1016-05-3Relevant articles and documents
Non-hydrolytic synthesis of mesoporous silica-titania catalysts for the mild oxidation of sulfur compounds with hydrogen peroxide
Cojocariu, Ana Mihaela,Mutin, P. Hubert,Dumitriu, Emil,Fajula, Francois,Vioux, Andre,Hulea, Vasile
, p. 5357 - 5359 (2008)
A SiO2-TiO2 mesoporous xerogel prepared in one-step by a non-hydrolytic route shows excellent performance in the mild oxidation of sulfides, sulfoxides and thiophenes with aqueous solutions of H 2O2. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Oxidation of dibenzothiophene by hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by solid bases
Figueras,Palomeque,Clacens
, p. 103 - 108 (2002)
The removal of sulfur compounds from hydrocarbon-based distillate fuels is essential due to environmental concerns (i.e., acid rain and airborne particulate material production), and because a few parts per million of sulfur are enough to poison the catalysts used for the purification of the exhaust gases of diesel cars. The oxidation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by H2O2 at 333 K was investigated using the catalysts (hydrotalcite (HT) and MgLa mixed oxide) and solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, acrylonitrile, and 3-methoxypropionitrile). High activity was found only after calcinations followed by rehydration of HT. Acetonitrile was the best solvent, while much lower reaction rates were observed in methanol. The decomposition of H2O2 into oxygen was observed for HT, and was the major reaction at > 353 K. This reaction did not occur in the absence of nitrile, and was faster over MgLa mixed oxide of higher basic strength. The activity increased with increasing Mg/Al ratio due to a lower rate of H2O2 decomposition attributed to a lower basicity of the solid.
Synergy between bis(dimethyldioctylammonium) molybdate and tetraethylene glycol monooctyl ether: A winning combination for interfacial catalysis in thermo-controlled and switchable microemulsions
Hong, Bing,Leclercq, Lo?c,Collinet-Fressancourt, Marion,Lai, Jonathan,Bauduin, Pierre,Aubry, Jean-Marie,Nardello-Rataj, Véronique
, p. 142 - 149 (2015)
A simple thermo-responsive one-phase microemulsion (μem) is designed to enable the dark singlet oxidation of organic substrates while allowing a straightforward separation of the catalytic surfactant and products in two distinct phases by cooling down the reaction medium. This latter is prepared by combining a small amount (1%) of the catalytic surfactant bis(dimethyldioctylammonium) molybdate, [DiC8]2[MoO4], with the nonionic amphiphile tetraethylene glycol monooctyl ether, C8E4. Tensiometry and dynamic light scattering are used to rationalize the synergy between the two surfactants which strongly interact. The oxidation takes place in the effective one-phase Winsor IV system which separates into two phases (μem + oil, i.e. Winsor I) just by temperature change thanks to the presence of the thermosensitive C8E4. The thermal-controlled nanostructured reaction medium is applied to the ene reaction, [4+2] cycloaddition and sulfide oxidation.
One-pot extractive and oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuels with molecular oxygen in ionic liquids
Wang, Jianlong,Guo, Qingping,Zhang, Changming,Li, Kaixi
, p. 59885 - 59889 (2014)
Benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethlydibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) were extracted from an oil phase to ionic liquid phase, and then oxidized to the corresponding sulfone by the cheap catalyst, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI), using molecular oxygen as the oxidant in one-pot. The system can be recycled 5 times without a significant decrease in desulfurization.
Efficient molybdenum catalyzed chemoselective, solvent-free oxidation of sulfides to sulfones at room temperature
Hadigavabar, Ali Dadashi,Tabatabaeian, Khalil,Zanjanchi, Mohammad Ali,Mamaghani, Manouchehr
, p. 3829 - 3833 (2018)
An effcient and reusable molybdenum-based catalyst has been prepared by tethering dioxomolybdenumacetylacetonate complex, MoO2(acac)2, via postsynthesis modifcation of zeolite beta. The catalyst has been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The catalyst exhibited very high activity for the selective oxidation of sulfdes to sulfones at room temperature. The catalyst can be recycled and reused four times without signifcant loss of activity.
Tungstophosphoric Acid-catalyzed Oxidative Desulfurization of Light Oil with Hydrogen Peroxide in a Light Oil/Acetic Acid Biphasic System
Yazu, Kazumasa,Furuya, Takeshi,Miki, Keiji,Ukegawa, Koji
, p. 920 - 921 (2003)
Dibenzothiophenes were oxidized effectively with H2O 2 in the presence of 12-tungstophosphoric acid in the tetradecane/ AcOH biphasic system to give their corresponding sulfones as the major products. The oxidation proceeded in the AcOH phase and most of the sulfones distributed there, resulting in the successive removal of the sulfur compounds from the tetradecane phase. This biphasic oxidation system can effectively reduce the sulfur content in light oil.
Polyoxometalate [γ-SiW10O34(H 2O)2]4- on MCM-41 as catalysts for sulfide oxygenation with hydrogen peroxide
Thompson, Dylan J.,Zhang, Yang,Ren, Tong
, p. 188 - 193 (2014)
The polyoxometalate (POM) catalyst, [γ-SiW10O 34(H2O)2]4-, was introduced into the pores of both as-synthesized (I) and amine functionalized MCM-41 (II). The resultant catalysts were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption, and diffuse-reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy. Both catalysts were tested for reusability through repeated catalytic conversions of methyl phenyl sulfide to methyl phenyl sulfone with hydrogen peroxide. While the physisorbed catalyst (I) exhibits steadily decreasing turnover frequency (TOF), the POM catalyst supported on MCM-41 functionalized with a protonated amine (II) exhibits markedly improved reusability. This chemisorbed catalyst effectively showed no change in TOF between the second (21) and the sixth reactions (22). Additionally, sulfoxidations with catalyst II were investigated with a small set of substrates focusing on compounds including dibenzothiophene, which serves as a model refractory sulfide.
Extraction and oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel catalyzed by a Bronsted acidic ionic liquid at room temperature
Gao, Hongshuai,Guo, Chen,Xing, Jianmin,Zhao, Junmei,Liu, Huizhou
, p. 1220 - 1224 (2010)
The Bronsted acidic ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([BMIM][HSO4]) and N-butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate ([C4Py][HSO4]) were used as extractant and catalyst for desulfurization of diesel. The results show that [BMIM][HSO 4] is better as extractant and catalyst than [C4Py] [HSO4] during the desulfurization process. The sulfur removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in n-octane was 99.6% in 90 min under the conditions of Vmodel oil/VIL = 2:1 and H2O2/DBT molar ratio at 5 (O/S = 5), at room temperature. The sulfur removal of four sulfur compounds by extraction and catalytic oxidation process followed the order of DBT > benzothiophene (BT) > thiophene (TS) > 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT). Moreover, the [BMIM][HSO4] can be recycled for at least 6 times with a little decrease in the desulfurization activity. The sulfur removal of diesel fuel containing sulfur content of 97 ppm is 85.5%, which was much better than desulfurization performance by simple extraction with IL (11.0%). In this extraction and oxidative desulfurization process, DBT was oxidized to corresponding sulfone by H2O2 with Bronsted acidic IL [BMIM][HSO 4] which served as not only extractant but also catalyst. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010.
Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones with 30% hydrogen peroxide under organic solvent- and halogen-free conditions
Sato, Kazuhiko,Hyodo, Mamoru,Aoki, Masao,Zheng, Xiao-Qi,Noyori, Ryoji
, p. 2469 - 2476 (2001)
Aromatic and aliphatic sulfides are oxidized to sulfoxides or sulfones in high yield with 30% hydrogen peroxide under organic solvent- and halogen-free conditions. Dialkyl and alkyl aryl sulfides are cleanly oxidized to sulfoxides using aqueous hydrogen peroxide without catalysts. The best catalyst for the sulfone synthesis consists of sodium tungstate, phenylphosphonic acid, and methyltrioctylammonium hydrogensulfate. Co-existing primary or secondary alcohol or olefinic moieties are unaffected under such conditions.
Selective sulfoxidation with hydrogen peroxide catalysed by a titanium catalyst
Postigo, Lorena,Ventura, Maria,Cuenca, Toms,Jimnez, Gerardo,Royo, Beatriz
, p. 320 - 324 (2015)
A moisture-tolerant cyclopentadienyl-silsesquioxane titanium complex efficiently catalyses the selective oxidation of various types of sulfides to either sulfoxides (TOFs up to 32 530 h-1) or sulfones with H2O2 (30% in water) under mild conditions.
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LaCount,Friedman
, p. 2751,2753 (1977)
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Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Using Cobalt (II) Complexes with Substituted Salen-Type Ligands as Catalysts in Model Fuel Oil
Tripathi, Deependra,Singh, Raj K.
, p. 713 - 719 (2021)
Three cobalt(II)-salen complexes (CoL1, CoL2 and CoL3) were synthesized via the reaction of the three tetradentate ligands as N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylimine) L1, N,N′-ethylenebis(3-tert-butylsalicylimine) L2 and N,N′-ethylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylimine) L3, with a stoichiometric amount of cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate, respectively. All the three complexes were studied as oxidative desulfurization catalyst on dibenzothiophene taken in model fuel oil n-dodecane. The acetonitrile used as an extracting solvent and H2O2 as an oxidant. Comparatively CoL3 proved to be the best catalyst which showed the 76% DBT removal at the optimized conditions. The nth-order kinetic model is the best way to represent oxidation kinetics of complexes. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]This cobalt(II) Schiffs base complexes were studied as catalyst for oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiphene (DBT) taken as model sulphur compounds in fuel model oil (n-dodecane) using H2O2 as oxidant and acetonitrile as extracting solvent for DBT sulfone in a batch experiment.
Novel yellow phosphorescent iridium complexes with dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide-based cyclometalated ligand for white polymer light-emitting diodes
Liang, Aihui,Luo, Ming,Liu, Yusheng,Wang, Han,Wang, Zhiping,Zheng, Xiaoyan,Cao, Tian,Liu, Dewang,Zhang, Yong,Huang, Fei
, p. 637 - 645 (2018)
We have designed and synthesized two novel yellow phosphorescent iridium complexes using dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide-based cyclometalated ligand for the first time, which are capable of producing highly efficient yellow and white polymer light-emitting devices (PLEDs). The resulted iridium complexes display good thermal stability and high photoluminescence quantum yields. Both yellow and white PLEDs are fabricated with an identical single-emission-layer configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/emission layer (EML)/CsF/Al. For the yellow phosphorescent PLEDs based on (p-CzFSOPy)2IrPic, the best device performances with a peak luminous efficiency (LE) of 13.3 cd/A and a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.3% are achieved. More importantly, the two-element WPLEDs containing iridium (III)bis (2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2′) picolinate (FIrpic) as blue and (p-CzFSOPy)2IrPic as yellow phosphors doped into a PVK:OXD-7 matrix at an appropriate ratio exhibited a maximum LE of 19.2 cd/A, a maximum EQE of 9.6%, an extremely high luminance of 18717 cd/m2 and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of (0.317, 0.448). Moreover, at a luminance for practical application of 1000 cd/m2, the LE still remains as high as 19.0 cd/A, with a very slight decrease.
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Tilak
, p. 76,87 (1960)
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Ledlie,Howell
, p. 785 (1976)
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An efficient method for the oxidation of organic sulfides to sulfones
Balicki, Roman
, p. 184 - 185 (1999)
Mild and safe oxidation of dialkyl-, diaryl- and alkyl-aryl sulfides (1a-m) to the corresponding sulfones (2a-m)by using urea-hydrogen peroxide/formic acid system is reported. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 1999.
Efficient mesoporous silica-titania catalysts from colloidal self-assembly
Sachse, Alexander,Hulea, Vasile,Marcotte, Nathalie,Boltoeva, Maria Yu,Belamie, Emmanuel,Alonso, Bruno,Kostov, Krassimir L.
, p. 10648 - 10650,3 (2012)
Mesoporous silica-titania materials of tunable composition and texture, which present a high catalytic activity in the mild oxidation of sulfur compounds, have been obtained by combining the spray-drying process with the colloidal self-assembly of α-chitin nanorods (biopolymer acting as a template) and organometallic oligomers.
The adsorptive extraction of oxidized sulfur-containing compounds from fuels by using molecularly imprinted chitosan materials
Ogunlaja, Adeniyi S.,Coombes, Matthew J.,Torto, Nelson,Tshentu, Zenixole R.
, p. 61 - 76 (2014)
An innovative approach for desulfurisation of fuels is proposed. It relies on the formation of recognition sites, complementary to oxidized sulfur-containing compounds, on cross-linked chitosan microspheres and electrospun chitosan nanofibers using the molecularly imprinted polymer technique. Benzothiophene sulfone (BTO2), dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBTO2) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene sulfone (4,6-DMDBTO 2) were used as templates for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The possible molecular interactions between imprinted chitosan adsorbent and oxidized sulfur-containing compounds were investigated by molecular modeling using density functional theory (DFT) and results indicated that interactions took place via hydrogen bonding. The molecularly imprinted polymer adsorbents (cross-linked microspheres and electrospun nanofibers) gave better selectivity for the target sulfonated compounds and the adsorption isothermal studies followed the Freundlich model. Maximum adsorption capacities of 8.5 ± 0.6 mg/g, 7.0 ± 0.5 mg/g and 6.6 ± 0.7 mg/g were observed for model BTO2, DBTO2 and 4,6-DMDBTO2 respectively at 1 mL/h when imprinted nanofibers were employed, and the imprinted microspheres gave maximum adsorption capacity of 4.9 ± 0.5 mg/g, 4.2 ± 0.7 mg/g and 3.9 ± 0.6 mg/g for BTO 2, DBTO2 and 4,6-DMDBTO2 respectively. Application of the nanofibers to oxidized hydro-treated fuel under continuous flow adsorption system at 1 mL/h indicated that 84% of sulfur was adsorbed, with adsorption capacity of 2.2 ± 0.2 mg/g.
Deep oxidative desulfurization with task-specific ionic liquids: An experimental and computational study
Gui, Jianzhou,Liu, Dan,Sun, Zhaolin,Liu, Daosheng,Min, Dayoung,Song, Busub,Peng, Xilai
, p. 64 - 70 (2010)
A series of task-specific acidic ionic liquids (TSILs), immiscible with oil, halogen-free and containing -COOH group in the cations, were used for oxidative desulfurization as both the catalyst and extractant. The removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) from model diesel at 298 K could reach 96.7% and 95.1%, respectively. The TSIL could be recycled 5 times without any apparent loss of the catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the structures, acidities and interactions between the cation and the anion of TSILs have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) method, and found that catalytic properties of TSILs are close related to the structures, acidities and extraction capabilities. Furthermore, an oxidative desulfurization mechanism has been proposed.
Oxidation of organic sulfur compounds with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of crown ethers
Anisimov,Tarakanova,Tkhai, Fat Vin,Kulikov,Seleznev
, p. 225 - 225 (2007)
It was first shown that crown ethers catalyze the oxidation of organic sulfur compounds (methyl phenyl sulfide to sulfoxide and sulfone, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene to sulfones) with hydrogen peroxide. Nauka/Interperiodica 2007.
Anchorage of a ruthenium complex into modified MOF: Synergistic effects for selective oxidation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds
Tabatabaeian, Khalil,Zanjanchi, Mohammad Ali,Mahmoodi, Nosrat. O.,Eftekhari, Tooraj
, p. 101013 - 101022 (2015)
The structure of IRMOF-3 was modified with pyridine-2-aldehyde and then the Schiff base moieties were used to anchor ruthenium complex to this metal-organic framework. The prepared catalyst was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and FTIR methods. The results show that the prepared catalyst acquires a high potential for selective oxidation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds under mild conditions and easy workups.
Metal and solvent free selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfone using bifunctional ionic liquid [pmim]IO4
Ahammed, Sabir,Kundu, Debasish,Siddiqui, Mohammad Nahid,Ranu, Brindaban C.
, p. 335 - 337 (2015)
The oxidation of organo-sulfides to sulfones has been accomplished using an easily accessible bifunctional ionic liquid, [pmim]IO4 in the absence of any other oxidants, metal and organic solvent at ambient temperature. A variety of sulfides including dialkyl, aryl-alkyl, diaryl, and aryl-hetero aryl have been oxidized to the corresponding functionalized sulfones in high yields by this procedure.
Substrate specificity and ionization potential in chloroperoxidase- catalyzed oxidation of diesel fuel
Ayala, Marcela,Robledo, Norma R.,Lopez-Munguia, Agustin,Vazquez-Duhalt, Rafael
, p. 2804 - 2809 (2000)
Straight-run diesel fuel containing 1.6% of sulfur was enzymatically oxidized with chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces rumago. Most organosulfides and thiophenes were transformed to form sulfoxides and sulfones. The oxidized organosulfur compounds can be effectively removed by distillation. The resulting fraction after distillation contained only 0.27% sulfur, while the untreated straight-run diesel fuel after the same distillation process still showed 1.27% sulfur. To know the chemical nature of the products, nine organosulfur compounds and 12 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were transformed by chloroperoxidase in the presence of chloride and hydrogen peroxide. Organosulfur compounds were only oxidized to form sulfoxides and sulfones, and no chlorinated derivatives were detected, except for bithiophene. In contrast, PACs were exclusively chlorinated, and no oxidized derivatives could be found. No enzymatic activity was detected on PACs with an ionization potential higher than 8.52 eV, while in the lower region it was found that the higher the ionization potential of the PAC the lower the specific activity. On the other hand, the substrate ionization potential did not seem to influence chloroperoxidase activity in the oxidation of organosulfur compounds. All organosulfur compounds tested were oxidized by chloroperoxidase. From double-substrate experiments, it appears that organosulfur compounds are oxidized by both compound I and compound X enzyme intermediates, while PACs react only with the halogenating intermediate, compound X. Straight-run diesel fuel containing 1.6% of sulfur was enzymatically oxidized with chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago. Most organosulfides and thiophenes were transformed to form sulfoxides and sulfones. The oxidized organosulfur compounds can be effectively removed by distillation. The resulting fraction after distillation contained only 0.27% sulfur, while the untreated straight-run diesel fuel after the same distillation process still showed 1.27% sulfur. To know the chemical nature of the products, nine organosulfur compounds and 12 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were transformed by chloroperoxidase in the presence of chloride and hydrogen peroxide. Organosulfur compounds were only oxidized to form sulfoxides and sulfones, and no chlorinated derivatives were detected, except for bithiophene. In contrast, PACs were exclusively chlorinated, and no oxidized derivatives could be found. No enzymatic activity was detected on PACs with an ionization potential higher than 8.52 eV, while in the lower region it was found that the higher the ionization potential of the PAC the lower the specific activity. On the other hand, the substrate ionization potential did not seem to influence chloroperoxidase activity in the oxidation of organosulfur compounds. All organosulfur compounds tested were oxidized by chloroperoxidase. From double-substrate experiments, it appears that organosulfur compounds are oxidized by both compound I and compound X enzyme intermediates, while PACs react only with the halogenating intermediate, compound X.
Synthesis and non-parametric evaluation studies on high performance of catalytic oxidation-extraction desulfurization of gasoline using the novel TBAPW11Zn?TiO2?PAni nanocomposite
Khanmohammadi Khorrami, Mohammad Reza,Shokri Aghbolagh, Zahra
, (2020)
In this work, the new catalyst (assigned as TBAPW11Zn?TiO2?PAni) was successfully designed and synthesized on the basis of quaternary ammonium salt of zinc monosubstituted phosphotungstate [(n-C4H9)4N][PW11ZnO39] (TBAPW11Zn), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and polyaniline (PAni). This study reports the catalytic oxidation-extraction desulfurization (ECODS) of sulfur-containing molecules from real and the simulated (Th, BT, and DBT) gasoline using new organic–inorganic hybrid catalyst (TBAPW11Zn?TiO2?PAni). The ECODS results were shown that the concentration of sulfur compounds (SCs) of real gasoline was lowered from 0.4992 to 0.0122 wt.% with 97% efficiency at 35 °C after 1 h. Furthermore, the synthesized heterogeneous nanocatalyst showed high stability and reusability after five times without significant loss of activity. The high performance of TBAPW11Zn?TiO2?PAni/H2O2/CH3CO2H system can be a promising route with a superb potential in the generation of ultra-low-sulfur gasoline. Also the Mann–Whitney U-test results show that there is not a significant difference between the mean of sulfur percentage for DBT & BT, BT & Th and DBT & Th in the presence of the catalyst. Based on the Kruskal–Wallis test results, we can conclude that the temperature, time and amount of catalyst have a significant effect on ECODS efficiency of TBAPW11Zn?TiO2?PAni nanocomposite.
The development of catalytic oxovanadium(IV)-containing microspheres for the oxidation of various organosulfur compounds
Ogunlaja, Adeniyi S.,Khene, Samson,Antunes, Edith,Nyokong, Tebello,Torto, Nelson,Tshentu, Zenixole R.
, p. 157 - 167 (2013)
The development of poly[allylSB-co-EGDMA] beads containing a tetradentate ligand was achieved via suspension polymerization. The catalyst poly[allylSB-co-EGDMA]-VO was synthesized by reacting VIVOSO 4 with poly[allylSB-co-EGDMA]. XPS
Visible-light-promoted aerobic oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides in ketone solvents
Li, Xiaotong,Wang, Yu,Xie, Xiaomin,Yang, Liqun,Zhang, Zhaoguo
, (2022/03/09)
Simple and readily available ketones have been identified to promote the visible-light-promoted aerobic oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides to sulfones. We report a simple and environmental-friendly oxidation protocol of sulfides to sulfones. Various sulfides were efficiently oxidized into sulfones with O2 as sustainable terminate oxidant, readily available thioxanthone as the photocatalyst and 3-pentanone (DEK) as the solvent. The protocol tolerates diverse functional groups, including halogens, ketone, ester, cyano, heterocycle and even cyclopropyl groups. The detection of the aerobic oxidation reaction in DEK by GC and HRMS disclosed that the key active intermediates were generated.
Synergistic cooperative effect of CF3SO2Na and bis(2-butoxyethyl)ether towards selective oxygenation of sulfides with molecular oxygen under visible-light irradiation
Liu, Kai-Jian,Wang, Zheng,Lu, Ling-Hui,Chen, Jin-Yang,Zeng, Fei,Lin, Ying-Wu,Cao, Zhong,Yu, Xianyong,He, Wei-Min
supporting information, p. 496 - 500 (2021/01/28)
A safe, practical and eco-friendly method for the switchable synthesis of sulfoxides and sulfones through visible-light-initiated oxygenation of sulfides at ambient temperature under transition-metal-, additives-free and minimal solvent conditions. The synergistic catalytic efforts between CF3SO2Na and 2-butoxyethyl ether represents the key promoting factor for the reaction. This journal is
