- Selective hydroformylation of N-allylacetamide in an inverted aqueous two-phase catalytic system, enabling a short synthesis of melatonin
-
Water increases the selectivity in the Rh-phosphine catalysed hydroformylation of N-allylacetamide; an aqueous-organic biphasic system, containing a hydrophobic Rh-catalyst, provided facile catalyst/product separation, after which the aqueous product phase could be used in a one-pot synthesis of N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin).
- Verspui, Goeran,Elbertse, Guido,Sheldon, Frank A.,Hacking, Michiel A. P. J.,Sheldon, Roger A.
-
-
Read Online
- Significantly improved catalytic efficiency of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase towards N-acetylserotonin by strengthening its interactions with the unnatural substrate's terminal structure
-
O-Methylation of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) has been identified as the bottleneck in melatonin biosynthesis pathway. In the present paper, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCOMT) was engineered by rational design to improve its catalytic efficiency in conversion of NAS to melatonin. Based on the notable difference in the terminal structure of caffeic acid and NAS, mutants were designed to strengthen the interactions between the substrate binding pocket of the enzyme and the terminal structure of the unnatural substrate NAS. The final triple mutant (C296F-Q310L-V314T) showed 9.5-fold activity improvement in O-methylation of NAS. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy analysis attributed the increased activity to the higher affinity between the substrate terminal structure and AtCOMT, resulting from the introduction of N–H?π interaction by Phe296 substitution, hydrophobic interaction by Thr314 substitution and elimination of electrostatic repulsion by substitution of Gln310 with Leu310. This work provides hints for O-methyltransferase engineering and meanwhile lays foundation for biotechnological production of melatonin.
- Wang, Wenya,Su, Sisi,Wang, Shizhuo,Ye, Lidan,Yu, Hongwei
-
-
Read Online
- Mechanisms of NO release by N1-nitrosomelatonin: Nucleophilic attack versus reducing pathways
-
A new type of physiologically relevant nitrosamines have been recently recognized, the N1-nitrosoindoles. The possible pathways by which N1-nitrosomelatonin (NOMel) can react in physiological environments have been studied. Our results show that NOMel slowly decomposes spontaneously in aqueous solution, generating melatonin as the main organic product (k = (3.7 ± 1.1) × 10-5 s-1, Tris-HCl (0.2 M) buffer, pH 7.4 at 37°C, anaerobic). This rate is accelerated by acidification (kpH 5.8 = (4.5 ± 0.7) × 10-4 s-1, kpH 8.8 = (3.9 ± 0.6) × 10-6 s-1 Tris-HCl (0.2 M) buffer at 37°C), by the presence of O2 (k o = (9.8 ± 0.1) × 10-5 s-1 pH 7.4, 37°C, [NOMel] = 0.1 mM, P(O2) = 1 atm), and by the presence of the spin trap TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl; ko = (2.0 ± 0.1) × 10-4 s-1, pH 7.4, 37°C, [NOMel] = 0.1 mM, [TEMPO] = 9 mM). We also found that NOMel can transnitrosate to L-cysteinate, producing S-nitrosocysteine and melatonin (k = 0.127 ± 0.002 M-1 s-1, Tris-HCl (0.2 M) buffer, pH 7.4 at 37°C). The reaction of NOMel with ascorbic acid as a reducing agent has also been studied. This rapid reaction produces nitric oxide and melatonin. The saturation of the observed rate constant (k = (1.08 ± 0.04) × 10-3 s-1, Tris-HCl (0.2 M) buffer, pH 7.4 at 37°C) at high ascorbic acid concentration (100-fold with respect to NOMel) and the pH independence of this reaction in the pH range 7-9 indicate that the reactive species are ascorbate and melatonyl radical originated from the reversible homolysis of NOMel. Taking into account kinetic and DFT calculation data, a comprehensive mechanism for the denitrosation of NOMel is proposed. On the basis of our kinetics results, we conclude that under physiological conditions NOMel mainly reacts with endogenous reducing agents (such as ascorbic acid), producing nitric oxide and melatonin.
- De Biase, Pablo M.,Turjanski, Adrian G.,Estrin, Dario A.,Doctorovich, Fabio
-
-
Read Online
- Preparations of 1-hydroxyindole derivatives and their potent inhibitory activities on platelet aggregation
-
1-Hydroxymelatonin, 5-bromo- and 5,7-dibromo-1-hydroxytryptamine derivatives, 1,4-dihydroxy-5-nitroindole, 1-hydroxy-3-methylsulfinylmethylindole, and 5-acetyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-hydroxypyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinoline were synthesized for the first time. 1-Hydroxyindoles revealed potent inhibitory activities on platelet aggregation.
- Somei, Masanori,Yamada, Koji,Hasegawa, Masakazu,Tabata, Mutsuko,Nagahama, Yoshiyuki,Morikawa, Harunobu,Yamada, Fumio
-
-
Read Online
- A practical synthesis of N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine (melatonin)
-
The pineal hormone melatonin is conveniently prepared in simple one pot operation by treating 4-methoxyphenylhydrazine hydrochloride(6) with acetic anhydride and 4-aminobutyraldehyde dimethylacetal(4) in a mixed solvent system of acetic acid/ethanol/water.
- Hwang, Ki-Jun,Lee, Tae-Suk
-
-
Read Online
- Melatonin- And Ferulic Acid-Based HDAC6 Selective Inhibitors Exhibit Pronounced Immunomodulatory Effects in Vitro and Neuroprotective Effects in a Pharmacological Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model
-
The structures of melatonin and ferulic acid were merged into tertiary amide-based histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitors to develop multi-target-directed inhibitors for neurodegenerative diseases to incorporate antioxidant effects without losing affinity and selectivity at HDAC6. Structure-activity relationships led to compound 10b as a hybrid molecule showing pronounced and selective inhibition of HDAC6 (IC50 = 30.7 nM, > 25-fold selectivity over other subtypes). This compound shows comparable DPPH radical scavenging ability to ferulic acid, comparable ORAC value to melatonin and comparable Cu2+ chelating ability to EDTA. It also lacks neurotoxicity on HT-22 cells, exhibits a pronounced immunomodulatory effect, and is active in vivo showing significantly higher efficacy in an AD mouse model to prevent both Aβ25-35-induced spatial working and long-term memory dysfunction at lower dose (0.3 mg/kg) compared to positive control HDAC6 inhibitor ACY1215 and an equimolar mixture of the three entities ACY1215, melatonin and ferulic acid, suggesting potentially disease-modifying properties.
- He, Feng,Chou, C. James,Scheiner, Matthias,Poeta, Eleonora,Yuan Chen, Natalia,Gunesch, Sandra,Hoffmann, Matthias,Sotriffer, Christoph,Monti, Barbara,Maurice, Tangui,Decker, Michael
-
-
Read Online
- Synthesis method of melatonin
-
The invention discloses a synthesis method of melatonin, and belongs to the technical field of pharmaceutical chemistry synthesis. According to the method, 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrochloride is used as a raw material, 5-methoxytryptamine is obtained through a methylation reaction of hydroxyl through a one-pot feeding method, a crude melatonin product is prepared through an acetylation reaction of amino, and finally, the finished melatonin is obtained through one-step refining and purification. The melatonin synthesis method provided by the invention avoids waste caused by step-by-step purification of the product, and has the characteristics of short synthesis route, short synthesis period, few raw material types and the like, the obtained product is high in yield, and the purity can meet the market demand. The synthesis method of the melatonin provided by the invention saves the cost and is easy for industrial production.
- -
-
Paragraph 0020-0025
(2021/08/07)
-
- Recyclable and reusablen-Bu4NBF4/PEG-400/H2O system for electrochemical C-3 formylation of indoles with Me3N as a carbonyl source
-
A safe, practical and eco-friendly electrochemical methodology for the synthesis of 3-formylated indoles has been developed by the utilization of Me3N as a novel formylating reagent. Stoichiometric oxidants, metal catalysts, and activating agents were avoided in this method, and an aqueous biphasic system ofn-Bu4NBF4/PEG-400/H2O was used as a recyclable and reusable reaction medium, which made this electrosynthesis approach more sustainable and environmentally friendly. This process expanded the substrate scope and functional group tolerance for bothN-EDG andN-EWG indoles. Furthermore, late-stage functionalization and total/formal synthesis of drugs and natural products were realized by means of this route.
- Cheng, Didi,Li, Jingyi,Li, Yujin,Ling, Fei,Liu, Lei,Liu, Tao,Zhong, Weihui
-
supporting information
p. 4107 - 4113
(2021/06/17)
-
- A facile and versatile electro-reductive system for hydrodefunctionalization under ambient conditions
-
A general electrochemical system for reductive hydrodefunctionalization is described, employing the inexpensive and easily available triethylamine (Et3N) as a sacrificial reductant. This protocol is characterized by facile operation, sustainable conditions, and exceptionally wide substrate scope covering the cleavage of C-halogen, N-S, N-C, O-S, O-C, C-C and C-N bonds. Notably, the selectivity and capability of reduction can be conveniently switched by simple incorporation or removal of an alcohol as a co-solvent.
- Huang, Binbin,Guo, Lin,Xia, Wujiong
-
supporting information
p. 2095 - 2103
(2021/03/26)
-
- Preparation method of melatonin
-
The invention relates to the technical field of chemical synthesis of medicines, in particular to a preparation method of melatonin. The preparation method of the melatonin comprises the following steps: (a) subjecting phthalimide, 1,3-dichloropropane, sodium iodide and ethyl acetoacetate to a reaction in a solvent under the action of alkali to obtain a compound I; (b) performing a ring closing reaction on the compound I and p-methoxyphenyl diazonium salt in the presence of alkali and a solvent to obtain a compound II; (c) hydrolyzing the compound II under an alkaline condition, and carrying out decarboxylating under an acidic condition to obtain a compound III; and (d) carrying out an acetylation reaction on the compound III to obtain melatonin. According to the preparation method, phthalimide, 1,3-dichloropropane, ethyl acetoacetate and the like are used as raw materials, and the price of the raw materials is low; the intermediate compound I can be obtained through a one-step method,so reaction steps and time are shortened; moreover, the conditions of each reaction step are relatively mild, the raw materials are easy to obtain, and high yield can be obtained.
- -
-
Paragraph 0049; 0056-0058; 0090-0093
(2020/03/03)
-
- Harmaline Analogs as Substrate-Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors
-
We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of harmaline analogs as selective inhibitors of 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) oxygenation over arachidonic acid (AA) oxygenation by purified cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). A fused tricyclic harmaline analog containing a CH3O substituent at C-6 and a CH3 group at the C-1 position of 4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (compound 3) was the best substrate-selective COX-2 inhibitor of those evaluated, exhibiting a 2AG-selective COX-2 inhibitory IC50 of 0.022 μM as compared to >1 μM for AA. The 2.66 ? resolution crystal complex of COX-2 with compound 3 revealed that this series of tricyclic indoles binds in the cyclooxygenase channel by flipping the side chain of L531 toward the dimer interface. This novel tricyclic indole series provides the foundation for the development of promising substrate-selective molecules capable of increasing endocannabinoid (EC) levels in the brain to offer new treatments for a variety of diseases, from pain and inflammation to stress and anxiety disorders.
- Uddin, Md. Jashim,Xu, Shu,Crews, Brenda C.,Aleem, Ansari M.,Ghebreselasie, Kebreab,Banerjee, Surajit,Marnett, Lawrence J.
-
supporting information
p. 1881 - 1885
(2020/03/25)
-
- Discovery and characterization of an acridine radical photoreductant
-
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is a phenomenon whereby the absorption of light by a chemical species provides an energetic driving force for an electron-transfer reaction1–4. This mechanism is relevant in many areas of chemistry, including the study of natural and artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics and photosensitive materials. In recent years, research in the area of photoredox catalysis has enabled the use of PET for the catalytic generation of both neutral and charged organic free-radical species. These technologies have enabled previously inaccessible chemical transformations and have been widely used in both academic and industrial settings. Such reactions are often catalysed by visible-light-absorbing organic molecules or transition-metal complexes of ruthenium, iridium, chromium or copper5,6. Although various closed-shell organic molecules have been shown to behave as competent electron-transfer catalysts in photoredox reactions, there are only limited reports of PET reactions involving neutral organic radicals as excited-state donors or acceptors. This is unsurprising because the lifetimes of doublet excited states of neutral organic radicals are typically several orders of magnitude shorter than the singlet lifetimes of known transition-metal photoredox catalysts7–11. Here we document the discovery, characterization and reactivity of a neutral acridine radical with a maximum excited-state oxidation potential of ?3.36 volts versus a saturated calomel electrode, which is similarly reducing to elemental lithium, making this radical one of the most potent chemical reductants reported12. Spectroscopic, computational and chemical studies indicate that the formation of a twisted intramolecular charge-transfer species enables the population of higher-energy doublet excited states, leading to the observed potent photoreducing behaviour. We demonstrate that this catalytically generated PET catalyst facilitates several chemical reactions that typically require alkali metal reductants and can be used in other organic transformations that require dissolving metal reductants.
- MacKenzie, Ian A.,Wang, Leifeng,Onuska, Nicholas P. R.,Williams, Olivia F.,Begam, Khadiza,Moran, Andrew M.,Dunietz, Barry D.,Nicewicz, David A.
-
-
- Visible Light-Induced Amide Bond Formation
-
A metal-, base-, and additive-free amide bond formation reaction was developed under an organic photoredox catalyst. This green approach showed excellent functional selectivity without affecting other functional groups such as alcohols, phenols, ethers, esters, halogens, or heterocycles. This method featured a broad substrate scope, good compatibility with water and air, and high yields (≤95%). The potential utilities were demonstrated by the synthesis of important drug molecules such as paracetamol, melatonin, moclobemide, and acetazolamide.
- Song, Wangze,Dong, Kun,Li, Ming
-
supporting information
p. 371 - 375
(2019/11/29)
-
- Knockout of arabidopsis serotonin N-acetyltransferase-2 reduces melatonin levels and delays flowering
-
Melatonin plays roles in both plant growth and defense. Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) catalyzes formation of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) from serotonin. Plants contain two SNAT isogenes, which exhibit low-level amino acid homology. We studied the Arabidopsis thaliana SNAT2 (AtSNAT2) gene; we prepared recombinant SNAT2 protein and characterized a snat2 knockout mutant. The SNAT2 protein exhibited 27% amino acid homology with SNAT1; the Km was 232 μM and the Vmax was 2160 pmol/min/mg protein. Melatonin inhibited SNAT enzyme activity in vitro. SNAT2 mRNA was abundantly expressed in flowers; the melatonin content of flowers of the snat2 mutant was significantly less than that of wild-type flowers. The mutant exhibited delayed flowering and reductions in leaf area and biomass compared to the wild type. Delayed flowering was attributable to reductions in the expression levels of the gibberellin biosynthetic genes ent-kaurene synthase (KS) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT).
- Lee, Hyoung Yool,Lee, Kyungjin,Back, Kyoungwhan
-
-
- Electrochemical: N-acylation synthesis of amides under aqueous conditions
-
An electrochemical N-acylation of carboxylic acids with amines was reported. The sustainable TBAB electrocatalysis proceeded with excellent chemoselectivity and positional selectivity, and with ample scope, allowing electrochemical N-acylation under mild reaction conditions at room temperature in water. Moreover, the synthetic utility of the current method is demonstrated by the synthesis of melatonin.
- Ke, Fang,Xu, Yiwen,Zhu, Suning,Lin, Xiaoyan,Lin, Chen,Zhou, Sunying,Su, Huimin
-
supporting information
p. 4329 - 4333
(2019/08/21)
-
- Substituted heteroaryl compounds and compositions and uses thereof
-
The present invention relates to a novel heteroaromatic compound, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound. The heteroaromatic compound or pharmaceutical composition containing the compound can be used for exciting a melatonin receptor. The present invention also relates to a preparation method of the compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof, and application of the compound and pharmaceutical composition in treating central nervous system dysfunction of mammals especially human.
- -
-
Paragraph 0154; 0156-0159
(2019/06/05)
-
- Flow-based enzymatic synthesis of melatonin and other high value tryptamine derivatives: A five-minute intensified process
-
To increase the uptake of biocatalytic processes by industry, it is essential to demonstrate the reliability of enzyme-based methodologies directly applied to the production of high value products. Here, a unique, efficient, and sustainable enzymatic platform for the multi-gram synthesis of melatonin, projected to generate around 1.5 billion U.S. dollars worldwide by 2021, and its analogues was developed. The system exploits the covalent immobilization of MsAcT (transferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis) onto agarose beads increasing the robustness and longevity of the immobilized biocatalyst. The fully-automated process deriving from the integration between biocatalysis and flow chemistry is designed to maximize the overall yields (58-92%) and reduce reaction times (5 min), overcoming the limitation often associated with bioprocesses and bridging the gap between lab scale and industrial production.
- Contente, Martina Letizia,Farris, Stefano,Tamborini, Lucia,Molinari, Francesco,Paradisi, Francesca
-
supporting information
p. 3263 - 3266
(2019/06/24)
-
- Amide Synthesis from Thiocarboxylic Acids and Amines by Spontaneous Reaction and Electrosynthesis
-
Amide bond formation is one of the most important basic reactions in chemistry. A catalyst-free approach for constructing amide bonds from thiocarboxylic acids and amines was developed. The mechanistic studies showed that the disulfide was the key intermediate for this amide synthesis. Thiobenzoic acids could be automatically oxidized to disulfides in air, thioaliphatic acids could be electro-oxidized to disulfides, and the resulting disulfides reacted with amines to give the corresponding amides. By this method, various amides could be easily synthesized in excellent yields without using any catalyst or activator. The successful synthesis of bioactive compounds also highlights the synthetic utility of this strategy in medicinal chemistry.
- Tang, Li,Matuska, Jack H.,Huang, Yu-Han,He, Yan-Hong,Guan, Zhi
-
p. 2570 - 2575
(2019/06/13)
-
- An environmentally friendly protocol for oxidative halocyclization of tryptamine and tryptophol derivatives
-
An environmentally friendly and efficient protocol (KX/oxone) for oxidative halocyclization of tryptamine/tryptophol derivatives was developed and demonstrated with 28 examples and concise total synthesis of cyclotryptamine alkaloid protubonines A and B. The distinct advantage of this protocol over all previous methods is that no organic byproduct is generated from a halogenating agent or oxidant, thus greatly reducing the environmental impact of halocyclization and facilitating the post-reaction purification.
- Xu, Jun,Tong, Rongbiao
-
supporting information
p. 2952 - 2956
(2017/07/24)
-
- Acetic acid as a catalyst for the N-acylation of amines using esters as the acyl source
-
We report a cheap and simple method for the acetylation of a variety of amines using catalytic acetic acid and either ethyl acetate or butyl acetate as the acyl source. Catalyst loadings as low as 10 mol% afforded acetamide products in excellent yields at temperatures ranging from 80-120 °C. The methodology can also be successfully applied for the synthesis of a broad range of other amides, including the formation of formamides at 20 °C.
- Sanz Sharley, Daniel D.,Williams, Jonathan M. J.
-
supporting information
p. 2020 - 2023
(2017/02/15)
-
- Structural development of canthin-5,6-dione moiety as a fluorescent dye and its application to novel fluorescent sensors
-
Canthin-5,6-dione is a common structure of the fluorescent natural products amarastelline A and nigakinone. Here, we synthesized various derivatives, and studied their fluorescence properties. The effects of substituent groups at the N3-, 4- and 10-positions were clarified. N3-Substitution influenced the solvent-dependent fluorescent change by modulating tautomerization between canthin-5,6-dione and the 5-hydroxy-6-one form. 10-Substitution also influenced the fluorescence, especially in aqueous solution, in combination with N3-substitution. Among the synthesized compounds, 5 showed an ‘OFF-ON-OFF’-type fluorescence change with increase of pH, and therefore served as a novel fluorescent sensor for a specific range of pH. Our findings suggest that canthin-5,6-dione should be useful as a fluorophore moiety for fluorescent labeling of biomolecules and for development of fluorescent probes and sensors.
- Yokoo, Hidetomo,Ohsaki, Ayumi,Kagechika, Hiroyuki,Hirano, Tomoya
-
p. 5872 - 5879
(2016/09/07)
-
- Iridium-catalyzed direct synthesis of tryptamine derivatives from indoles: Exploiting N-protected β-amino alcohols as alkylating agents
-
The selective C3-alkylation of indoles with N-protected ethanolamines involving the "borrowing hydrogen" strategy is described. This method provides convenient and sustainable access to several tryptamine derivatives.
- Bartolucci, Silvia,Mari, Michele,Bedini, Annalida,Piersanti, Giovanni,Spadoni, Gilberto
-
p. 3217 - 3222
(2015/03/30)
-
- Mechanistic and structural analysis of Drosophila melanogaster arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases
-
(Chemical Equation Presented). Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of melatonin and other N-acetylarylalkylamides from the corresponding arylalkylamine and acetyl-CoA. The N-acetylation of arylalkylamines is a critical step in Drosophila melanogaster for the inactivation of the bioactive amines and the sclerotization of the cuticle. Two AANAT variants (AANATA and AANATB) have been identified in D. melanogaster , in which AANATA differs from AANATB by the truncation of 35 amino acids from the N-terminus. We have expressed and purified both D. melanogaster AANAT variants (AANATA and AANATB) in Escherichia coli and used the purified enzymes to demonstrate that this N-terminal truncation does not affect the activity of the enzyme. Subsequent characterization of the kinetic and chemical mechanism of AANATA identified an ordered sequential mechanism, with acetyl-CoA binding first, followed by tyramine. We used a combination of pH-activity profiling and site-directed mutagenesis to study prospective residues believed to function in AANATA catalysis. These data led to an assignment of Glu-47 as the general base in catalysis with an apparent pKa of 7.0. Using the data generated for the kinetic mechanism, structure-function relationships, pH-rate profiles, and site-directed mutagenesis, we propose a chemical mechanism for AANATA.
- Dempsey, Daniel R.,Jeffries, Kristen A.,Bond, Jason D.,Carpenter, Anne-Marie,Rodriguez-Ospina, Santiago,Breydo, Leonid,Caswell, K. Kenneth,Merkler, David J.
-
p. 7777 - 7793
(2015/02/19)
-
- Fischer indole synthesis in low melting mixtures
-
Functionalized indoles are synthezised under mild conditions in a tartaric acid-dimethylurea melt. The melt serves as the solvent and as the catalyst. Under these reaction conditions, sensitive functional groups such as N-Boc, N-Cbz, or azides are stable, and indolenines are obtained regioselectively in excellent yields. The practical use of the method is demonstrated in the synthesis of the hormone melatonin.
- Gore, Sangram,Baskaran, Sundarababu,K?nig, Burkhard
-
supporting information
p. 4568 - 4571
(2012/10/30)
-
- Synthesis of tryptamine derivatives via a direct, one-pot reductive alkylation of indoles
-
An efficient, one-pot reductive alkylation of indoles with N-protected aminoethyl acetals in the presence of TES/TFA is reported. It represents the first general method for the direct synthesis of tryptamine derivatives from indoles and nitrogen-functionalized acetals. This convergent and versatile approach employs safe and inexpensive reagents, proceeds under mild conditions, and tolerates several functional groups. The new procedure was efficiently applied to a gram-scale synthesis of both luzindole, a reference MT2-selective melatonin receptor antagonist, and melatonin.
- Righi, Marika,Topi, Francesca,Bartolucci, Silvia,Bedini, Annalida,Piersanti, Giovanni,Spadoni, Gilberto
-
experimental part
p. 6351 - 6357
(2012/10/08)
-
- SEPIAPTERIN REDUCTASE INHIBITORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN
-
Disclosed herein are small molecule heterocyclic inhibitors of sepiapterin reductase (SPR), and pro-drugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The Also featured are pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds and uses of these compounds for the treatment or prevention of pain (e.g., inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, functional pain, and neuropathic pain)
- -
-
-
- INDOLE COMPOUNDS, A PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM
-
Compounds of formula (I): wherein: R1 represents an alkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl group,R2 and R3, together with the nitrogen atom carrying them, form a heterocycle having from 5 to 8 ring members,and n represents from 2 to 6. Medicinal products containing the same which are useful in treating disorders of the to melatoninergic system.
- -
-
Page/Page column 3
(2010/08/18)
-
- Scalable total syntheses of N -linked tryptamine dimers by direct indole-aniline coupling: Psychotrimine and kapakahines B and F
-
This report details the invention of a method to enable syntheses of psychotrimine (1) and the kapakahines F and B (2, 3) on a gram scale and in a minimum number of steps. Mechanistic inquiries are presented for the key enabling quaternization of indole at the C3 position by electrophilic attack of an activated aniline species. Excellent chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivities are observed for reactions with o-iodoaniline, an indole cation equivalent. Additionally, the scope of this reaction is broad with respect to the tryptamine and aniline components. The anti-cancer profiles of 1-3 have also been evaluated.
- Newhouse, Timothy,Lewis, Chad A.,Eastman, Kyle J.,Baran, Phil S.
-
supporting information; body text
p. 7119 - 7137
(2010/07/09)
-
- Efficient acylation and one-pot synthesis of dehydroandrographolide succinate on a large scale assisted with microwave radiation
-
A rapid and convenient method for acylation and large-scale synthesis of dehydroandrographolide succinate has been developed under microwave irradiation. It is a one-pot condensation and is compatible with dehydration and rearrangement of double bond in mild reaction conditions with good yield, high purity (up to 99.8%), time-savings, few pollutants and low cost. In addition, a number of acylation derivatives were synthesized under microwave irradiation.
- Luo, Xin-Feng,He, Ling,Yin, Hai-Bin,Zheng, Hu,Bei, Di,Deng, Jin-Jin,Huang, Wen-Cai
-
experimental part
p. 3444 - 3452
(2009/12/05)
-
- Synthesis and vasodilator effects of rutaecarpine analogues which might be involved transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily, member 1 (TRPV1)
-
Rutaecarpine is the major alkaloid component of Wu-Chu-Yu, a well known Chinese herbal drug. It has been reported that rutaecarpine causes the vasodilator, hypotensive effects by stimulation of CGRP synthesis and release via activation of TRPV1. In present study, 23 rutaecarpine analogues were designed and synthesized. Then, the vasodilator effects of theses compounds were screened by rat aortic ring experiment. The result showed that the 14-N atom of rutaecarpine might be the key site for the activity. The 5-carbonyl might make lower contribution to the effect. And simple substitute in indole-ring or quinazoline-ring would not enhance the vasodilator effect unless in proper position with proper group. One of these compounds, 10-methylrutaecarpine, exhibited similar effect with rutaecarpine. Further functional experiments showed its vasodilator and hypotensive effect were related to the stimulation of CGRP release via activation of TRPV1. The vasodilator effects of these compounds were evaluated and the structure-activity relationship was elucidated for the first time. The results suggested a new direction of valuable TRPV1 agonist as anti-hypertensive drugs.
- Chen, Zhuo,Hu, Gaoyun,Li, Dai,Chen, Jun,Li, Yuanjian,Zhou, Huayong,Xie, Ye
-
experimental part
p. 2351 - 2359
(2009/09/08)
-
- Novel tetrahydro-β-carboline-1-carboxylic acids as inhibitors of mitogen activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2)
-
A structure-activity relationship study was conducted on a series of tetrahydro-β-carboline-1-carboxylic acid analogs in order to identify the key functionality responsible for activity against the mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 enzyme (MK-2). The compounds were further evaluated for their ability to inhibit TNFα production in U937 cells and in vivo. These compounds represent a novel structural class of compounds capable of inhibiting MK-2 with remarkable selectivity.
- Trujillo, John I.,Meyers, Marvin J.,Anderson, David R.,Hegde, Shridhar,Mahoney, Matthew W.,Vernier, William F.,Buchler, Ingrid P.,Wu, Kun K.,Yang, Syaluan,Hartmann, Susan J.,Reitz, David B.
-
p. 4657 - 4663
(2008/02/13)
-
- The ideal synthetic method aimed at the leads for an α2-blocker, an inhibitor of blood platelet aggregation, and an anti-osteoporosis agent
-
According to the definition of the ideal synthetic method, an example aimed at the leads for an α2 blocker, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and an anti-osteoporosis agent is established starting from tryptamine. The originality rate, the intellectual property, and the application potential factors of the method are 71, 54, and 100, respectively. The method employs only conventional reagents and reaction conditions without using any protecting groups.{A figure is presented}.
- Somei, Masanori,Iwaki, Takako,Yamada, Fumio,Tanaka, Yoshio,Shigenobu, Koki,Koike, Katsuo,Suzuki, Nobuo,Hattori, Atsuhiko
-
p. 1565 - 1569
(2007/10/03)
-
- Synthesis and antioxidant properties of some indole ethylamine derivatives as melatonin analogs
-
The synthesis and lipid peroxidation (LP) inhibition activity of several novel indole melatonin analogues are reported. Compounds have shown variable antioxidant features depending on the substitution pattern. Melatonin and the antioxidant reference compound butyl hydroxy toluen (BHT) were used to compare the antioxidant capability of the compounds synthesized.
- Ates-Alagoz,Buyukbingol,Buyukbingol, Erdem
-
p. 643 - 647
(2007/10/03)
-
- Carotenoid ester analogs or derivatives for controlling C-reactive protein levels
-
A method of controlling (e.g., influencing or affecting) C-reactive protein levels in a subject may include administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation may include a synthetic analog or derivative of a carotenoid. The subject may be administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a cyclic ring of a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent. The substituent may be coupled to the cyclic ring with an ester functionality.
- -
-
-
- Carotenoid analogs or derivatives for controlling C-reactive protein levels
-
A method of controlling (e.g., influencing or affecting) C-reactive protein levels in a subject may include administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation may include a synthetic analog or derivative of a carotenoid. The subject may be administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include an acyclic alkene including at least one substituent and/or a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent.
- -
-
-
- Pharmaceutical compositions including carotenoid ether analogs or derivatives for the inhibition and amelioration of disease
-
A method for inhibiting and/or ameliorating the occurrence of diseases associated with reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals in a subject whereby a subject is administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The analog or derivative is administered such that the subject's risk of experiencing diseases associated with reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals may be thereby reduced. The analog or analog combination may be administered to a subject for the inhibition and/or amelioration of any disease that involves production of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals. In some embodiments, the invention may include a pharmaceutical composition including a carotenoid analog or derivative. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a cyclic ring of a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent. The substituent may be coupled to the cyclic ring with an ether functionality. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition may include a biologically inactive carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may be adapted to be administered to a human subject.
- -
-
-
- Pharmaceutical compositions including carotenoid ester analogs or derivatives for the inhibition and amelioration of disease
-
A method for inhibiting and/or ameliorating the occurrence of diseases associated with reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals in a subject whereby a subject is administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The analog or derivative is administered such that the subject's risk of experiencing diseases associated with reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals may be thereby reduced. The analog or analog combination may be administered to a subject for the inhibition and/or amelioration of any disease that involves production of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals. In some embodiments, the invention may include a pharmaceutical composition including a carotenoid analog or derivative. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a cyclic ring of a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent. The substituent may be coupled to the cyclic ring with an ester functionality. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition may include a biologically inactive carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may be adapted to be administered to a human subject.
- -
-
-
- Carotenoid ester analogs or derivatives for the inhibition and amelioration of liver disease
-
A method of treating liver disease in a subject may include administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation may include a synthetic analog or derivative of a carotenoid. The subject may be administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a cyclic ring of a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent. The substituent may be coupled to the cyclic ring with an ester functionality.
- -
-
-
- Carotenoid analogs or derivatives for the inhibition and amelioration of disease
-
A method for inhibiting and/or ameliorating the occurrence of diseases associated with reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals in a subject whereby a subject is administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The analog or derivative is administered such that the subject's risk of experiencing diseases associated with reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals may be thereby reduced. The analog or analog combination may be administered to a subject for the inhibition and/or amelioration of any disease that involves production of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, radicals and/or non-radicals. In some embodiments, the invention may include a chemical compound including an analog or derivative of a carotenoid. The carotenoid analog or derivative may be synthetic. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include an acyclic alkene including at least one substituent and/or a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent. The substituent may enhance the solubility of the carotenoid analog or derivative such that the carotenoid analog or derivative at least partially dissolves in water.
- -
-
-
- Carotenoid analogs or derivatives for the inhibition and amelioration of ischemic reperfusion injury
-
A method of treating ischemic reperfusion injury in a subject. The method may include administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation may include a synthetic analog or derivative of a carotenoid. The subject may be administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include an acyclic alkene including at least one substituent and/or a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent.
- -
-
-
- Carotenoid ether analogs or derivatives for controlling connexin 43 expression
-
A method of controlling (e.g., influencing or affecting) connexin 43 expression in a subject may include administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation. In some embodiments, controlling connexin 43 expression in a subject may effectively treat cardiac arrhythmia and/or cancerous and pre-cancerous cells in a subject. The pharmaceutically acceptable formulation may include a synthetic analog or derivative of a carotenoid. The subject may be administered a carotenoid analog or derivative, either alone or in combination with another carotenoid analog or derivative, or co-antioxidant formulation. The carotenoid analog may include a conjugated polyene with between 7 to 14 double bonds. The conjugated polyene may include a cyclic ring including at least one substituent. In some embodiments, a cyclic ring of a carotenoid analog or derivative may include at least one substituent. The substituent may be coupled to the cyclic ring with an ether functionality.
- -
-
-
- A novel preparation of 3-hydroxy-3H-indole-3-ethanamines and -3H-indole-3-acetamides having either a 4-morpholinyl or 1-pyrrolidinyl group at the 2-position
-
A novel synthetic method is discovered for 3-hydroxy-3H-indole-3-ethanamines and -3H-indole-3-acetamides having either a 4-morpholinyl or 1-pyrrolidinyl group at the 2-position by reacting the corresponding 1-hydroxyindoles with enamines in the presence of tosyl or mesyl chloride. A plausible mechanism is proposed.
- Hayashi, Toshikatsu,Nakai, Yu-Ya,Yamada, Fumio,Somei, Masanori
-
p. 437 - 444
(2007/10/03)
-
- Efficient route to the pineal hormone melatonin by radical-based indole synthesis
-
The hormone melatonin, which is known to have a range of important biological effects, has been prepared in a high-yielding route that features formation of the indole nucleus by radical cyclization. Mediation of the radical cyclization by tristrimethylsilylsilane (TTMSS) is more efficient than by N-ethylpiperidine hypophosphite.
- Thomson, Douglas W.,Commeureuc, Aurelien G. J.,Berlin, Stefan,Murphy, John A.
-
p. 3631 - 3641
(2007/10/03)
-
- Microwave assisted synthesis of melatonin
-
Melatonin was prepared from phthalimide by N- and C-alkylation, cyclization, hydrolytic, decarboxylation, and acetylation. The four-pot reactions were carried out on microwave irradiation in good yield with short time.
- He, Ling,Li, Ju-Lian,Zhang, Jian-Jun,Su, Pu,Zheng, Shi-Long
-
p. 741 - 747
(2007/10/03)
-
- Aromatization of 1,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-2H-indol-2-ones by a novel process. Preparation of key-intermediate methyl 1-benzyl-5-methoxy-1H-indole-3-acetate and the syntheses of serotonin, melatonin, and bufotenin
-
Imine 7 of 1,4-cyclohexanedione mono-ethylene ketal 6 was reacted with maleic anhydride, affording the cyclized adduct 8. Methyl esterification of 8, accompanied by transacetalization, led to the dihydrooxindole derivative 10. Aromatization of 10 was then accomplished with POCl3, leading directly to the key-intermediate title compound 11 in 74% yield from ketone 6. Serotonin, melatonin, and bufotenin were then obtained by standard reactions.
- Revial, Gilbert,Jabin, Ivan,Lim, Sethy,Pfau, Michel
-
p. 2252 - 2256
(2007/10/03)
-
- A convergent approach to 2-substituted-5-methoxyindoles. Application to the synthesis of melatonin
-
A convergent, radical based synthesis of 5-methoxyindoles including melatonin is described.
- Quiclet-Sire, Beatrice,Sortais, Benoit,Zard, Samir Z.
-
p. 1692 - 1693
(2007/10/03)
-
- Nucleophilic substitution reaction on the nitrogen of indole nucleus: A novel synthesis of 1-aryltryptamines
-
1-Hydroxytryptamine derivatives undergo nucleophilic substitution reaction on the indole nitrogen (Na) as a general reaction by the treatment with acid, providing a novel synthetic method for 1-aryltryptamines. Depending on the structures of nucleophiles,
- Hayashi, Toshikatsu,Peng, Wu,Nakai, Yu Ya,Yamada, Koji,Somei, Masanori
-
p. 421 - 424
(2007/10/03)
-
- Preparation and reactions of 4-, 5-, and 6-methoxy substituted 3-lithioindoles and 3-indolylzinc derivatives
-
The preparation of 4-, 5-, and 6-methoxy substituted 3-lithio-1-(trialkylsilyl)indoles 4b-d by metalation of the corresponding 3-bromoindoles, and their reactions with iodomethane, DMF, ethylene oxide and aziridines are reported. Transmetalation of 3-lithioindoles 4b-d with ZnCl2 afforded 3-indolylzinc chlorides 11b-d, which underwent Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with 2-halopyridines to give 4-, 5-, and 6-methoxy substituted 3-(2-pyridyl)indoles.
- Amat,Seffar,Llor,Bosch
-
p. 267 - 275
(2007/10/03)
-
- Syntheses of melatonin and its derivatives
-
Two simple synthetic methods for melatonin are newly developed from tryptamine through intermediates, which are promising lead compounds for drug developing research. Novel chemical reactivities of melatonin in its bromination, lithiation, and acylation are also reported.
- Somei, Masanori,Fukui, Yoshikazu,Hasegawa, Masakazu,Oshikiri, Naoki,Hayashi, Toshikatsu
-
p. 1725 - 1736
(2007/10/03)
-
- 1,3-Dihydro-1,3-diacetyl-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: A new versatile and selective acetylating agent
-
1,3-Dihydro-1,3-diacetyl-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (4, DABI) was proven to be a versatile and selective acetylating agent for amines. Selectivity and reactivity are not only superior than those of other known acetylating agents, but also products could be easily separated with excellent yield.
- Chung, In Hwa,Cha, Ki Suk,Seo, Jae Hong,Kim, Joong Hyup,Chung, Bong Young,Kim, Choong Sup
-
p. 529 - 533
(2007/10/03)
-
- Process research and development of melatonin
-
A short, simple, and industrially feasible process for the preparation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine), starting from phthalimide and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane, in essentially four steps is discussed. The present article elucidates the preparative process along with the impurity profile of each intermediate.
- Prabhakar,Kumar, N. Vasanth,Reddy, M. Ravikanth,Sarma,Reddy, G. Om
-
p. 155 - 160
(2013/09/08)
-
- Preparations of melatonin and 1-hydroxymelatonin, and its novel nucleophilic dimerization to (±)-3a,3a'-bispyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles
-
A unique synthetic method for melatonin was established through biologically promising synthetic intermediates. 1-Hydroxymelatonin was prepared as crystals for the first time. It reacted with 85% formic acid to give (±)-3a,3a'-bispyrrolo[2,3-b]indole compound, whose structure was unequivocally determined by X-Ray crystallographic analysis.
- Somei, Masanori,Oshikiri, Naoki,Hasegawa, Masakazu,Yamada, Fumio
-
p. 1237 - 1242
(2007/10/03)
-
