20870-78-4Relevant articles and documents
KMU-1170, a novel multi-protein kinase inhibitor, suppresses inflammatory signal transduction in THP-1 cells and human osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synoviocytes by suppressing activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway
Baek, Hye Suk,Hong, Victor Sukbong,Kim, Sang Hyon,Lee, Jinho,Kim, Shin
, p. 1 - 17 (2021)
Protein kinases regulate protein phosphorylation, which are involved in fundamental cellular processes such as inflammatory response. In this study, we discovered a novel multi-protein kinase inhibitor, KMU-1170, a derivative of indolin-2-one, and investigated the mechanisms of its inflammation-inhibiting signaling in both THP-1 cells and human osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). We demonstrated that in THP-1 cells, KMU-1170 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and, furthermore, suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of transforming growth factor- β-activated kinase 1, JNK, ERK, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase α/β (IKKα/α), and NF-κB p65 as well as nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Moreover, KMU-1170 suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, and, notably, inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cells. Importantly, KMU-1170 attenuated LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in human osteoarthritic FLS, such as the upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 and the phosphorylation of IKKα/β and NF-κB p65. Collectively, these results suggest that KMU-1170 inhibits inflammatory signal transduction and could be developed as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
Synthesis and Reactivity of 3,3-Diazidooxindoles
Holzschneider, Kristina,Mohr, Fabian,Kirsch, Stefan F.
, p. 7066 - 7070 (2018)
The synthesis of previously unknown 3,3-diazidooxindoles as synthetically useful derivatives of isatins was accomplished through the direct oxidative diazidation of 2-oxindoles. The method yielded the diazido compounds from the starting oxindoles under mild and simple conditions with NaN3 and iodine, in good yields. The notable reactivity of this new class of compounds toward primary and secondary nucleophilic amines is also described, which gives access to either 4-imino-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2(1H)-one derivatives or cyanophenylureas.
Selective tuning of activity in a multifunctional enzyme as revealed in the F21W mutant of dehaloperoxidase B from Amphitrite ornata
Carey, Leiah M.,Kim, Kyung Beom,McCombs, Nikolette L.,Swartz, Paul,Kim, Cheal,Ghiladi, Reza A.
, p. 209 - 219 (2018)
Possessing both peroxidase and peroxygenase activities with a broad substrate profile that includes phenols, indoles, and pyrroles, the enzyme dehaloperoxidase (DHP) from Amphitrite ornata is a multifunctional catalytic hemoglobin that challenges many of the assumptions behind the well-established structure–function paradigm in hemoproteins. While previous studies have demonstrated that the F21W variant leads to attenuated peroxidase activity in DHP, here we have studied the impact of this mutation on peroxygenase activity to determine if it is possible to selectively tune DHP to favor one function over another. Biochemical assays with DHP B (F21W) revealed minimal decreases in peroxygenase activity of 1.2–2.1-fold as measured by 4-nitrophenol or 5-Br-indole substrate conversion, whereas the peroxidase activity catalytic efficiency for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) was more than sevenfold decreased. Binding studies showed a 20-fold weaker affinity for 5-bromoindole (Kd?=?2960?±?940?μM) in DHP B (F21W) compared to WT DHP B. Stopped-flow UV/visible studies and isotope labeling experiments together suggest that the F21W mutation neither significantly changes the nature of the catalytic intermediates, nor alters the mechanisms that have been established for peroxidase and peroxygenase activities in DHP. The X-ray crystal structure (1.96??; PDB 5VLX) of DHP B (F21W) revealed that the tryptophan blocks one of the two identified TCP binding sites, specifically TCPinterior, suggesting that the other site, TCPexterior, remains viable for binding peroxygenase substrates. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that blocking the TCPinterior binding site in DHP selectively favors peroxygenase activity at the expense of its peroxidase activity. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
Regiospecific synthesis of mono-n-substituted indolopyrrolocarbazoles
Froehner, Wolfgang,Monse, Barbara,Braxmeier, Tobias M.,Casiraghi, Laura,Sahagun, Heidi,Seneci, Pierfausto
, p. 4573 - 4576 (2005)
(Chemical Equation Presented) Two complementary and efficient strategies have been developed for the regiospecific synthesis of unsymmetrical indolopyrrolocarbazoles (IPCs) mono-N-substituted with a pentacycle. A halogen in position 2 of the intermediate bisindolylmaleimides 3a-e allows a selective Mitsunobu coupling by exploiting the increased acidity of the 2-chloro-substituted indole nitrogen. It also promotes an easier cyclization of bisindolylmaleimides 4a-e and 7b-e to IPCs. Alkylation of the 2-unsubstituted indole-3-carboxamides 2a,b and further processing to the corresponding IPCs gives access to the opposite regioisomers.
Following Nature’s Footprint: Mimicking the High-Valent Heme-Oxo Mediated Indole Monooxygenation Reaction Landscape of Heme Enzymes
Mondal, Pritam,Rajapakse, Shanuk,Wijeratne, Gayan B.
, p. 3843 - 3854 (2022/02/16)
Pathways for direct conversion of indoles to oxindoles have accumulated considerable interest in recent years due to their significance in the clear comprehension of various pathogenic processes in humans and the multipotent therapeutic value of oxindole pharmacophores. Heme enzymes are predominantly responsible for this conversion in biology and are thought to proceed with a compound-I active oxidant. These heme-enzyme-mediated indole monooxygenation pathways are rapidly emerging therapeutic targets; however, a clear mechanistic understanding is still lacking. Additionally, such knowledge holds promise in the rational design of highly specific indole monooxygenation synthetic protocols that are also cost-effective and environmentally benign. We herein report the first examples of synthetic compound-I and activated compound-II species that can effectively monooxygenate a diverse array of indoles with varied electronic and steric properties to exclusively produce the corresponding 2-oxindole products in good to excellent yields. Rigorous kinetic, thermodynamic, and mechanistic interrogations clearly illustrate an initial rate-limiting epoxidation step that takes place between the heme oxidant and indole substrate, and the resulting indole epoxide intermediate undergoes rearrangement driven by a 2,3-hydride shift on indole ring to ultimately produce 2-oxindole. The complete elucidation of the indole monooxygenation mechanism of these synthetic heme models will help reveal crucial insights into analogous biological systems, directly reinforcing drug design attempts targeting those heme enzymes. Moreover, these bioinspired model compounds are promising candidates for the future development of better synthetic protocols for the selective, efficient, and sustainable generation of 2-oxindole motifs, which are already known for a plethora of pharmacological benefits.
A novel methodology for the efficient synthesis of 3-monohalooxindoles by acidolysis of 3-phosphate-substituted oxindoles with haloid acids
Liu, Li,Li, Yue,Huang, Tiao,Kong, Dulin,Wu, Mingshu
, p. 2321 - 2328 (2021/09/22)
A novel method for the synthesis of 3-monohalooxindoles by acidolysis of isatin-derived 3-phosphate-substituted oxindoles with haloid acids was developed. This synthetic strategy involved the preparation of 3-phosphate-substituted oxindole intermediates and SN1 reactions with haloid acids. This new procedure features mild reaction conditions, simple operation, good yield, readily available and inexpensive starting materials, and gram-scalability.
Anti-inflammatory effects of the novel PIM kinase inhibitor KMU-470 in raw 264.7 cells through the TLR4-NF-κb-NLRP3 pathway
Baek, Hye Suk,Hong, Victor Sukbong,Kim, Shin,Kwon, Taeg Kyu,Lee, Jinho,Min, Hyeon Ji,Park, Jong Wook
, (2020/07/24)
PIM kinases, a small family of serine/threonine kinases, are important intermediates in the cytokine signaling pathway of inflammatory disease. In this study, we investigated whether the novel PIM kinase inhibitor KMU-470, a derivative of indolin-2-one, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells. We demonstrated that KMU-470 suppressed the production of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthases that are induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, KMU-470 inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of TLR4 and MyD88, as well as the phosphorylation of IκB kinase and NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, KMU-470 suppressed LPS-induced up-regulation at the transcriptional level of various proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Notably, KMU-470 inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of a major component of the inflammasome complex, NLRP3, in RAW 264.7 cells. Importantly, PIM-1 siRNA transfection attenuated up-regulation of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β in LPStreated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that PIM-1 plays a key role in inflammatory signaling and that KMU-470 is a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-substituted 2-oxindole derivatives as new glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors
Lozinskaya, Natalia A.,Babkov, Denis A.,Zaryanova, Ekaterina V.,Bezsonova, Elena N.,Efremov, Alexander M.,Tsymlyakov, Michael D.,Anikina, Lada V.,Zakharyascheva, Olga Yu.,Borisov, Alexander V.,Perfilova, Valentina N.,Tyurenkov, Ivan N.,Proskurnina, Marina V.,Spasov, Alexander A.
, p. 1804 - 1817 (2019/03/23)
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a widely investigated molecular target for numerous diseases including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. Inhibition of GSK-3β activity has become an attractive approach for treatment of diabetes and cancer. We report the discovery of novel GSK-3β inhibitors of 3-arylidene-2-oxindole scaffold with promising activity. The most potent compound 3a inhibits GSK-3β with IC50 4.19 nM. In a cell-based assay 3a shows no significant leucocyte toxicity at 10 μM and is moderately cytotoxic against A549 cells. Compound 3a demonstrated high antidiabetic efficacy in obese streptozotocin-treated rats improving glucose tolerance at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight thus representing an interesting lead for further optimization.
Design and Synthesis of DNA-Interactive β-Carboline–Oxindole Hybrids as Cytotoxic and Apoptosis-Inducing Agents
Tokala, Ramya,Thatikonda, Sowjanya,Vanteddu, Usha Sree,Sana, Sravani,Godugu, Chandraiah,Shankaraiah, Nagula
, p. 1909 - 1922 (2018/09/14)
A new series of (E)-3-[(1-aryl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)methylene]indolin-2-one hybrids were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of selected human cancer cell lines, namely, HCT-15, HCT-116, A549, NCI-H460, and MCF-7, including HFL. Among the tested compounds, (E)-1-benzyl-5-bromo-3-{[1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl]methylene}indolin-2-one (10 s) showed potent cytotoxicity against HCT-15 cancer cells with an IC50 value of 1.43±0.26 μm and a GI50 value of 0.89±0.06 μm. Notably, induction of apoptosis by 10 s on the HCT-15 cell line was characterized by using different staining techniques, such as acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and DAPI. Further, to understand the mechanism of anticancer effects, various assays such as annexin V-FITC/PI, DCFDA, and JC-1were performed. The flow cytometric analysis revealed that compound 10 s arrests the HCT-15 cancer cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, western blot analysis indicated that treatment of 10 s on HCT-15 cancer cells led to decreased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and increased protein expression of both pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3, -8, and -9, and cleaved PARP with reference to actin. Next, a clonogenic assay revealed the inhibition of colony formation in HCT-15 cancer cells by 10 s in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, upon testing on normal human lung cells (HFL), the compounds were observed to be safer with a low toxicity profile. In addition, viscosity and molecular-docking studies showed that compound 10 s has typical intercalation with DNA.
Method for synthesizing 2,5-dibromo phenylacetic acid
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Paragraph 0020, (2018/12/02)
The invention discloses a method for synthesizing 2,5-dibromo phenylacetic acid. The method comprises the following step: by taking isatin as a raw material, carrying out carbonyl reduction, 5-site bromo reactions and diazotization hydrolysis reactions, thereby obtaining 2,5-dibromo phenylacetic acid, wherein the step of carbonyl reduction is carried out through catalytic hydrogenation reduction;the step of 5-site bromo reactions is carried out with NBS (Bromo-Succinimide) as a bromo agent; and the step of diazotization is carried out with a sodium nitrite/hydrobromic acid system. HBr/cuprousbromide is adopted as a hydrolysis bromo agent. The method has the advantages of being wide in raw material source, mild in reaction condition, high in yield, excellent in quality, low in finished product cost, and the like.
