A/1.(1 B* -*5 .B)+(5 7.,C'-(
Journal of Materials Chemistry A
Page 3 of 8
DOI: 10.1039/D0TA06306A
!"#$%& '%() A;D@8E5
,*5.5'-C (E11B *6 ./+7'-+7 6*'/ 4*//145*, [.( =9 ,E7 .-B 5&1
.EE/'1B H*/5.C1 [.( (15 .5 89 Y_; !&1 1/145,*(E'--'-C (E11B [.(
9;> 77 7'-?= .-B 5&1 B'(5.-41 I15[11- 5&1 -11B/1 .-B 5&1
4*//145*, [.( 89 47; !&1 *I5.'-1B 1/145,*(E+- (.7E/1( [1,1
B1-*51B .( \1^AA]?A3 -.-*6'I1,(; \'-.//2< 5&1 \1^AA]?A3
-.-*6'I1,( [1,1 5,1.51B .5 899 n# 6*, c & '- . B,2'-C *H1-;
,1E*,51B [1,1 4./'I,.51B 5* 5&1 P% I.(1B *- 5&1 1S+.5'*- %
F P%G g % FPCNPCKG p 9;`dM _; !&1 4./'I,.5'*- [.( 4.,,'1B *+5 H'. .
&2B,*C1- 1H*/+5'*-N*:'B.5'*- ,1.45'*- E*/.,'X.5'*- 4+,H1 *6 A5
[',1 F\'C; 3=G;
G,L 8%&."&%72!$ F)7"?
Z1 &.B .EE/'1B 5&1 B1-('52 6+-45'*-./ 5&1*,2 FJ\!G ['5&'- #A3!%A
E.4Y.C1( 6*, 5&1 C1*715,2 *E5'7'X.5'*- 5* 5&1 \1>#^WP]\(
/.55'41 (5,+45+,1 ,1C.,B'-C I*5& 1/145,*-'4 (5,+45+,1( .-B 5&1
1-1,C15'4 ,1.45'*- 5,1-B;88 \*, .// ,1/.:.5'*-< 5&1 C1-1,./'X1B
C,.B'1-5 .EE,*:'7.5'*- FiiAG ['5& A1,B1[?U+,Y1?%,-X1,&*6 FAU%G
6+-45'*-./( [1,1 (1/1451B 5* B1(4,'I1 5&1 1/145,*-'4 1:4&.-C1?
4*,,1/.5'*- '-51,.45'*-;8> !&1 E/.-1?[.H1 4+5*66 1-1,C2 *6 >`9 1_
['5& 5&1 +/5,.(*65 E(1+B*E*51-5'./( S+./'52 [.( +(1B '- .// C,*+-B?
(5.51 ,1/.:.5'*-(; W1.-[&'/1< 5&1 U,*2B1-?\/154&1,?i*/B6.,I?
\1>#^WP]\(L !&1 .I*H1 I,*[- \1^AA]?A3 -.-*6'I1,( [1,1
6',(5/2 .--1./1B .5 b99 n# 6*, 8 & .5 . &1.5'-C ,.51 *6 b n# 7'-?= '-
]P> .57*(E&1,1; A651,[.,B(< 5&1 E,*B+45 [.( 6+,5&1, .--1./1B
+E 5* M99 n# 6*, 8 & ['5& . &1.5'-C ,.51 *6 b n# 7'-?= +-B1, ]8 6/*[;
\'-.//2< 5&1 I/.4Y (.7E/1( *6 \1>#^WP]\( [1,1 C,'-B1B '-5*
E*[B1, 6*, 5&1 E,1E.,.5'*- *6 4.5./2(5 '-Y; \*, 4*7E.,'('*-< 5&1
-.-*6'I1,( ['5&*+5 5&1 E.,5'4'E.5'*- *6 A3 .-B \1FA4G8 [1,1
E,1E.,1B +-B1, 5&1 (.71 4*-B'5'*-( .-B /.I1/1B .( \1>#^3]\(
.-B WP]\(< ,1(E145'H1/2; "- .BB'5'*-< \1>#?=^WP]\( .-B \1>#?
>^WP]\( [1,1 E,1E.,1B I2 '-5,*B+4'-C = 77*/ \1FA4G8 .-B >
77*/ \1FA4G8 E,14+,(*, +-B1, 'B1-5'4./ 4*-B'5'*- .( 5&.5 *6
\1>#^WP]\(
3&.--*- FU\i3G ./C*,'5&7 [.( +5'/'X1B;8a< !&1 W*-Y&*(5?A.4Y
8b
,14'E,*4./ (E.41 '-51C,.5'*- [.( E1,6*,71B +-B1, 4*.,(1 S+./'52
.( . (1/6?4*-('(51-5 .EE,*.4& 6*, 5*5./ 1-1,C2 7'-'7'X.5'*-;8c !&1
5*/1,.-41 (155'-C( [1,1 .( 6*//*['-CL '*-'4 6*,41 /*[1, 5&.- 9;=
1_Nl ['5& 5*5./ 1-1,C2 /*[1, 5&.- b;9 q =9?b 1_N.5*7r 7.:'7+7
B'(E/.4171-5 .-B (5,1(( *- .5*7 /*[1, 5&.- 9;99b l .-B 9;8 iA.<
,1(E145'H1/2; !&1 \1># (5,+45+,1 4*-('(5( *6 a /.21,( *6 5&1 F8==G
(+,6.41( '- . =q8q= (+E1,41// 5* 4*7I'-1 ['5& WP]\( /.21,(; !&1
WP]\( /.21, [.( 4*-(5,+451B I.(1B *- C,.E&1-1 (5,+45+,1 ['5&
5&1 '-5,*B+45'*- *6 E2,'B'-'4< C,.E&'5'4 ] .5*7( .( 5&1 QA3 ,1(+/5(;
!&1 \1>#^WP]\( /.55'41 '-4/+B1B =`b .5*7( '- 5*5./ ['5& 5&1
H.4++7 (E.41 *6 89 l '- 5&1 X?B',145'*- 6*, 5&1 .// J\!
4./4+/.5'*-(;
G,K 5&).7#!.3)(2.%& ()%-"#)()$7-
#.5./25'4 '-Y E,1E.,.5'*-L a 7C E*[B1, [.( B'(E1,(1B '- . 7':5+,1
*6 MM9 $ 15&.-*/ .-B =9 $ ].6'*- Fb [5; hG I2 (*-'4.5'*- 6*, .5
/1.(5 c9 7'-; %/145,*4&17'4./ 71.(+,171-5( [1,1 E1,6*,71B *- .
#P" `>8# 1/145,*4&17'4./ [*,Y(5.5'*- ['5& . ,*5.5'*- 4*-5,*/
B1H'41 I.(1B . 4*-H1-5'*-./ 5&,11?1/145,*B1 (2(517 4*-('(5'-C *6
. C/.((2 4.,I*- 1/145,*B1 Fi#%G .( 5&1 [*,Y'-C 1/145,*B1< .
PCNPCK 1/145,*B1 .( 5&1 ,161,1-41 1/145,*B1< .-B . E/.5'-+7 6*'/
.( 5&1 4*+-51, 1/145,*B1< ,1(E145'H1/2; =9 $ 4.5./2(5 '-Y [.(
B,*EE1B *- 5&1 i#% ['5& . (+,6.41 .,1. *6 9;=Mc 478 5* C'H1 .
/*.B'-C *6 9;89 7C 47?8; #24/'4 H*/5.7715,2 F#_G 51(5( [1,1
E1,6*,71B .5 . (4.- ,.51 *6 89 7_ (?= '- 9;= W fKP (*/+5'*- ['5&
(.5+,.51B ]8 *, K8; $'-1., ([11E H*/5.7715,2 F$3_G 4+,H1( [1,1
*I5.'-1B +('-C . ,*5.5'-C B'(Y 1/145,*B1 F J%G I2 H.,2'-C (E11B
,.51( 6,*7 a99 5* =c99 ,E7 ['5& . (4.- ,.51 *6 89 7_ (o=; *5.5'-C
,'-C?B'(Y 1/145,*B1 F J%G H*/5.7715,2 [.( 4.,,'1B *+5 ['5& . A5
,'-C 1/145,*B1; =8;c $ 4.5./2(5 '-Y [.( B,*EE1B *- 5&1 J% ['5&
. (+,6.41 .,1. *6 9;8ad 478 5* C'H1 . /*.B'-C *6 9;89 7C 47?8 .-B
5&1 ,'-C E*51-5'./ [.( (15 .5 =;> _ K6! P%; !&1 B+,.I'/'52 51(5 *6
5&1 1/145,*4.5./2(5( [.( 4*-B+451B I2 424/'-C 6,*7 9;c 5* =;9 _ K6!
P% .5 b9 7_ (o= 6*, =9<999 424/1(; A// 4*-5,*/ (.7E/1( [1,1 B,*E?
4.(51B *-5* 5&1 1/145,*B1 ['5& 5&1 (.71 /*.B'-C; A// E*51-5'./(
I, ;)-"&7- %$< <2-."--2!$
I,C 83%#%.7)#2H%72!$ !6 73) .%7%&4-7-
!&1 B15.'/1B (2-5&15'4 E,*41(( *6 5&1 \1>#^WP]\( '( '//+(5,.51B '-
34&171 =; U,'16/2< 5&1 &*7*C1-*+( 7':5+,1 *6 A3< AA] .-B \1FA4G8
[.( E,1E.,1B '- JW\ 5* 6.I,'4.51 5&1 \1^AA]?A3 -.-*6'I1,( H'.
1/145,*(E'--'-C 715&*B; ]'5,*C1- [.( (+441((6+//2 '-5,*B+41B '-5*
5&1 6'I1, I2 4./4'-'-C 5&1 \1^AA]?A3 -.-*6'I1,( +-B1, ]P>
.57*(E&1,1 .5 b99 n#; !&1 (+I(1S+1-5 E2,*/2('( E,*41(( [.(
4*-B+451B .5 M99 n# '- ]8 .57*(E&1,1 5* 6'-.//2 E,1E.,1 5&1 5.,C15
&2I,'B *6 \1>#^WP]\(;
!&1 3%W '7.C1 *6 \1^AA]?A3 -.-*6'I1,( B17*-(5,.51B 5&1
6*,7.5'*- *6 &'C&/2 +-'6*,7 '-51,4*--1451B (5,+45+,1 ['5& .-
!&'( )*+,-./ '( 0 !&1 *2./ 3*4'152 *6 #&17'(5,2 89::
! "#$%;< 89=>< **< =?> @ >
A/1.(1 B* -*5 .B)+(5 7.,C'-(