Synthesis of acylglycerol derivatives by mechanochemistry

Article abstract of DOI:10.3762/bjoc.15.78

In recent times, many biologically relevant building blocks such as amino acids, peptides, saccharides, nucleotides and nucleosides, etc. have been prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. However, mechanosynthesis of lipids by ball milling techniques has remained essentially unexplored. In this work, a multistep synthetic route to access mono- and diacylglycerol derivatives by mechanochemistry has been realized, including the synthesis of diacylglycerol-coumarin conjugates.

Full text of DOI:10.3762/bjoc.15.78

Synthesis of acylglycerol derivatives by mechanochemistry
Karen J. Ardila-Fierro1, Andrij Pich2,3,4, Marc Spehr5, José G. Hernández*1
and Carsten Bolm*1
Full Research Paper
Open Access
Address:
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 811–817.
1Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University,
Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, 2Functional and
Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular
Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074
Aachen, Germany, 3DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials,
Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, 4Aachen
Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht
University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan22, 6167
RD Geleen, The Netherlands and 5Department of Chemosensation,
Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen,
Germany
doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.78
Received: 10 January 2019
Accepted: 18 March 2019
Published: 29 March 2019
This article is part of the thematic issue "Mechanochemistry II".
Associate Editor: L. Vaccaro
© 2019 Ardila-Fierro et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut.
License and terms: see end of document.
Email:
José G. Hernández* - jose.hernandez@oc.rwth-aachen.de;
Carsten Bolm* - carsten.bolm@oc.rwth-aachen.de
* Corresponding author
Keywords:
ball mill; coumarin; diacylglycerols; lipids; mechanochemistry
Abstract
In recent times, many biologically relevant building blocks such as amino acids, peptides, saccharides, nucleotides and nucleosides,
etc. have been prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. However, mechanosynthesis of lipids by ball milling techniques has
remained essentially unexplored. In this work, a multistep synthetic route to access mono- and diacylglycerol derivatives by
mechanochemistry has been realized, including the synthesis of diacylglycerol-coumarin conjugates.
Introduction
In addition to being guided by chemical signals, cells respond to peptides to endure mechanical stress in nature has allured scien-
mechanical cues by sensing and transducing external mechani- tists to evaluate the mechanical stability of proteins by using
cal inputs into biochemical and electrical signals [1]. Conse- single-molecule nanomechanical techniques (e.g., magnetic and
quently, every time a cell is subjected to mechanical loads, the optical tweezers or atomic force microscopy) [3,4]. Additional-
biomolecules that constitute the cell do also experience the ly, the resilience of the peptide bond to mechanical loads has
effects of the mechanical forces. For example, from the moment led to mechanoenzymatic transformations [5-7], and to synthe-
a nascent peptide begins growing in the ribosome, such peptide size amino acid derivatives [8-10] and peptides [11-13] by ball
experiences mechanical signals that regulate the speed of pro- milling and extrusion techniques. Similarly, mechanochemical
tein synthesis [2]. Not surprisingly, the natural ability of derivatizations of sugars and sugar derivatives such as cyclo-
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dextrins (CDs) have proven compatible with the use of ball structural differences among these fatty acids (e.g., chain
mills. These reports showed advantages such as higher selec- length, degree of unsaturation, double bond position or
tivity by ball milling compared to classic solution methods and stereochemistry), the access to pure DAGs and TAGs from
the possibility to effectively react CDs and reactants of differ- natural sources by extraction is cumbersome. Alternatively, pro-
ent solubility profiles [14-17]. The compatibility of synthe- tected DAGs 5 can be chemically synthesized starting from
sizing biologically relevant building blocks with mechanochem- glycerol [26] or glycidol [27], but either synthetic alternative
istry has further been shown by the recent mechanochemical involves multiple preparative steps in organic solvents (e.g.,
protocols to transform nucleoside and nucleotide substrates CH2Cl2, THF, Et2O). These considerations led us to explore a
(Figure 1) [18,19].
mechano-chemical multistep route for the synthesis of pro-
tected DAGs 5 starting from glycidol (1) through the installa-
On the other hand, reports on mechanochemical protocols for tion of a hydroxy protecting group, followed by epoxide
the synthesis or derivatization of lipids are scarce [20,21]. ring-opening and esterification reactions with fatty acids 3
Among the variety of amphipathic or hydrophobic small mole- (Scheme 1).
cules that exhibit a lipid structure, diacylglycerols (DAGs) are
important due to their signaling functions in cells (DAG If successful, developing a multistep approach to prepare DAGs
signaling) [22-24]. Structurally, DAGs are glycerolipids con- would contribute to the expansion of synthetic mechanochem-
taining two fatty acids esterified to the alcohol glycerol ical methodologies in ball mills [28-31], which are often limited
(Figure 2).
to single-step transformations. Additionally, synthesizing lipid
structures mechanochemically would complement the prepara-
Biological routes that lead to the formation of DAGs include tion of biologically relevant building blocks (amino acids,
enzymatic degradation of glycerophospholipids and lipolysis of peptides, saccharides, nucleosides, etc.) by mechanochemistry,
triacylglycerols (TAGs) [22,25]. However, due to the structural thereby highlighting the importance of mechanical forces in the
diversity of fatty acids present in acylglycerols and to the small chemistry of life.
Figure 1: Biologically relevant molecules made, used or derivatized by mechanochemistry.
Figure 2: Isomeric diacyl-sn-glycerols (DAGs).
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Scheme 1: Synthetic route to access protected DAGs; PG = protecting group.
Results and Discussion
chromatography. A 5-fold scaled up version of the reaction
To commence, we focused on the synthesis of tert-butyl- using 3.37 mmol of 1 was carried out in a planetary ball mill
dimethylsilyl glycidyl ether (2) by reacting glycidol (1; (PBM) using 45 mL milling containers at 600 rpm, under other-
0.67 mmol) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBDMSCl) in wise identical conditions to afford product 2 in a similar yield.
the presence of imidazole in a mixer mill (MM, Scheme 2) [32].
With TBDMS-protected glycidol 2 in our hands, a selective
epoxide ring-opening reaction with fatty acids 3 leading to the
formation of the corresponding sn-1,3-protected monoacylglyc-
erols (MAGs 4) was attempted (Scheme 3). Initially, common-
ly used solution-based protocols were tested in the ball mill
[33]. For example, 2 was reacted with stearic acid (3a) in the
presence of amines such as pyridine or tributylamine. However,
the analysis of the reaction mixture only showed unreacted
Scheme 2: Protection of glycidol (1) with TBDMSCl in the ball mill.
MM = mixer mill, PBM = planetary ball mill.
starting materials. In previous work, an acceleration of the
oxirane ring-opening reaction with carboxylic acids [34] or
alcohols [35] by using Lewis acid catalysts such as iron(III)
After 2 h of milling at 25 Hz full consumption of the starting chloride or bismuth(III) triflate was reported. However, the
materials was observed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), implementation of these protocols in the ball mill only led to
with exclusive formation of the corresponding silyl ether 2. trace amounts (less than 5% yield) of the protected monoacyl-
However, the high volatility of 2 during posterior vacuum glycerol 4a. Finally, one of the well-established Jacobsen cata-
drying processes prevented the isolation of the TBDMS-pro- lysts for the epoxide ring-opening reaction of 2 with stearic acid
tected glycidol 2 in higher yields after separation by column (3a) was evaluated (Scheme 3a).
Scheme 3: Cobalt-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening in the ball mill.
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 811–817.
Specifically, we focused on the use of Jacobsen cobalt(II)-salen 4a by increasing the amount of the isomeric sn-2,3-protected
complex (S,S)-cat (Scheme 3b), since similar salen complexes monoacylglycerol 4a’ (Figure 2) [42]. Typically, cobalt com-
had originally been reported to facilitate epoxide ring-opening plex (S,S)-cat has been used for kinetic resolution of racemic
reactions with carboxylic acids as nucleophiles [36]. Moreover, epoxides, for which the maximum theoretical yield of the reac-
salen complexes endure mechanochemical conditions, as tion is 50%. Here, however, the yield of the sn-1,3-protected
proven during their preparation in ball mills [37]. In addition, monoacylglycerol was high, and consequently we expected the
various related Jacobsen salen complexes have shown catalytic enantiomeric excess of the product to be low. This, assumption
activity under solvent-free conditions [38]. Collectively, these was confirmed by analysis of the sample by high-performance
precedents made this synthetic route a promising one to liquid chromatography-chiral stationary phase (CSP-HPLC, for
mechanochemically access MAGs by ball milling.
more details, see Supporting Information File 1). Access to
enantiopure MAGs could be achieved under similar reaction
Experimentally, we attempted the cobalt-catalyzed epoxide conditions by starting from optically active commercially avail-
ring-opening reaction by milling 2 with stearic acid (3a) in the able silyl-protected glycidol derivatives [27,43].
presence of (S,S)-cat (2.5 mol %) and N,N-diisopropylethyl-
amine (DIPEA; 1.0 equiv, Scheme 3a). Mechanistically, it is Next, we targeted the mechanosynthesis of the DAGs by
known that Co(II) complex (S,S)-cat is catalytically inactive reacting MAG 4a and fatty acids 3 in the ball mill. Such esteri-
and its oxidation is required to facilitate the reaction [39]. fications required the activation of 3 with N,N’-dicyclohexyl-
Aware of this, we began by relying on the atmospheric carbodiimide (DCC), thereby complementing other recently de-
dioxygen inside the milling container to oxidize complex (S,S)- veloped solvent-free carboxylic acid activations towards amida-
cat. This approach has been applied before in the mechano- tion or esterification reactions by ball milling [44]. In practice,
chemical synthesis of Cu–carbene complexes from N,N- we milled a mixture of MAG 4a, stearic acid (3a), DCC and
diarylimidazolium salts, dioxygen and metallic copper [40], 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) at 25 Hz for 2 h in a mixer
which involved a mechanochemical reaction with gaseous mill. Separation of the product by column chromatography gave
reagents [41]. Pleasingly, this time the reaction afforded prod- DAG 5a in 97% yield (Scheme 4).
uct 4a, although the yield remained low (59%), even after three
hours of milling. In order to improve the yield, we carried out Alternatively, 5a could be prepared following a one-pot two-
the activation of the Co(II) complex (S,S)-cat by milling under step approach in the ball mill by beginning with the cobalt-cata-
a balloon pressure of dioxygen. Now, the yield of 4a was lyzed epoxide-ring opening of 2 with 3a, followed immediately
boosted up to 84% yield (for a representation of the set up used by the esterification of the corresponding MAG 4a with stearic
and experimental details, see Scheme 3c and Supporting Infor- acid (3a), DCC and DMAP. Although successful, this strategy
mation File 1). Analysis of the reaction mixture by 1H NMR led to DAG 5a in lower yield (50%). Then, in order to expand
revealed that the epoxide ring-opening had occurred preferen- the library of DAGs, other fatty acids containing various
tially to give sn-1,3-protected monoacylglycerol 4a over its degrees of unsaturation and chain length were tested. For
regioisomer counterpart sn-2,3-protected monoacylglycerol 4a’ instance, esterification of MAG 4a with oleic acid (3b), linoleic
(4a/4a’ 3.6:1; for details, see Supporting Information File 1). acid (3c), and arachidonic acid (3d) underwent smoothly in the
However, purification of 4a by column chromatography on ball mill affording DAGs 5b–d in yields up to 91% (Scheme 4).
SiO2 favored acyl migration in 4a, thereby dropping the yield of Particularly interesting was the formation of DAG (18:0/20:4)
Scheme 4: Mechanosynthesis of DAGs 5.
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 811–817.
5d, an important lipidic backbone present in the biologically acyl migration of 6a under the basic milling conditions. Subse-
relevant phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) [22]. In quently, the reaction mixture containing 8a and 8a’ was milled
fact, diacylglycerols have proven to play vital roles in regula- with 7-hydroxycoumarin (9) and triethylamine to achieve the
tion of lipid bilayer and in the catalytic action of various mem- conjugation of the DAGs 8 in 53% yield after two steps
brane-related enzymes, such as protein kinase C (PKC) (Scheme 5c). A mixture of 10a and 10a’ (10a/10a’ 72:28) was
isoforms [45]. Therefore, the development of strategies for visu- separated from the unreacted starting materials, and analyzed by
alization of acylglycerols in cellular environments by their UV–vis spectroscopy (Figure 3). Comparison of the UV–vis
fusion with fluorescent molecular labels is in high demand [46]. spectra of 6a and 10a/10a’ showed the successful conjugation
As a result, once the mechanosynthesis of DAGs 5 was estab- of the DAG with the coumarin moiety [47].
lished, we turned our efforts towards the conjugation of DAG
5a with 7-hydroxycoumarin (9) (Scheme 5).
Initially, removal of the TBDMS protecting group of 5a was
attempted by milling. However, reacting DAG 5a with a mix-
ture of BF3·CH3CN and silica gel followed by an aqueous
work-up gave DAG 6a in only 31% yield, together with con-
comitant acyl migration of the corresponding sn-1,2-diacylglyc-
erol 6a into sn-1,3-diacylglycerol 6a’. Therefore, the desilyl-
ation reaction was carried out by stirring 5a and BF3·CH3CN
(Scheme 5a). Next, DAG 6a was reacted with 4-nitrophenyl
chloroformate (7) and triethylamine in the ball mill to form the
activated DAG anhydride derivative 8a (Scheme 5b). Analysis
by 1H NMR spectroscopy of the reaction mixture revealed the
presence of DAG 8a along with its isomeric DAG 8a’. Forma-
tion of the latter compound could have been facilitated through
Figure 3: UV−vis spectra of DAG 6a (dotted line) and conjugated
DAGs 10a and 10a’ as a mixture (10a/10a’ 72:28) in toluene at a con-
centration of 0.5 μM.
Scheme 5: Conjugation of DAG 5a with 7-hydroxycoumarin (9).
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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 811–817.
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Perez-Jimenez, R. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 3558–3573.
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The implementation of ball milling techniques has provided the
opportunity to extend the applicability of mechanochemistry to
the synthesis of architecturally complex targets, such as mono-
and diacylglycerols. Altogether, the mechanosynthesis of lipids
and lipid derivatives complements the current systematic work
towards the synthesis of other biologically relevant molecules
under environments of high mechanical stress. Specifically, the
synthesis of mono- and diacylglycerols required first, the appli-
cation of solventless functional group protection chemistry in
ball mills, second, the implementation of metal-catalyzed
epoxide-ring opening, and third, the development of solvent-
free ester formation between monoacylglycerols and fatty acids
to afford DAGs. Moreover, the synthesis of conjugated DAGs
10 represents a step forward towards the establishment of
mechanochemical conjugation reactions for linking fluorescent
materials to lipids at the proof-of-concept level.
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Supporting Information
Supporting Information File 1
Experimental procedures, set-ups and characterization data.
[https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/content/
supplementary/1860-5397-15-78-S1.pdf]
Acknowledgements
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Cravotto, G. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2364–2371.
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This research was possible thanks to the financial support from
the RWTH Aachen University through the Seed Fund Projects
2016. We kindly acknowledge Marvin Mendel for his experi-
mental work in this project (RWTH Aachen University). We are
grateful to Prof. Dr M. Rueping (RWTH Aachen University) for
kindly allowing us to use a UV–vis spectrometer and to
Cornelia Vermeeren (RWTH Aachen University) for technical
assistance.
17.Jicsinszky, L.; Caporaso, M.; Tuza, K.; Martina, K.; Calcio Gaudino, E.;
Cravotto, G. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2016, 4, 919–929.
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ORCID® iDs
Karen J. Ardila-Fierro - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-5534
Andrij Pich - https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-7798
Marc Spehr - https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-4196
José G. Hernández - https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9064-4456
Carsten Bolm - https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9415-9917
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