (93.32) 4.40E–17 (95.01) 2.46E–17
1.59E–16 (29.62) 2.24E–16 (24.42) 2.07E–16
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Breast
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.30E–16
(45.57) 1.54E–16 (40.53) 3.66E–16 (26.94)
(34.83) 1.88E–16 (21.94) 6.26E–16 (14.14)
(25.83) 1.26E–15 (16.46) 2.38E–15 (8.63)
8.32E–18 (88.20) 7.42E–17
9.22E–16 (35.14) 5.71E–16 (29.97) 6.97E–16
1.55E–16 (21.00) 1.87E–16 (19.14) 3.19E–16
Liver
(8.62) 6.77E–16
(4.80) 2.40E–15 (3.18)
Oesophagus
Thyroid
—
—
7.53E–17 (67.56) 6.13E–17
9.54E–17
(51.10) 3.33E–16 (32.95) 1.26E–15 (30.74)
(70.71) 1.02E–15 (31.02) 1.63E–15 (22.49)
1.24E–15 (92.49)
—
—
Skin (total)
Skin (sensitive)
Bone surface
Remainder
1.32E–11
5.21E–12
2.51E–16
4.09E–16
(0.03) 1.65E–11
(0.03) 3.02E–11
(0.03) 4.14E–11
(0.03) 6.72E–11 (0.03)
6.74E–11
(1.33) 4.54E–15 (0.83)
(1.03) 3.87E–15 (0.76)
(4.53) 3.32E–16
(1.88) 4.61E–16
(3.75) 8.15E–16
(1.70) 9.29E–16
(1.96) 1.55E–15
(1.20) 1.53E–15
1 MeV
2 MeV
5 MeV
10 MeV
20 MeV
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
3.26E–15 (15.46) 3.37E–14 (20.06) 1.40E–13
3.25E–15 (16.78) 3.78E–14 (29.95) 2.35E–13
3.27E–15 (25.94) 2.97E–14 (24.98) 4.46E–14
(12.08) 7.03E–13
(13.54) 8.75E–13
(25.32) 5.30E–13 (15.70) 4.26E–12 (21.75)
(7.55) 8.02E–12 (7.61)
(7.51) 1.18E–11 (6.75)
Red bone marrow 1.38E–13
Colon
Lung
Stomach
(0.27) 1.83E–12
1.72E–15 (11.41) 1.57E–14 (34.30) 9.81E–14
8.05E–15 (2.96) 5.14E–14 (5.08) 3.15E–13
5.66E–15 (10.98) 2.48E–14 (23.75) 1.01E–13
(0.27) 1.82E–11
(0.10) 4.14E–11
(10.28) 7.13E–13
(3.35) 7.82E–12
(0.09) 9.57E–11 (0.14)
(6.10) 3.26E–12 (5.44)
(1.41) 1.14E–10 (0.50)
(11.71) 2.09E–12 (10.67) 3.53E–12 (5.16)
Urinary bladder
Breast
Liver
Oesophagus
Thyroid
Skin (total)
Skin (sensitive)
Bone surface
Remainder
5.36E–15
3.71E–12
1.36E–14
(9.69) 3.14E–14 (15.23) 2.98E–13
(8.16) 7.98E–13
(1.50) 1.25E–10
(2.30) 1.72E–11
(16.26) 1.41E–13
(11.95) 5.39E–11
(0.15) 1.22E–10
1.23E–10
(6.24) 9.32E–12 (3.13)
(1.51) 1.68E–10 (1.55)
(0.72) 1.52E–10 (0.46)
(7.99) 1.07E–11 (4.74)
(4.09) 3.18E–10 (2.20)
(0.17) 1.48E–10 (0.18)
—
(0.76) 2.38E–11
(1.96) 7.85E–14
(1.58) 7.29E–11
(3.55) 3.96E–13
3.53E–15 (13.00) 4.12E–14 (26.97) 9.66E–14
7.33E–15 (14.09) 1.09E–13 (19.49) 3.12E–12
1.02E–10
1.04E–10
1.07E–12
1.57E–12
(0.04) 1.03E–10
1.04E–10
(0.13) 1.11E–10
1.12E–10
(0.18) 7.36E–12
(0.06) 7.89E–12
(0.34) 3.44E–11
(0.13) 2.51E–11
(0.23) 6.65E–11
(0.12) 5.55E–11
(0.18) 1.28E–10 (0.16)
(0.11) 1.06E–10 (0.11)
50 MeV
100 MeV
200 MeV
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
1.74E–10
2.15E–10
1.32E–10
(1.86) 3.02E–10
(1.79) 3.56E–10
(3.92) 2.47E–10
(0.14) 3.33E–10
(1.71) 2.21E–10
(0.35) 3.93E–10
(1.64) 3.49E–10
(1.05) 3.12E–10
(1.60) 2.98E–10
(0.46) 3.68E–10
(1.22) 3.19E–10
(2.00) 4.04E–10
(0.17) 2.74E–10
—
(1.45) 4.42E–10
(1.45) 4.70E–10
(2.87) 4.14E–10
(0.12) 4.30E–10
(0.86) 4.22E–10
(0.30) 4.81E–10
(1.06) 4.49E–10
(1.02) 4.39E–10
(1.24) 3.56E–10
(0.47) 4.12E–10
(1.03) 3.50E–10
(2.23) 3.84E–10
(0.16) 2.74E–10
—
(1.65)
(1.46)
(3.10)
(0.12)
(0.87)
(0.31)
(1.14)
(1.02)
(1.29)
(0.49)
(1.28)
(2.44)
(0.17)
Red bone marrow 2.40E–10
Colon
Lung
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Breast
Liver
Oesophagus
Thyroid
Skin (total)
Skin (sensitive)
Bone surface
Remainder
4.61E–11
2.66E–10
1.18E–10
2.23E–10
1.64E–10
3.30E–10
2.11E–10
4.60E–10
2.16E–10
—
2.30E–10
2.23E–10
(0.15) 3.17E–10
(0.11) 3.22E–10
(0.14) 4.19E–10
(0.11) 4.13E–10
(0.14)
(0.11)
155

M. KATAGIRI, M. HIKOJI, M. KITAICHI, Y. AOKI and S. SAWAMURA
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