A Novel Alkyl Sulphobetaine Gemini Surfactant Based on S-triazine: Synthesis and Properties

Article abstract of DOI:10.1007/s11743-017-1996-y

A series of alkyl sulphobetaine Gemini surfactants C_n-GSBS (n?=?8, 10, 12, 14, 16) was synthesized, using aliphatic amine, cyanuric chloride, ethylenediamine, N,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propyldiamine and sodium 2-chloroethane sulfonate as main raw materials. The chemical structures were confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. The Krafft points differ markedly with different carbon chain length, for C₈-GSBS, C₁₀-GSBS and C₁₂-GSBS are considered to be below 0?°C and C₁₄-GSBS, C₁₆-GSBS are higher than 0?°C but lower than room temperature. Surface-active properties were studied by surface tension and electrical conductivity. Critical micelle concentrations were much lower than dodecyl sulphobetaine (BS-12) and decreased with increasing length of the carbon chain from 8 to 16, and can reach a minimum as low as 5?×?10^?5?mol?L^?1 for C₁₆-GSBS. Effects of carbon chain length and concentration of C_n-GSBS on crude oil emulsion stability were also investigated and discussed.

Full text of DOI:10.1007/s11743-017-1996-y

J Surfact Deterg (2017) 20:1255–1262
DOI 10.1007/s11743-017-1996-y
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A Novel Alkyl Sulphobetaine Gemini Surfactant Based on S-
triazine: Synthesis and Properties
Ruixia Niu1 Chao Wang1 Zhigang Sun2 Biao Long1 Hua Song1
•
•
•
•
•
Weidong Ren1 Daqiang Wang1 Junyao He1
•
•
Received: 4 August 2016 / Accepted: 12 June 2017 / Published online: 3 August 2017
Ó AOCS 2017
Abstract A series of alkyl sulphobetaine Gemini surfac-
tants Cn-GSBS (n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) was synthesized,
using aliphatic amine, cyanuric chloride, ethylenediamine,
N,N0-dimethyl-1,3-propyldiamine and sodium 2-chlor-
oethane sulfonate as main raw materials. The chemical
Introduction
Gemini surfactants represent a class of amphiphilic com-
pounds consisting of two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic
groups linked by a spacer [1, 2]. They have attracted con-
siderable attention from industrial and academic research
groups [3, 4], because of their unique physiochemical
properties, such as 1–2 orders of magnitude lower critical
micelle concentration (cmc), higher surface activity, better
wetting and foaming properties, as compared with corre-
sponding conventional monomeric surfactants [5–7].
There are also many studies focusing on the synthesis and
surface properties of Gemini surfactants [8–11]. Among
them, Gemini surfactants based on s-triazines are environ-
mentally friendly, as the triazine ring is easily biodegradable.
For the s-triazine derived Gemini surfactants, triazine works
as a linkage of the hydrophilic, hydrophobic and spacer
groups. Recently, research shows that there are remarkable
differences in surface activity for different substitution pat-
terns of the triazine nucleus [12]. However, most studies on
s-triazine-derived Gemini surfactants focus on quaternary
ammonium Gemini surfactants, only a few investigations
concern betaine Gemini surfactants, especially sulphobe-
taine Gemini surfactants [13–15]. There is not enough data to
establish the relationship between the structure of s-triazine-
derived sulphobetaine Gemini surfactants and their proper-
ties. Thus, it is very important to synthesize novel sulpho-
betaine Gemini surfactants with different structures and
study their properties.
1
structures were confirmed by FT-IR, H NMR and ele-
mental analysis. The Krafft points differ markedly with
different carbon chain length, for C8-GSBS, C10-GSBS and
C12-GSBS are considered to be below 0 °C and C14-GSBS,
C16-GSBS are higher than 0 °C but lower than room
temperature. Surface-active properties were studied by
surface tension and electrical conductivity. Critical micelle
concentrations were much lower than dodecyl sulphobe-
taine (BS-12) and decreased with increasing length of the
carbon chain from 8 to 16, and can reach a minimum as
low as 5 9 10-5 mol L-1 for C16-GSBS. Effects of carbon
chain length and concentration of Cn-GSBS on crude oil
emulsion stability were also investigated and discussed.
Keywords Gemini surfactants Á Synthesis Á S-triazine Á
Surface activity Á Emulsification
& Ruixia Niu
niuruixia999@sina.com
Here, we synthesized a novel alkyl sulphobetaine
Gemini surfactants Cn-GSBS from cyanuric chloride, for
whose three chlorines can react with –NH2 step by step at
high yield [16, 17]. The Krafft temperatures (Tk) and cmc
values of Cn-GSBS were investigated. In addition, the
effects of the concentration and carbon chain length of Cn-
1
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast
Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, Heilongjiang, China
2
Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science,
Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Timber Street,
Harbin, China
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Scheme 1 Synthesis of the Cn-
GSBS-I, Cn-GSBS-II, Cn-
GSBS-III and Cn-GSBS
RHN
N
Cl
RHN
NHCH2CH2NH
Cl
N
N
Cl
N
NHR
NH2CH2CH2NH2
RNH2
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(Cn-GSBS-I)
(Cn-GSBS-II)
N
N
RHN
NHCH CH NH
NHR
2
2
N(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2NH2
N
N
N
N
CH
3
CH
3
NHCH CH CH N CH
NHCH CH CH N CH
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
(CnGSBS-III)
N
N
RHN
NHCH2CH2NH
CH3
NHR
ClCH2CH2SO3Na
N
N
N
N
CH3
NHCH2CH2CH2N CH3
NHCH2CH2CH2N CH3
CH2CH2SO3Na
CH2CH2SO3Na
(CnGSBS)
R=CnH2n+1, n=8, 10, 12, 14, 16
GSBS on emulsion stability were investigated in detail.
The Gemini surfactants possess a novel structure, as shown
in Scheme 1.
EL Spectrometer (Elementer, Germany) and a Bruker Apex
IV FTMS (Bruker, Switzerland) were used to identify the
structures of the products. A model YYS-150 inverted
biological microscope was used to measure the emulsion
particle size distribution (Yiyuan Optical instrument Co.,
LTD, Shanghai).
Herein, the series of alkyl-monosubstituted trizines is
defined as Cn-GSBS-I (n = 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16), where
n represents the hydrocarbon chain lengths. The series of
intermediates, which are obtained by substitution of
ethylenediamine with two equivalent of Cn-GSBS-I, are
defined as Cn-GSBS-II. The series of intermediates, which
are obtained by substitution of N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-
diamine from Cn-GSBS-II, are defined as Cn-GSBS-III.
Correspondingly, the target surfactants obtained by
Synthesis
The series of surfactants were synthesized in four steps, as
shown in Scheme 1.
quaternisation
of
Cn-GSBS-III
using
sodium
2-chloroethanesulfonate are defined as Cn-GSBS.
Synthesis of 2-Aliphaticamino-4, 6-Dichloro-1,3,5-
Triazine (Cn-GSBS-I)
Experimental
First, 0.1 mol of cyanuric chloride and 50 mL of acetone
were added into a 250 mL three-necked, round-bottom
flask equipped with a thermometer and magnetic stirrer,
then 0.11 mol of aliphatic amine dissolved in acetone was
added into the flask dropwise, using an ice bath and
maintaining pH 7–9 by adding 10% Na2CO3. The process
was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on
silica gel plates using an eluent system ethyl acetate/pet-
roleum ether = 1:10 (by volume). After the reaction fin-
ished, the organic phase was separated, washed by 0.5 mol/
L of HCl and deionized water, then filtered and dried. The
dried filter cake was recrystallized twice from heptane to
get 2-aliphaticamino-4,6-dichloro-1,3, 5-triazine (Cn-
GSBS-I).
Materials and Equipment
Ethylenediamine,
aliphatic
amine
and
sodium
2-chloroethanesulfonate were all purchased from TianJin
DaMao Chemical Co., Ltd. and all were of analytical
grade. Cyanuric chloride and N,N0-dimethyl-1,3-propyl-
diamine were obtained from Aladdin and had purities of
99.0 and 99.5%, respectively. Deionized water was used in
all measurements. Crude oil for emulsion studies was
obtained from the Daqing Oil Field of China.
A Bruker Advance II 400 MHz NMR spectrometer
(Bruker, France), a Bruker-Tensor 27 spectrometer, a Vario
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1
Table 1 The assignment of H-NMR, IR spectra and EA results of C12-GSBS
Compounds
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO, d in ppm)
FT-IR (cm-1, KBr)
Elementary analysis (found/calculated)/%
C
H
N
C12-GSBS
3.950 [NHCH2CH2]
3290, 2960, 2860, 1579, 1460,
1380, 1170, 1060, 759, 719
51.13/51.22
0.08/0.08
0.19/0.20
1.270 [CH3(CH2)9CH2]
3.420 [NHCH2CH2(CH2)9]
3.664 [NHCH2CH2(CH2)9]
0.891 [CH3CH2]
3.950 [NH(CH2)3N(CH3)2]
1.270 [NHCH2CH2NH]
3.950 [NH(CH2)3N(CH3)2]
1.590 [NH(CH2)3N(CH3)2]
2.228 [NH(CH2)3N(CH3)2]
Synthesis of 1, 2-N,N-(2-Aliphaticamino-4-Dichloro-
1,3,5-Triazine) Ethylenediamine (Cn-GSBS-II)
sulfoxide solution with 0.05 mol of Cn-GSBS-III. The
temperature was maintained at 75 °C for 5 h. When the
reaction was completed, dimethyl sulfoxide was removed
by reduced pressure distillation, and the residue was dis-
solved in ethanol to collect the final product (Cn-GSBS).
Ethanol was then removed by vacuum distillation, and Cn-
GSBS was recrystallized three times from an acetone–
ethanol mixture (Vacetone/Vethanol = 6:1). The purified Cn-
GSBS was dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C. The purity of
the product was determined by two-phase titration meth-
ods; the purities of Cn-GSBS (n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) were
94, 98, 97, 93 and 96%, respectively.
Cn-GSBS-II was synthesized by mixing a solution of
0.12 mol of ethylenediamine and 50 mL of acetone solution
and 0.1 mol of Cn-GSBS-I. The temperature was maintained
at 45 °C and pH 8, by adding 10 wt% Na2CO3 aqueous
solution. The process was monitored by TLC on silica gel
plates and eluent system ethanol/ethyl acetate = 1:5 (by
volume). When the reaction was completed, the mixture was
concentrated in vacuo, refrigerated, precipitated and filtered.
The filter cake was quick rinsed 3–4 times with acetone and
water, respectively, (to remove the ethylenediamine and Cn-
GSBS-I residue on the white solid). The white solid was then
dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C.
The chemical structures and purities of Cn-GSBS were
1
confirmed by H NMR, FT-IR and EA. The series of sur-
factants have similar chemical structures; representative,
detailed spectral data of C12-GSBS are listed in Table 1.
Synthesis of 1, 2-N,N-(2-Aliphaticamino-4-(N,N-
Dimethyl-1,3-Propane Diamine)-1,3,5-Triazine)
Ethylenediamine (Cn-GSBS-III)
Measurements
Cn-GSBS-III was synthesized by mixing a solution of excess
N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propylene amide (as reactant, solvent and
acid-binding agent) and 0.05 mol of Cn-GSBS-II. The mix-
ture was maintained at 105 °C for 7 h, then was cooled to
room temperature. Deionized water was added until a white
solid precipitated, then it was filtered. The white solid, Cn-
GSBS-III, was recrystallized three times from an acetone–
acetonitrile mixture (Vacetone/Vacetonitrile = 1:6). The purified
Cn-GSBS-III was dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C.
Determination of Krafft Temperature (Tk), Critical
Micelle Concentration (cmc), Surface Tension
at the cmc (ccmc) and Amin
Electrical conductivity was used to determine the values of
Tk and cmc of Cn-GSBS. A DDS-307 low-frequency con-
ductivity analyzer (Shanghai Precision
& Scientific
Instrument Corporation) was used to measure the conduc-
tivity of the surfactant solutions, which had a constant
concentration of 0.1 wt%. The value of Tk was determined
from the abrupt increase in the electrical conductivity as a
function of temperature [18]. The value of cmc was mea-
sured by the electrical conductivity-concentration curve at
constant temperature.
Synthesis of 1, 2-N,N-(2-Aliphaticamino-4-(4-
Sulfoethyl-N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-Propane Diamine)-
1,3,5-Triazine) Ethylenediamine (Cn-GSBS)
Cn-GSBS was synthesized by mixing a solution of 1 mol of
sodium 2-chloroethanesulfonate and 50 mL of dimethyl
The Tk measurements were performed at different tem-
peratures, and the conductivity, K values, were measured
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about 10 min after the predicted temperature was reached.
The Tk point corresponds to the complete clarification of
the surfactant suspension and to the upper break in the
conductivity plots [18]. At the Tk point, the suspension of
solid Cn-GSBS clarifies and the conductivity plot of
K versus the Cn-GSBS concentration C shows a break. The
value of cmc can be determined from the break [19, 20].
Using a microliter syringe, a certain amount of concen-
trated stock surfactant aqueous solution (about ten times
cmc) was added progressively to water. Then the solution
was thoroughly stirred and the value of K was measured at
25 0.05 °C [21].
The surface tension method was used to determine the
value of cmc of Cn-GSBS. Aqueous solutions of Cn-GSBS
surfactants were prepared at different concentrations from
0.000001 to 0.1 mol L-1 using distilled water. The surface
tensions (c) of these solutions were measured at
25 0.1 °C by a QBZY-1 automatic surface tensionmeter
(Shanghai Fangrui instrument Co., Ltd., China) using the
Wilhelmy plate method, according to the procedure
described by Wang [22]. The accuracy of the measure-
ments was within 0.1 mN/m. The temperature was con-
trolled by a thermostat waterbath. The platinum plate was
always cleaned and heated to a red/orange color with a
Bunsen burner before use. All the measurements were
repeated three times and averaged.
stopper at 45 °C. Then 10 mL of surfactant aqueous solu-
tion containing 0.001 wt% of Cn-GSBS, and 2.5 wt%
Na2CO3 and 10 mL of crude oil was poured into a 50 mL
cylinder. The cylinder was inverted up and down twenty-
five times successively, then rested at 45 °C. Emulsion
stability was evaluated by the time required of 2.5 mL
water separation from the emulsion. The experiment was
repeated three times [26].
Foaming Properties Measurements
Foaming properties were determined by the Ross-Miles
method at 30 °C, the foaming ability and foam stability
was estimated by measuring the initial foam height H0 and
the half-life t1/2 (the time it takes half of the initial foam to
disintegrate). The inside wall of the foaming column was
rinsed with water and then with sample solution, and then
50 mL sample solution was run down the inside wall of the
foaming column. The removable pipet was filled with
200 mL of sample solution (1.5 g L-1) and placed on a
rubber stopper at the head of the foaming column. The
solution was then allowed to fall from a specified distance
(90 cm) into the foaming column. The foam height H0 was
measured immediately after the pipet was emptied, and the
half-life was recorded. The volume of foam produced was
taken as the foaming ability of the surfactant. Each
experiment was repeated three times at a given surfactant
solution.
The change of surface tensions along with the log of
surfactant concentrations (c-lgC) was plotted, and the value
of cmc was determined from the break point [23].
The maximum surface excess, Cmax, at the air–water
interface was calculated by the Gibbs adsorption isotherm
equation [1, 24]:
Results and Discussion
ꢀ
ꢁ
Krafft Temperature (Tk)
À1
dc
2:303nRT d lg c
Cmax
¼
;
ð1Þ
T
The values of Tk of Cn-GSBS are listed in Table 2. The Tk
values of C8-GSBS, C10-GSBS and C12-GSBS are con-
sidered to be below 0 °C, and the values of Tk of C14-GSBS
and C16-GSBS are higher than 0 °C but lower than room
temperature, which means Cn-GSBS has good water solu-
bility throughout the series.
where the value of n (a constant determined by the number
of species constituting the surfactant and adsorbed at the
interface) is taken as 2,
R is the gas constant
(8.314 J mol-1 K-1), T is the absolute temperature (K),
and dc/dlgC is the slope below the cmc in the surface
tension plots [25].
The minimum average area occupied per surfactant
molecule Amin (nm2) at the air/water interface at saturated
adsorption was calculated using Eq. (2), where NA is
Avogadro’s number [13].
Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc)
Here, two methods were used to measure the cmc value of
Cn-GSBS, the electrical conductivity and the surface ten-
sion measurements.
Amin ¼ ðNACmaxÞÀ1 Â 1014:
ð2Þ
Figure 1 shows the variation of the electrical conduc-
tivity K with the Cn-GSBS (n = 8, 12, 16) concentration at
25 °C. From Fig. 1, we can see the distinguishable linear
dependencies variation along with the increase of Cn-GSBS
concentration, cmc values can be taken as the break points
in the plots and are collected in Table 2.
Emulsion Stability
Emulsion stability was investigated by mixing surfactant
solution and crude oil in a graduated cylinder with a
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pC20
Table 2 Krafft temperature and surface properties of Cn-GSBS
10
C
Surfactants
Tk (°C)
cmca (mM)
cmcb (mM)
ccmc (mN/m)
10
(mol/cm2)
Amin (nm2)
max
C8-GSBS
Below 0
Below 0
Below 0
\3
0.201
0.143
0.112
0.097
0.051
1.800
8.2
0.33
0.28
0.24
0.18
0.12
–
32.26
33.18
34.13
35.67
37.55
36.52
39.20
1.06
0.89
0.74
0.44
0.65
–
1.56
1.87
2.25
3.79
2.54
–
3.70
3.84
3.95
4.01
4.29
–
C10-GSBS
C12-GSBS
C14-GSBS
C16-GSBS
\15
5.5
BS-12 [8, 15]
SDS [1]
–
–
3.16
0.53
3.05
cmca, by surface tension method
cmcb, by electrical conductivity method
Fig. 2 Change of surface tension with the logarithm of Cn-GSBS
concentration for at 298 K
Fig. 1 Change of specific conductivity K with molality of Cn-GSBS
at 25 °C (the plot of C12-GSBS and C16-GSBS have been shifted
upward by 30 and 100 for the sake of clarity)
sulphobetaine (BS-12). The values of cmc measured by
electrical conductivity measurements are all bigger than
those obtained by surface tension method; similar results
have been observed in the literature on Gemini surfactants
[21]. The value of cmc of a conventional ionic surfactant is
known to decrease with increasing number of carbon atoms
in the hydrophobic groups up to about a hexadecyl group
[10, 29]. In this work, the value of cmc of Cn-GSBS
decreases from 2.01 9 10-4 to 5.1 9 10-5 mol L-1 with
increasing the hydrocarbon chain from 8 to 16, which is in
agreement with this tendency. The critical surface tensions
(ccmc) of Cn-GSBS are lower than that of the monomeric
surfactant BS-12. This shows that the Gemini surfactant
adsorbs strongly at the air–water interface, and orients
itself so as to cause effective surface activity. The increase
in the hydrophobic chain length renders the Gemini sur-
factant slightly less surface active, probably due to a strong
cohesion by the two long hydrocarbon chains.
From Fig. 1, we can see at low concentration range
below cmc, the rate of change K is higher with increasing
concentration, but above the cmc, the rate of change of
K with increasing concentration became smaller, which is
consistent with the prior study done by V. Chauhan [27].
According to Li, there may be two reasons for the slope
decline of the curve: (1) the confinement of a fraction of
the counterions on the micelle surface results in an effec-
tive loss of free anions or (2) the micelles can also con-
tribute to charge transport to a lesser extent than the free
ions owing to their lower mobility [28].
The variation of surface tension (c) versus logarithm of
surfactant concentration (lgC) is plotted in Fig. 2, the
values of cmc are taken as the break points of the c-
lgC curves.
All obtained Tk, cmc, ccmc and minimum surface area
(Amin) of Cn-GSBS are described in Table 2, sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS) [1].
The value of Amin can explain how the surfactant
molecules exist on the air–water interface, and can show
their orientation and packing state. Both Cmax and Amin
values are listed in Table 2. When the length of the
These results indicate that the values of cmc of Gemini
surfactants C8-GSBS to C16-GSBS are about one or two
orders of magnitude lower than single stranded
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25
100
80
60
40
20
0
Table 3 Emulsion stability of synthesized Gemini surfactants Cn-
GSBS and BS-12
Foam volume (mL)
t1/2(min)
Surfactants
Emulsion stability (s)
20
15
10
5
C8-GSBS
602
615
631
642
650
480
C10-GSBS
C12-GSBS
C14-GSBS
C16-GSBS
BS-12
C8-GSBS C10-GSBS C12-GSBS C14-GSBS C16-GSBS
AOS
Surfactants
hydrophobic chain increased from C8 to C14, the Amin
values increased from 1.56 to 3.79 nm2, and for C16-GSBS
the Amin decreased slightly. The results suggest that the
alkyl sulphobetaine Gemini surfactant Cn-GSBS packs
loosely at the air–water interface.
Fig. 3 Foam ability and foam stability of Cn-GSBS surfactants
compared with AOS
by the specific molecular structure. As a kind of Gemini
surfactant, the GSBS series has a larger molecular cross-
section, longer hydrophobic chains and a strong polar
anionic sulfonic group, which will contribute to binding the
water in the foam liquid membrane effectively, and thus
preventing the liquid unloading of the foam liquid film.
Generally, pC20 is used to measure the efficiency of
adsorption of surfactants at the air–water interface; the
larger the value of pC20, the greater the tendency to adsorb
at the air–water interface, relative to its tendency to form
micelles, and the higher efficiency to reduce the surface
tension [1, 30]. From Table 2, it is evident that the values
of pC20 of Cn-GSBS increase when increasing the hydro-
carbon chain length from 8 to 16, which is in line with
expectation [31, 32]. This result suggests that the longer the
hydrocarbon chains of the Cn-GSBS, the stronger the
adsorption at the air–water interface.
Conclusion
A series of novel alkyl sulphobetaine Gemini surfactants
derived from s-triazine (Cn-GSBS, n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16)
have been synthesized, and their structures were confirmed
by FT-IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Compared with
conventional alkylbetaine surfactant, this kind of surfactant
exhibits lower Tk, lower cmc, ccmc, greater efficiency in
reducing surface tension, and good crude oil emulsification
ability. Foam stability in the series is strong compared to an
alpha olefin sulfonate reference. The results obtained from
this work would also serve as a foundation for potential
applications of these compounds in the field of crude oil
recovery.
Emulsion Stability
The measured results for crude oil emulsion stability are
listed in Table 3. It was found that the emulsion stability of
Cn-GSBS is better than that of BS-12, and the emulsion
stability increases monotonously with the increase of
hydrophobic carbon length from 8 to 16 [33, 34]. This
indicates that Cn-GSBS has the ability to emulsify the
remaining oil in a formulation and can be used as an oil
displacement agent.
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Ruixia Niu received her B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the
Northeast Petroleum University in Daqing, People’s Republic of
China and worked at the College of Chemistry & Chemical
Engineering at Northeast Petroleum University as a research chemist.
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Gas Chemical Technology. She has been involved in surfactant and
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Chao Wang graduated from Northeast Petroleum University. He is
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University.
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Zhigang Sun graduated from Northeast Petroleum University. He is
currently involved in research on surfactant applications and synthesis
at Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast
Agricultural University.
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Biao Long received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Northeast
Petroleum University. He is currently involved in research on
surfactant applications and synthesis as a postgraduate for a doctor’s
degree at Northeast Petroleum University.
Hua Song received her B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from
Northeast Petroleum University in Daqing, People0s Republic of
China and worked at the College of Chemistry & Chemical
Engineering at Northeast Petroleum University as a research chemist.
She is a professor at the Provincial Key Laboratory Oil & Gas
Chemical Technology. Her research field is desulfurization catalyst,
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123

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J Surfact Deterg (2017) 20:1255–1262
Engineering—his speciality is the research and application of
arylalkyl sulfonate surfactant.
Weidong Ren is a postgraduate from Northeast Petroleum University
in China and is studying at the College of Chemistry & Chemical
Engineering—his speciality is the research and application of
arylalkyl sulfonate surfactant.
Junyao He is a postgraduate from Northeast Petroleum University in
China and is studying at the College of Chemistry & Chemical
Engineering—her speciality is the research and application of
arylalkyl sulfonate surfactant.
Daqiang Wang is a postgraduate from Northeast Petroleum Univer-
sity in China and is studying at the College of Chemistry & Chemical
123