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| CAS No.: | 57-13-6 |
|---|---|
| Name: | Urea |
| Article Data: | 996 |
| Molecular Structure: | |
|
|
|
| Formula: | CH4N2O |
| Molecular Weight: | 60.0556 |
| Synonyms: | Carbamide;Carbonyl diamide;Carbonyldiamine;Diaminomethanal;Diaminomethanone;Prespersion, 75 urea;Urea-13C;Ureacin-20;Urepearl; |
| EINECS: | 200-315-5 |
| Density: | 1.32 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point: | 131-135 °C |
| Boiling Point: | 196.611 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Flash Point: | 72.708 °C |
| Solubility: | in water: 51.8 g/100 ml (20 °C), 54.5 g/100ml (25 °C), 71.7 g/100 ml (60 °C), 95.0 g/100 ml (120 °C) |
| Appearance: | white solid |
| Hazard Symbols: |
 Xi, Xn
|
| Risk Codes: | 36/37/38-40 |
| Safety: | 26-36-24/25 |
| PSA: | 69.11000 |
| LogP: | 0.42440 |
ammonium cyanate
urea
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| In ethanol at 32°C; | 100% |
| In ethanol at 32°C; | 100% |
| In water Kinetics; izomerization; equil. react.; |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With ammonia; water at 60℃; for 2h; | 100% |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| In methanol; water molar ratio of CO:S = 1.36; 35 min; at 110°C; 60% excess of NH3; 75% CH3OH; | A n/a B 96.2% |
| In methanol; water molar ratio of NH3:S:CO = 1.4 : 1 : 1.36; 35 min; at 110°C; 54% CH3OH; | A n/a B 96.2% |
| In methanol; water molar ratio of NH3:S:CO = 1.4 : 1 : 1.36; 35 min; at 110°C; 54% CH3OH; | A n/a B 96.3% |
thiourea
urea
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With bismuth(III) nitrate In acetonitrile for 0.25h; Heating; | 96% |
| With Oxone for 0.0833333h; | 96% |
| With 3-carboxypyridinium chlorochromate In acetonitrile for 0.0333333h; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Reagents; Temperatures; without microwave irradiation; solvent-free; microwave irradiation; | 95% |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In diethyl ether at 0 - 20℃; | A 96% B n/a |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| In ammonia at -33°C; | A 91% B n/a |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| In acetone at 20℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; | A 90% B 90% |
sodium methylate
4-ureidocarbonylpyrazole
A
methyl pyrazole-4-carboxylate
B
urea
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| In methanol for 2h; Heating; | A 89% B n/a |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| 1.5-fold molar excess of NH3; at 105°C; | A n/a B 88% |
| In ethanol at a temp. near the m.p. of urea; using abs. ethanol; | A n/a B 76% |
| In ammonia at a temp. near the m.p. of urea; | A n/a B 64% |
| Conditions | Yield |
|---|---|
| With ammonium chloride In ammonia at exclusion of light, air and moisture; 20°C; 5 d; | A n/a B 85% |
| In ammonia at exclusion of light, air and moisture; 20°C; 5 d; | A n/a B 77% |
| In ammonia at exclusion of light, air and moisture; 20°C; 1 d; | A n/a B 31% |
| In ammonia at exclusion of light, air and moisture; 20°C; 14 d; | A n/a B >99 |
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Urea is a weak base and a organic compound with the formula CH4N2O. Urea is also called as carbamide which is white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and non-toxic. Urea reacts with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases, and reacts with strong reducing agents to form flammable gases. Urea should be sealed and stored in cool and dry place.
Physical properties about Urea are: (1)ACD/LogP: -1.66; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 1.66; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -1.66; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 2.98; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 2.98; (8)#H bond acceptors: 3; (9)#H bond donors: 4; (10)Index of Refraction: 1.469; (11)Molar Refractivity: 13.782 cm3; (12)Molar Volume: 49.517 cm3; (13)Polarizability: 5.464 10-24cm3; (14)Surface Tension: 55.3680000305176; (15)dyne/cm Density: 1.213 g/cm3; (16)Flash Point: 72.708 °C; (17)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 43.281 kJ/mol; (18)Boiling Point: 196.611 °C at 760 mmHg; (19)Vapour Pressure: 0.395000010728836 mmHg at 25°C
Preparation of Urea: The synthesis of Urea from an inorganic precursor was an important milestone in the development of organic chemistry, as it showed for the first time that a molecule found in living organisms could be synthesized in the lab without biological starting materials. In addition, Urea can be prepared by treating silver isocyanate with ammonium chloride.
AgNCO + NH4Cl → (NH2)2CO + AgCl
The Urea can also be prepared by ammonia and carbon dioxide. The mixture reacts to generate ammonium carbamate. Finally, you can gain Urea through dehydration.
NH3 + CO2 → H2NCONH4 → H2NCONH2
Meanwhile, the Urea can also be prepared by calcium cyanamide and sulfuric acid. The mixture reacts and generates cyanamide. After that, it reacts with H2O. Via decoloration and recrystallization, you can gain Urea.
CaNCN + H2SO4 → NH2CN + CaSO4
NH2CN + H2O → NH2CONH2
Uses of Urea : Urea is used as a nitrogen-release fertilizer in agriculture. In chemical industry it is a raw material for the manufacture of many important chemicals, such as: various plastics, especially the urea-formaldehyde resins; various adhesives, such as urea-formaldehyde or the urea-melamine-formaldehyde used in marine plywood ; potassium cyanate, another industrial feedstock; Urea nitrate, an explosive. And also Urea is used in topical dermatological products to promote rehydration of the skin. If covered by an occlusive dressing, 40% Urea preparations may also be used for nonsurgical debridement of nails. This Urea is also used as an earwax removal aid.
When you are using Urea, please be cautious about it: Urea is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. And limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. In case of contact with eyes, you should rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Moreover, you should wear suitable protective clothing to avoid contact Urea with skin and eyes.
People can use the following data to convert to the molecule structure of Urea:
(1)SMILES: C(=O)(N)N
(2)InChI: InChI=1/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4)
(3)InChIKey: XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYAF
Toxicity of Urea:
| Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dog | LDLo | intravenous | 3gm/kg (3000mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935. | |
| dog | LDLo | subcutaneous | 3gm/kg (3000mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935. | |
| domestic animals - goat/sheep | LDLo | oral | 511mg/kg (511mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: TETANY GASTROINTESTINAL: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA | American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 153, Pg. 41, 1948. |
| frog | LDLo | subcutaneous | 600mg/kg (600mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935. | |
| mouse | LD50 | intravenous | 4600mg/kg (4600mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC | Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 13, Pg. 749, 1977. |
| mouse | LD50 | oral | 11gm/kg (11000mg/kg) | Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 31(12), Pg. 53, 1987. | |
| mouse | LD50 | subcutaneous | 9200mg/kg (9200mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC | Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 13, Pg. 749, 1977. |
| mouse | LDLo | intraperitoneal | 6608mg/kg (6608mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD BEHAVIORAL: COMA | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 57, Pg. 19, 1936. |
| pigeon | LDLo | subcutaneous | 14800mg/kg (14800mg/kg) | "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931Vol. -, Pg. -, 1931. | |
| rabbit | LDLo | intravenous | 4800mg/kg (4800mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935. | |
| rabbit | LDLo | oral | 10gm/kg (10000mg/kg) | BRAIN AND COVERINGS: OTHER DEGENERATIVE CHANGES LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: STRUCTURAL OR FUNCTIONAL CHANGE IN TRACHEA OR BRONCHI BLOOD: HEMORRHAGE | Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science. Vol. 15, Pg. 125, 1953. |
| rabbit | LDLo | subcutaneous | 3gm/kg (3000mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935. | |
| rat | LD50 | intraperitoneal | > 5gm/kg (5000mg/kg) | Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv fuer Pharmakologie und Experimentelle Pathologie. Vol. 257, Pg. 296, 1967. | |
| rat | LD50 | intratracheal | 567mg/kg (567mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BLOOD: METHEMOGLOBINEMIA-CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN | Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 30(3), Pg. 43, 1986. |
| rat | LD50 | intravenous | 5300mg/kg (5300mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) | Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 13, Pg. 749, 1977. |
| rat | LD50 | oral | 8471mg/kg (8471mg/kg) | Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. Vol. 51(6), Pg. 8, 1986. | |
| rat | LD50 | subcutaneous | 8200mg/kg (8200mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC | Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 13, Pg. 749, 1977. |
