Identification of a novel BCL2-specific inhibitor that binds predominantly to the BH1 domain

Identification of a Novel BCL2 Specific Inhibitor that

Binds Predominantly to the BH1 Domain

Divyaanka Iyer^1*, Supriya V. Vartak^1*, Archita Mishra^2#, Gunaseelan Goldsmith^3#, Sujeet Kumar^4#,

Mrinal Srivastava^1#, Mahesh Hegde^1,, Vidya Gopalakrishnan^{1, 3}, Mark Glenn⁵, Mahesh Velusamy³,

Bibha Choudhary³, Nagesh Kalakonda⁵, Subhas S. Karki⁴, Avadhesha Surolia²

and Sathees C. Raghavan^1**

From¹Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, ²Molecular

Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, ³Institute of Bioinformatics

and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore 560 100, India, ⁴Department of

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE University's College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560 010, India,

⁵Haematology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine University of Liverpool,

Liverpool L69 3GA, U K

Running title: Identification of a novel inhibitor of BCL2

Article type : Original Article

*Equal first authors; ^#Equal second authors

**To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of

Science, Bangalore-560012, Ph. +91 80 22932674; Fax: +91 80 23600814;

e-mail: sathees@biochem.iisc.ernet.in

Key words: Small molecule inhibitor, Apoptosis, Cancer therapeutics, Genomic instability, Cell

death, Chemotherapy, Leukemia, Molecular docking

Abreviations: Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); BCL2 homology (BH); Chronic

lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); Circular Dichroism (CD); B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)

This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not

been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may

lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as

doi: 10.1111/febs.13815

ABSTRACT

The antiapoptotic protein BCL2 is overexpressed in several cancers and contributes to

prolonged cell survival and chemoresistance, lending itself as an excellent target for cancer therapy.

Here we report the design, synthesis and characterization of Disarib, a novel BCL2 inhibitor. Disarib

showed selective cytotoxicity in BCL2 high cancer cell lines, and CLL patient primary cells, as

compared to BCL2 low cell lines. BCL2 knockdown in cells rendered remarkable resistance to

Disarib, while sensitivity was regained upon its ectopic expression, establishing target specificity. In

silico, biochemical and biophysical studies demonstrated strong affinity of Disarib to BCL2, but not

to other antiapoptotic BCL2 family members viz., BCL-xL, BCL2A1 etc. Interestingly, biophysical

studies showed that BH1 domain deletion mutant demonstrated ~67-fold reduction in BCL2-Disarib

interaction, while it was only ~20-fold in case of BH3 deletion mutant, suggesting predominant

involvement of the BH1 domain for Disarib binding. Thus, we report identification of a novel BCL2

inhibitor with a unique mechanism of BCL2 inhibition, as opposed to the well-studied BH3 domain

targeting.

INTRODUCTION

Apoptosis, a physiological process of programmed cell death, is crucial during both

development and regulation of normal cell proliferation in differentiated tissues [1]. It involves a

complex network of protein-protein interactions that relies on the balance between antiapoptotic

(BCL2, BCL-xL, BCL2A1, BCLw and MCL1) and proapoptotic (BAX, BAK, BAD, BID, PUMA

and BIM) proteins [2, 3]. Antiapoptotic proteins possess four BCL2 homology domains (BH1, BH2,

BH3 and BH4) and a C-terminal transmembrane domain. Proapoptotic proteins have BH1, BH2, BH3

and transmembrane domains [4]. The proapoptotic proteins upon homodimerization form pores in the

mitochondrial membrane, leading to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization releasing

apoptotic factors [4].

Hyperproliferation and survival in many malignancies is attributed to the upregulation of

antiapoptotic proteins, BCL2 and BCL-xL. BCL2 upregulation has been reported in B-cell

lymphomas and leukemias (60-80%), colorectal adenocarcinomas (90%), breast cancer (70%) and

prostate cancer (30-60%), and additionally in lung and nasopharyngeal carcinomas [5-7]. Besides,

BCL2 overexpression is a feature of many chemoresistant tumors [8, 9]. Hence, treatment modalities

that either target BCL2 alone or in combination with other drugs, are desirable. Since the

physiological level of BCL2 in normal dividing cells is low, it is considered an attractive cancer

therapeutic target. Moreover, BCL2 overexpressing cells become sensitive to cell death upon its

inhibition, even in the presence of other antiapoptotic proteins [10].

Three classes of previously reported BCL2 inhibitors include BCL2 antisense

oligonucleotides [11], BH3 derived peptides [12, 13] and BH3-targeted small molecule inhibitors

[14]. Among these, small molecule inhibitors are gaining prominence due to their amenability to

design, development and in vivo administration. Prominent examples of this class include YC137

[15], ABT737 [16], ABT199 [17] and Tw37 [18]. Among these, YC137 and ABT199 are BCL2

specific, while ABT737 and Tw37 are pan active [19].

Many BCL2 inhibitors target its well conserved BH3 domain [17, 20]. Apparently, specificity

for ABT199 is conferred by a hydrogen bond involving Asp103 in the BH3 domain of BCL2 (Asp

103 is replaced by Glu 103 in BCL-xL). Therefore, binding of an inhibitor to differential residues in

the hydrophobic groove can be an effective strategy for BCL2 specificity. Although all the

antiapoptotic BCL2 family members engage the proapoptotic partners along their hydrophobic

groove, sequence variability and subtle conformational differences among them can be exploited to

design specific inhibitors.

In the current study, we report the design, synthesis and characterization of a novel small

molecule inhibitor, Disarib. Disarib confers selective sensitivity to BCL2 overexpressing cells and

acts in a target specific manner both in leukemic cell lines and primary cancer cells derived from

patients. Disarib binds predominantly to BH1 domain of BCL2 and does not interfere significantly

with other members of the BCL2 anti-apoptotic family.

RESULTS

Design of potential novel BCL2 inhibitors- 3-substituted indolin-2-one compounds are known to

possess anticancer properties [21, 22]. A molecule of this class, Z24 with antiangiogenic properties

was considered as a potential BCL2 inhibitor due to its ability to dock onto BCL2 in silico and exhibit

moderate cytotoxicity against cells with ectopic BCL2 expression [23]. In the present study, we have

used chemical backbones derived from Z24 to evaluate their relative affinities to BCL2 in silico, with

the objective of obtaining more specific and effective BCL2 inhibitors. A chemical backbone 5 was

found to dock into the BCL2 hydrophobic cleft that acts as a receptacle for the BH1 and BH3 domains

of proapoptotic proteins (Fig. 1A, B). Thus, a panel of 17 derivatives of backbone 5 possessing

varying alkyl substitutions was generated (5a-5t), and chemically and biologically characterized (Fig.

1C-E). Docking studies revealed their binding onto the BCL2 hydrophobic groove with different

binding affinities (data not shown). Among the panel of molecules, the compound 5m, renamed

Disarib, showed the most favourable binding energy (-10.4 kcal/mol).

Screening of potential BCL2 inhibitors for target specificity- Synthesized compounds were tested for

target specificity in cells with varying levels of endogenous BCL2 expression. Leukemia cell lines,

NALM6 and CEM (high BCL2 expression) and chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, K562 (low

BCL2 expression), were chosen for further studies [24]. Results showed that 5a, 5b, 5c, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5m

and 5o exhibited low IC₅₀values (2-4 µM) (Table 2). Further analysis for BCL2 specificity showed

that 5m (Disarib) and 5t were the only molecules that displayed activity in a target dependent manner.

Interestingly, Disarib exhibited the lowest IC₅₀values in both CEM and NALM6, while its effect on

K562 was ~6 times lower as compared to NALM6 (Table 2). Hence, Disarib was further

characterized by NMR, and LC-MS (Fig. 2A-B). The structure of Disarib is composed of a central

imidazothiadiazole ring A, flanked by benzyl and phenyl rings (B, C) and an indole ring (D) placed in

parallel and antiparallel directions (Fig. 2C).

Disarib induces cytotoxicity in various cancer cell lines in a BCL2 level dependent manner- The

cytotoxic effects of Disarib were compared in various cancer cell lines and a noncancerous cell line

(293T). Results showed that viability was significantly reduced at 48 h of treatment in cells

expressing higher levels of BCL2 (REH, NALM6, CEM P388D1, A2780, Molt4), while cells with

low BCL2 (K562, T47D, 293T, HeLa, LNCaP) exhibited reduced cytotoxicity (Fig. 3A,B).

Interestingly, the effect was minimal in the noncancerous cell line, 293T (Fig. 3A,B). Thus our data

suggests that Disarib-induced cytotoxicity is correlated with the levels of BCL2 expression.

To rule out the possibility that cytotoxic effect of Disarib is dependent on the electrophilic

properties of the chemical backbone used for generating the series of potential BCL2 inhibitors, we

compared the cytotoxicity induced by Disarib with that of inactive compound 5p as a control. Live-

dead cell assay results showed a distinct difference between the sensitivity of NALM6 cells when

exposed to Disarib, as compared to 5p (data not shown).

Knockdown and ectopic expression of BCL2 affects Disarib sensitivity in cells- In order to determine

the correlation between observed Disarib sensitivity in cells and BCL2 expression, siRNA mediated

knockdown of BCL2 in NALM6 cells was performed. siRNA concentration of 250 nM was chosen

as it reduced BCL2 expression by ~80% in NALM6 cells (Fig. 4A). NALM6 cells were transfected

with either BCL2-specific or scrambled siRNA 24 h prior to the addition of Disarib. Results showed a

dose-dependent decrease in the sensitivity of cells to Disarib upon BCL2 knockdown (Fig. 4B)

suggesting a direct correlation between level of BCL2 expression and Disarib sensitivity. Importantly,

we also find that Disarib treatment (5 µM) following restoration of BCL2 levels (pCMV-SPORT-

BCL2, ~80% expression as compared to controls) imparts significant cytotoxicity, in contrast to

BCL2 knockdown cells (Fig. 4C,D). Importantly, it is possible that Disarib, upon binding to BCL2

protein, disrupts the interaction between BCL2 and its proapoptotic partners such as BAK or BAX,

subsequently leading to apoptosis. Thus, the loss of BCL2 function, due to Disarib administration

could lead to the observed cytotoxicity. In contrast, siRNA mediated knockdown of BCL2 will result

in decrease in expression of the BCL2 protein and that might allow other antiapoptotic proteins to

take over potential BCL2 function inside cells, preventing cytotoxicity. Consistant to this, there are

reports of cells compensating the downregulation of their main antiapoptotic protein by the

upregulation of another antiapoptotic protein that is functionally redundant [25]. A similar mechanism

may be operational during down regulation of BCL2 expression and may explain the observed cell

viability.

In order to further confirm the target specificity of Disarib, other members of BCL2 family

proteins, MCL1 and BCL2A1 were overexpressed in NALM6 cells (Fig. 4E), and subsequently

subjected to Disarib treatment (5 µM). Interestingly, overexpression of MCL1 and BCL2A1 did not

affect the sensitivity of cells to Disarib, confirming its BCL2-specific action (Fig. 4F).

Taken together, these results demonstrate BCL2 dependency of Disarib activity, thereby

confirming its specificity.

Disarib binds to BCL2, but not to other antiapoptotic BCL2 family proteins- In order to test whether

Disarib can bind to BCL2 directly, by occupying the hydrophobic proapoptotic BH3 binding groove,

detailed in silico docking studies were performed. Using AutoDock Vina [26], Disarib was docked

with full length BCL2 as well as with transmembrane truncated BCL2 (Fig. 5A). The Disarib binding

pocket of BCL2 is defined by residues D103, F104, Y108, V133, N143, W144, F153 and V199

(encompassing the region between helices α2, loop b/w α2 & α3, α5 and α7) along the hydrophobic

groove of BCL2 (Fig. 1B). The aromatic ring A (imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole) of Disarib is

placed at the centre of the binding pocket and stacks well with the aromatic ring of F104. One of the

nitrogen atoms of ring A is involved in hydrogen bond interaction with main chain amino group (-

NH-) of the well conserved G145 of BH1 domain, while the other nitrogen atom engages in hydrogen

bond interaction with the side chain OH group of Y108. The sulphur atom of ring A is involved in

hydrogen bond interaction with Nδ2 group of N143 (with Nε and Nδ2 group of R146 and N143,

respectively in truncated BCL2). The Br atom of ring C engages in hydrogen bond interaction with

OH group of Y202. Ring C is also involved in van der Waals interaction with highly conserved W144

(ring C is involved in π-π stacking interaction with indole ring of W144 in truncated BCL2). R146 of

the well conserved NWGR motif is involved in cation-π interaction with ring B, while Cl atom of ring

B engages in hydrogen bond interaction with side chain amino group of R139 (cation-π interaction

involving side chain amino group of R146 and ring B in truncated BCL2). Nitrogen and oxygen

moieties of ring D makes hydrogen bond interaction with invariant D103 and R107 of BH3 domain

(Fig. 5A).

Further, we compared interaction of Disarib with BCL2, with that of other members of the

antiapoptotic family, such as BCL-xL, BCL2A1, MCL1 and BCLw. To examine the interaction of

Disarib with BCL-xL, it was docked with crystal structure of BCL-xL (PDB ID: 1R2D) (Fig. 5B) and

studied for binding. In comparison to BCL2, Disarib binds with less affinity along the hydrophobic

groove of BCL-xL owing to conformational difference between these two proteins. It is seen that the

hydrophobic groove of BCL-xL exhibits lesser volume (~260 Å³) than BCL2 (~350 Å³) due to

difference in length and orientation of helix 3 between the two proteins (data not shown). This results

in a slightly narrow groove in BCL-xL vis-à-vis BCL2 (Fig 6A; black ellipse; denoted by cyan and

blue arrows for BCL2 and BCL-xL). Apparently this disallows Disarib to be placed comfortably in

the binding pocket of BCL-xL due to steric clashes arising between ring D and ring C of Disarib with

residues R100 and Y195 in BCL-xL. This is not seen in case of BCL2 due to differential spatial

positioning of Arginine residue compared to BCL-xL (R107 vs R100) (Fig. 5B; 6A). As a

consequence, hydrogen bond interaction involving R139 (of highly conserved NWGR motif), E96,

Y101 and π-π interaction involving F97 and Disarib are not feasible in case of BCL-xL as opposed to

their counterpart in BCL2 (R146, D103, Y108 and F104) (Fig. 5A,B). These features could account

for the less binding affinity of Disarib towards BCL-xL vis-à-vis BCL2. This observation is

corroborated by less binding energy of Disarib in binding to BCL-xL (-5.7 kcal/mol) as compared to

its interaction with BCL2 (-10.4 kcal/mol).

To examine the binding specificity of Disarib with BCL2A1, it was docked with crystal

structure of BCL2A1 (PDB ID:2VM6) and studied for interaction (Fig. 5C). In comparison to BCL2,

Disarib binds with less affinity along the hydrophobic groove of BCL2A1, owing largely to the

difference in amino acid composition along the hydrophobic binding pocket (overall the two proteins

share only ~25% sequence identity) and a conformational difference in the orientation of helix

containing BH3 domain in the two proteins. This results in less stabilising interactions in BCL2A1.

Crucial interactions involving F104, Y108 with ring A, R139 with ring B and R107 with ring D seen

in BCL2 are not feasible in BCL2A1. This seemingly renders Disarib to bind with less affinity to

BCL2A1. This is corroborated by less binding energy (-4.5 kcal/mol) for BCL2A1 vis-à-vis BCL2 (-

10.4 kcal/mol).

In addition, we also tested the binding specificity of Disarib with MCL1, by docking it with

the NMR structure of MCL1 (PDB ID: 2MHS) and studied for interaction (Fig. 5D). In comparison to

BCL2, Disarib seemingly binds with less affinity along the hydrophobic groove of MCL1, owing

largely to the difference in amino acid composition along the binding pocket located between BH1

and BH3 domains in the two proteins. Interestingly, the two proteins share only ~24% sequence

identity. Residues from the conserved NWGR motif viz., side chain of N260 and main chain amino

group (-NH-) of G262 are engaged in hydrogen bond interaction with the sulphur and one of the

nitrogen atoms of ring A. Ring C is involved in π-π interaction with F319, while chlorine substituent

of ring B forms a weak CH…O interaction with side chain of V258. Likewise, nitrogen atom of 2-

Oxindole ring (ring D) forms hydrogen bond with side chain of N223. However, crucial interactions

involving F104, Y108 with ring A, R139 with ring B and R107 with ring D seen in BCL2 are not seen

in MCL1. These features account for the less binding affinity of Disarib with MCL1 and is further

reflected by less binding energy (-5.1 kcal/mol) as opposed to BCL2 (-10.4 kcal/mol).

To determine the binding specificity of Disarib with BCLw, it was docked with NMR

structure of BCLw (PDB ID: 1ZY3) and studied for interaction (Fig. 5E). In comparison to BCL2,

Disarib binds with less affinity along the hydrophobic groove of BCLw, owing to considerable

conformational difference (RMSD = ~3.1 Å for 122 C^αatoms) between these two enzymes. This leads

to differential placement of the conserved residues and results in less stabilising interactions between

BCLw and Disarib (data not shown). Vital interactions involving G145, F104, Y108 with ring A,

R139 with ring B and D103 as well as R107 with ring D seen in BCL2 are not feasible in BCLw. This

seemingly renders Disarib to bind with less affinity to BCLw (-6.0 kcal/mol).

To test whether Disarib can interact with BCL2 or its paralogues, recombinant BCL2, BCL-

xL and BCL2A1 proteins were overexpressed and purified (Fig. 6B-D). In order to confirm the high

affinity of Disarib to BCL2, thermal shift assays [27-30] were performed using purified BCL2 and its

homologue proteins BCL-xL and BCL2A1. Thermal stability of BCL2 protein was enhanced with

increase in Disarib concentration, which is indicated as an increase in Tm upon ligand addition (Fig.

6E). However, addition of purified BCL-xL or BCL2A1 showed no significant shift in Tm even at

100 μM Disarib (Fig. 6F,G; data not shown). This demonstrates that Disarib binding is exclusive to

BCL2 protein and its observed proapoptotic effect is BCL2 specific. The dissociation constant (Kd) of

Disarib for BCL2 was calculated to be 28 nM (Fig. 6E). CD spectroscopic studies showed that

Disarib (10, 50, 75, 100 and 150 nM) can bind to purified BCL2 in a dose-dependent manner resulting

in conformational changes of BCL2 (Fig. 6H). Comparison of Disarib binding pattern with BCL2 and

BCL-xL showed a clear shift in the spectrum of BCL2, but not in the case of BCL-xL, indicating

direct and specific binding of BCL2 and Disarib (Fig. 6H, I). When truncated BCL2 protein (terminal

69 amino acids truncation including transmembrane and a part of BH2 domain) was used, Disarib

binding to BCL2 was also observed in a concentration dependent manner (data not shown). Further,

CD studies showed that similar to BCL-xL, Disarib failed to bind to the proapoptotic protein, BAK

(data not shown).

Disarib predominantly binds to the BH1 domain of BCL2- The BCL2 family proteins have well

conserved domains, viz. BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4 and the transmembrane domain. Docking studies with

full length BCL2 suggested that Disarib interacts with both BH1 and BH3 domains of BCL2,

however, the interaction with BH1 domain was predominant, with several highly conserved residues

contributing in anchoring the inhibitor. This could explain observed greater affinity of BCL2 with

Disarib compared to other antiapoptotic proteins such as MCL1. Since BH1 domain in BCL2 seems

crucial in binding, it would be interesting to see if other anti-apoptotic family members like MCL1

would also exhibit more sensitivity towards Disarib, if the BH1 domain was swapped with that from

BCL2. To test this, a homologue model of MCL1 with BH1 domain swapped with that of BCL2 was

built using Modeller 9v7 and docking studies were carried out.

It is to be noted that the BH1 domain (loop intervening helices α4 & α5, followed by helix

α5) of BCL2 (20 AA) and MCL1 (21 AA) share a sequence identity of ~57% and differ in their

structures by ~ 2 Å RMSD (19 Cα atoms), with deviation seen largely in the loop region (data

shown). Docking studies had indicated that 4 highly conserved and 1 semi-conserved residues from

the BH1 domain of BCL2 interact with Disarib, while only 2 highly and 1 partially-conserved

residues of wild type MCL1 was observed to interact with Disarib (Fig. 5A,D; Table 3). When the

BH1 domain of MCL1 is swapped with that of BCL2, two additional strong interactions with Disarib

emerge, involving R263 (well conserved; α5) and R255 (partially-conserved; loop b/w α4 and α5),

besides interactions involving N260 and G262 seen with the wild type (Fig. 7A, B [left panels]; Table

3). R255 engages in a strong hydrogen bond interaction with Cl atom of ring B, while R263 is

involved in cation...π interaction with ring B of Disarib (Fig. 7B, left panel). Other interactions

involving residues of BH3 domain and α7 are retained (Fig. 7A,B left panels). Thus, these additional

interactions originating from the BH1 domain (of swapped BCL2) seem to increase the sensitivity of

MCL1 towards Disarib, as reflected in the enhanced binding energy of -7.7 kcal/mol vis-à-vis -5.1

kcal/mol seen earlier with the wild type MCL1. It is thus obvious that BCL2 confers preferential

binding for Disarib compared to other antiapoptotic proteins with crucial interactions emerging from

its BH1 domain (Table 3).

Further to establish the domain responsible for BCL2-Disarib interaction,we resorted to

biophysical approaches using BCL2 domain deleted mutants. Using site directed mutagenesis, two

independent BCL2 mutant constructs, BH1 domain deleted (ΔBH1) and BH3 deleted (ΔBH3), were

generated. Proteins were over expressed in bacteria, purified (Fig. 7C, D) and studied using thermal

shift assays (Fig. 7E-G). Interestingly, we observed that compared to wild type purified BCL2 protein,

which showed a binding constant of 28 nM upon Disarib interaction (Fig. 7E), the ΔBH1 protein

showed a Kd of 1.8 μM, which was ~67 fold higher than the wild type BCL2 protein (Fig. 7F). On the

other hand, the binding constant for ΔBH3 protein was 537 nM, which was 20 fold higher than the

wild type BCL2 protein (Fig. 7G). These results suggested a weak binding of ΔBH3 protein compared

to the wild type BCL2, but a less severe loss in binding efficiency as compared to the BH1 domain

deletion. Overall, our observations establish that BH1 domain of BCL2 predominantly interacts with

Disarib, followed by BH3, to a lesser extent. Further, this result gives an experimental correlation to

in silico docking studies where we have demonstrated that BH1 domain provides crucial interface for

Disarib binding to a significantly greater extent than BH3 domain. More importantly these findings

shed light on a novel mode of BCL2 inhibition, by predominantly targeting the BH1 domain, as

opposed to other BCL2 inhibitors which target mostly BH3 domain of BCL2.

Disarib induces significant cytotoxicity in CLL patient primary cells and mouse tumor models-

Further, we investigated the potential of Disarib as an anti-cancer molecule in patient-derived cells

'high' for BCL2 levels. Robust expression of BCL2 has been reported in chronic lymphocytic

leukemia (CLL) patients [31, 32]. Primary cells from six patients were tested for their sensitivity to

Disarib. Results showed initiation of apoptosis in 40% of cells after 4 h of treatment in a dose-

dependent manner (Fig. 8A, B). However, the percentage of cells undergoing cell death varied among

patients. Thus, our data suggests that Disarib can induce apoptosis in primary patient cells.

In order to investigate the efficacy of Disarib in an in vivo model system, a BCL2- driven

mouse tumor model (Dalton's Lymphoma) was chosen for the study [33]. Disarib (10 mg/kg b.wt.; 6

doses) was administered via an intraperitoneal route in mice following induction of DLA tumor.

Interestingly, Disarib treatment resulted in significant reduction in tumor progression, as compared to

that in the untreated control (Fig. 9A). Further, a comparative analysis was performed using

previously characterized BCL2 inhibitors (HA 14-1, Gossypol, Epigallocatechin), along with Disarib

in the DLA mouse tumor model (Fig. 9B). An identical dosage regime was followed in case of each

inhibitor (10 mg/kg, 6 doses on alternate days). Interestingly, among the inhibitors tested, Disarib

exhibited highest potential leading maximal tumor regression, followed by Gossypol [19, 20]. While

HA 14-1 was effective to a limited extent, Epigallocatechin did not result in any significant tumor

reduction. Taken together, these results highlight the potential of Disarib in hampering tumor cell

growth in a mouse model and its effectiveness, as compared to other known BCL2 inhibitors (Fig.

9B).

Body weight fluctuation is one of the important parameters commonly employed for

assessing the adverse effects of a drug on normal physiology. In order to investigate effect of Disarib

on the overall health of normal animals, mice were treated with Disarib and monitored for change in

body weight over a period of 16 days (Fig. 9C). Interestingly, results showed no significant change in

body weight in Disarib treated mice, as compared to that of untreated control group, indicating

nontoxic nature of Disarib in normal mice (Fig. 9C).

Disarib activates the apoptotic cascade in cancer cells- We further investigated the mechanism of cell

death induced by Disarib using various assays. Disarib treated cells were subjected to Annexin

FITC/PI double-staining in order to assess the cell death pathway activated. Results showed

predominant activation of the apoptotic pathway (Fig. 10A), after 48 h of Disarib treatment, with no

significant increase in the necrotic cell population (Fig. 10A,B). Interestingly, Disarib treated cells

stained with Hoechst dye showed significant increase in cells with nuclear condensation, a hallmark

of apoptosis (Fig. 10C). Further, Dalton's lymphoma cells from mouse tumor ascites were treated with

increasing concentrations of Disarib (0, 10, 20 µM), followed by assessment of characteristic markers

for intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Interestingly, activated Caspase 9 showed increased

expression in Disarib treated cells in a concentration dependent manner as compared to untreated

tumor controls, indicating activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway (Fig. 10D). Cleavage of PARP

in Disarib treated cells reiterated activation of apoptosis (Fig. 10D). Interestingly, Caspase 8 cleavage

was undetectable in treated samples (Fig. 10D). Taken together, Disarib activated apoptosis via the

intrinsic pathway, and caused cell death in mouse tumor cells.

Thus, our results identify a novel inhibitor of BCL2, which acts in a target specific manner,

and does not cross-react with other members of the anti-apoptotic family (Fig. 11). Disarib

predominantly targets the BH1 domain of BCL2, thus exhibiting a novel mode of BCL2 inhibition.

Results show that it effectively causes cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines with high BCL2 expression,

and in CLL patient cells.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, we have identified a novel small molecule inhibitor of BCL2, Disarib,

which effectively acts in a target specific manner against various BCL2 high cancer cells. Its

cytotoxic property correlates with BCL2 expression as evidenced by knockdown and overexpression

studies, further supporting its specificity. Our studies with CLL patient samples confirm the ability of

Disarib to initiate apoptosis in primary cancer cells. Further, in vitro studies show a binding selectivity

of Disarib to BCL2 over BCL-xL and BCL2A1.

One of the reasons of Disarib specificity for BCL2 and not to other antiapoptotic BCL2

family members viz., BCL-xL, BCL2A1 might be due to subtle conformational difference (BCL2 vs

BCL-xL) and amino acid composition variability (BCL2 vs BCL2A1) along the hydrophobic groove

of these proteins. Particularly, the design of Disarib with branching oxindole ring D leads to steric

clashes in BCL-xL, whereas it is comfortably placed in BCL2 partly due to spatial difference in

presence of a bulky arginine residue (R107 in BCL2 and R100 in BCL-xL) in these two proteins.

Besides, it was noted that flexibility of Disarib to interact with W137, R139 (well conserved NWGR

motif), E96, F97 and Y101 are restricted due to steric contacts with R100 and Y195 in BCL-xL,

whereas their counterparts (R107, Y108, D103, N143, G145, R146) in BCL2 stabilizes the interaction

with Disarib. Interestingly, ring D is engaged in electrostatic interaction with the invariant arginine

(R107) and aspartic acid (D103) in BCL2, whereas this interaction is not feasible in BCL-xL thereby

contributing to the specificity (Fig. 5A,B). Small size (less molecular weight) of Disarib compared to

ABT199 adds to its advantage.

A major highlight of the present study is the ability of Disarib to interact predominantly with

BH1 domain of the BCL2 hydrophobic pocket. In silico docking analyses predict several key residues

of the BH1 domain to be important for Disarib anchoring to BCL2. However, results also suggest

residues E96, F97 and Y101 of the BH3 domain to be involved during Disarib-BCL2 interaction.

Interestingly, our biophysical studies using BH1 and BH3 domain deleted BCL2 mutants show a ~20

fold decrease in Disarib binding in case of BH3 domain deletion, while the effect was more severe

(~67 fold reduction) upon BH1 domain deletion. The decreased binding of BH1 domain mutants

argue for a predominant involvement of the BH1 domain for Disarib binding, followed by BH3

domain, to a lesser extent. The observed mode of Disarib binding presents a novel mechanism of

BCL2 inhibition, as opposed to the well-studied BH3 domain only targeting strategies.

Among various BCL2 inhibitors studied, one of the most impressive examples is the Nur77

peptide [34] which was described to cause conformational changes in BCL2, converting it to a

proapoptotic protein. While this mode of inhibition provides conceptual insight for future drug design,

it is yet to be developed as a therapeutic tool. This is true even in the case of antisense therapy against

BCL2, which has found better use in combinatorial modalities, but has limitations as a single agent

[10]. Although several small molecule inhibitors such as ABT737, YC137, Gossypol and HA14-1[14]

are described, several of them are pan active [19] with toxic side effects in vivo. Gossypol is reported

to be toxic to liver, though its side effects were reduced in its derivative, apogossypol. However,

apogossypol is not strictly BCL2 dependent in action [35]. ABT737 by itself, causes limited tumor

regression in mouse models and has to be coadministered with other drugs [36], while HA14-1 was

shown to be chemically unstable [37]. Unlike other inhibitors, ABT199 is very promising and highly

efficient against AML and estrogen dependent breast cancers with enhanced target specificity [38-40].

However, a recent study has indicated that normal mature B cells show acute sensitivity to ABT199

both in vitro and in vivo [41]. Interestingly, we find that Disarib is specific to BCL2, predominantly

targeting the BH1 domain, while sparing other members of the anti-apoptotic family. A notable

finding from the current study is the significant tumor regression property of Disarib in a BCL2-

driven tumor model. Importantly, when compared with previously characterized BCL2 inhibitors,

such as Gossypol, HA 14-1 and Epigallocatechin, Disarib showed higher efficacy, reiterating its

potential to be used as a potential chemotherapeutic agent.

Thus, Disarib can be developed as a potent anticancer molecule in a target specific treatment

modality, having reduced or no off-target effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemistry

2-Amino-5-alkyl/aralkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (1a-1c) were prepared from alkyl/ aralkyl acetic

acid and thiosemicarbazide as described[42]. The 2-(4-substituted benzyl)-6-(4-substitutedaryl)-

imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives (3a-3t) were prepared by reaction of 2-amino-5-

alkyl/aralkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (1a-1c) with the appropriate phenacyl bromide (2), and neutralization

with cold aqueous sodium carbonate to get the free base with 50-60% yield (Fig. 1A-C; Table 1). The

various phenacyl bromides were prepared by bromination of the corresponding ketones in glacial

acetic acid. Appropriate aldehydes (4a-4t) were obtained in turn by means of the Vilsmeier Haack

reaction on the corresponding imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles (3a-3t). The 2-[(2-(4-

substitutedbenzyl-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene]-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-

3-one (5a-5t) were prepared by reaction between aldehydes (4a-4t) and 2-indolinone in methanol, in

the presence of catalytic amount of piperidine with good yields (Fig. 1C, Table 1)

5-benzyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (1a), 5-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1b), 2-benzyl-

6-(4’-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole

fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3n),

(3i),

2-(4’’-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4’-

2-benzyl-6-(4’-fluorophenyl)-imidazo[2,1-

b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4i) and 2-(4’’-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4’-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-

b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4n) were prepared according to literature [42]. 6-(4’-

chlorophenyl)-2-methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole

(3p),

6-(4’-bromophenyl)-2-

methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3q), 6-(4’-chlorophenyl)- 2-methyl imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-

thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4p), 6-(4’-bromophenyl)- 2-methyl imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-

carbaldehyde (4q) and 6-(4’-nitrophenyl)-2-methyl imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-carbaldehyde

(4r) were prepared according to literature [43]. 2-methyl-6-(4’-nitrophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-

thiadiazole (3r), 2-methyl-6-(4’-methylphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3s) and 6-(4’-

methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3t) were prepared according to literature

[44].

General

procedure

for

the

preparation

of

2-(4’’-substitutedbenzyl-6-(4’substituted

phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (3a-3t)- The appropriate 2-amino-5- alkyl/aralkyl-1,3,4-

thiadiazole (1) (30 mmol) was treated with the appropriate phenacyl bromide (2) (30 mmol), in

ethanol (150 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 10-12 h. Excess of solvent was removed under

reduced pressure and the solid hydrobromide was separated by filtration, washed with cold ethanol

and dried. Neutralization of hydrobromide salts with cold aqueous solution of sodium carbonate

yielded the corresponding free base which was filtered with a yield of 52-62%.

2-benzyl-6-(4-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3a)- Yield 52%. IR ν_max(cm^-1) 3148,

3028, 2910, 1516, 1479, 1397, 1284, 1005. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.30 (2H, s, -CH₂-),

7.31-7.40 (5H, m, ar), 7.52 (2H, d, J = 8 ), 7.68 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.96 (1H, s, im). +ESI (m/z): 371.9

(M+2).

2-benzyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3b)- Yield 58% IR ν_maxcm^-13128,

3062, 3031, 2916, 1524, 1470, 1402, 1092. +ESI (m/z): 326.1 [M+1].

2-benzyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3c)- Yield 55%. IR ν_maxcm^-13133,

3062, 3029, 2960, 1611, 1548, 1489, 1303, 1245, 1095. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 3.84

(3H, s, OCH₃), 4.32 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.97 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.31-7.41 (5H, m, ar), 7.74 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.88

(1H, s, im). +ESI (m/z): 322.0 (M+1).

2-benzyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3d)- Yield 54%. IR ν_maxcm^-13118,

1

3073, 2973, 1604, 1477, 1259, 1197, 1059. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.30 (3H, s,

CH₃), 4.43 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.20 (2H, d, J = 8 ), 7.29-7.41 (5H, m, ar), 7.73 (2H, d, J = 8), 8.55 (1H, s,

im). +ESI (m/z): 306.0 (M+1).

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3e)- Yield 53%. IR ν_maxcm^-13100,

3068, 2910, 1604, 1528, 1483, 1435, 1193, 1020. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.27 (2H, s, -

CH₂-), 7.25-7.31 (3H, m, ar), 7.34-7.42 (4H, m, ar), 7.80 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.97 (1H, s, im).

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3f)- Yield 58%. IR ν_maxcm^-1

3147, 3057, 2945, 2860, 1531, 1485, 1410, 1089. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.27 (2H, s, -

CH₂-), 7.27 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.35-7.38 (4H, dd, J = 8, 8), 7.94 (1H, s, im). +ESI (m/z): 360.0 (M).

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3g)- Yield 54%. IR ν_maxcm^-

¹3143, 3055, 2927, 2861, 1528, 1476, 1403, 1092. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.37 (3H, s,

-CH₃), 4.26 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.22 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.27 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.36 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.69 (2H, d, J =

8), 7.92 (1H, s, im). +ESI (m/z): 340.0 (M).

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4 methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3h)- Yield 52%. IR ν_max

1

cm^-13146, 3040, 2939, 2842, 1609, 1537, 1482, 1252, 1025. H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm):

3.84 (3H, s, OCH₃), 4.26 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.96 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.27 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.36 (2H, d, J = 8),

7.73 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.88 (1H, s, im). +ESI (m/z): 356.0 (M).

2-benzyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3i)- Yield 51%. IR ν_maxcm^-13136,

3065, 2923, 1598, 1545, 1524, 1470, 1222, 1156, 1055. +ESI (m/z): 310.1 [M+1].

2-benzyl-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3j)- Yield 50%. IR ν_maxcm^-13130, 3061, 2920,

1601, 1540, 1520, 1472, 1225, 1151, 1049. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.30 (2H, s, -CH₂-),

7.27-7.42 (8H, m, ar), 7.78-7.81 (2H, m, ar), 7.96 (1H, s, im). +ESI (m/z): 292.2 (M+1).

2-benzyl-6-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3k)- Yield 60%. IR ν_maxcm^-13129,

2925, 2827, 1598, 1508, 1337, 1189, 1101, 1062. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.46 (2H,

s, -CH₂-), 7.29-7.42 (5H, m, ar), 8.10 (2H, d, J = 8), 8.27 (2H, d, J = 8), 8.92 (1H, s, im). +ESI (m/z):

337.0 (M+1).

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3l)- Yield 53%. IR ν_maxcm^-1

3130, 2925, 1598, 1503, 1414, 1185, 1098, 1017. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.47 (2H,

s, -CH₂-), 7.44 (4H, s, ar), 8.09 (2H, d, J = 8), 8.26 (2H, d, J = 8), 8.91 (1H, s, im). -ESI (m/z): 369.0

(M-1).

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3m)- Yield 55%. IR ν_maxcm^-

¹3149, 3055, 2927, 1590, 1528, 1082, 1007. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.27 (2H, s, -CH₂-

), 7.27 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.37 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.53 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.68 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.96 (1H, s, im).

+ESI (m/z): 405.9 (M+1).

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole (3n)- Yield 56%. IR ν_maxcm^-1

1

3140, 3116, 3042, 2918, 1537, 1482, 1412, 1227, 1148, 1092. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ

(ppm): 4.45 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.20-7.24 (2H, m, ar), 7.48 (4H, s, ar), 7.84-7.88 (2H, m, ar), 8.61 (1H, s,

im). +ESI (m/z): 344.0 (M).

3(2-(4-chlorobenzyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-6-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (3o)- Yield 51%. IR

ν

_maxcm^-13145, 3045, 2973, 1729, 1609, 1484, 1102. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.48

(2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.40 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.45 (5H, m, ar), 7.61 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.87 (1H, d, J = 8), 8.56

(1H, s, ar), 8.66 (1H, s, im). -ESI (m/z): 392.0 (M-1).

General procedure for the preparation of [2-(4-substituted benzyl-6-(4’-substituted

phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde] (4a-4t)-The Vilsmeier Haack reagent was

prepared at 0-5^oC by dropping POCl₃(2.3 g, 15 mmol) into a stirred solution of DMF (10 ml). The

appropriate imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 3 (4 mmol) was added slowly to the Vilsmeier reagent

while stirring and cooling was maintained for 2 h. Further stirring was continued for 6 h at 80-90°C.

The resulting reaction mixture was poured into 100 ml of water; the precipitate was filtered, pressed,

suspended in water and neutralized to pH 7 with cold aqueous solution of sodium carbonate. The solid

was separated by filtration, washed with water, dried and crystallized from EtOH with a yield of 40-

55 %.

2-benzyl-6-(4-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4a)- Yield 55%. IR

1

ν

_maxcm^-13069, 3025, 2908, 2850, 1683, 1476, 1300, 1119. H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm):

4.45 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.31-7.44 (5H, m, ar), 7.65 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.76 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.07 (1H, s -

CHO). +ESI (m/z): 400 [M+2].

2-benzyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4b)- Yield 51%. IR

1

ν

_maxcm^-13077, 3028, 2930, 1672, 1626, 1483, 1191, 1092. H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm):

4.45 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.34-7.41 (5H, m, ar), 7.49 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.82 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.06 (1H, s, -

CHO). +ESI (m/z): 356.1 [M+2].

2-benzyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4c)- Yield 49%. IR

ν

_maxcm^-13052, 2998, 2837, 1650, 1491, 1180, 1100. ESI (m/z): 350.1 [M+1].

2-benzyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4d)- Yield 51%. IR

_maxcm^-13100, 3049, 2926, 2861, 1672, 1480, 1186, 1090. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.43

ν

(3H, s, -CH₃), 4.45 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.32 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.34-7.41 (4H, m, ar), 7.72 (2H, d, J = 8),

10.02 (1H, s, -CHO). +ESI (m/z): 334.2 [M+1].

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4e)- Yield

1

43%. IR ν_maxcm^-13089, 3031, 2978, 2855, 1670, 1601, 1525, 1492, 1191. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆,

400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.56 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.48 (4H, s, ar), 7.49-7.53 (3H, m, ar), 7.92 (2H, d, J = 8),

9.96 (1H, s, -CHO). -ESI (m/z): 352.0 [M-2].

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4f)- Yield

1

46%. IR ν_maxcm^-13318, 3095, 3043, 2929, 2859, 1672, 1484, 1186, 1094. H-NMR (CDCl₃,

400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.42 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.30 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.39 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.49 (2H, d, J = 8),

7.84 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.06 (1H, s, -CHO). -ESI (m/z) : 386.0 [M-2].

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-methylphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4g)- Yield

48%. IR ν_maxcm^-13033, 2922, 2852, 1664, 1486, 1390, 1184, 1096. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ

(ppm): 2.36 (3H, s, -CH₃), 4.55 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.32 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.46 (4H, s, ar), 7.82 (2H, d, J =

8), 9.94 (1H, s, -CHO). -ESI (m/z): 366.0 [M-2].

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde

(4h)-

1

Yield 44%. IR ν_maxcm^-13053, 2943, 2839, 1650, 1490, 1388, 1181, 1100. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆,

400 MHz) δ (ppm): 3.82 (3H, s, -OCH₃), 4.55 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.07 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.45 (4H, s, ar), 7.92

(2H, d, J = 8), 9.95 (1H, s, -CHO).

2-benzyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4i)- Yield 46%. IR

1

ν

_maxcm^-13101, 3025, 2977, 2825, 1675, 1601, 1515, 1482, 1192. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ

(ppm): 4.56 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.32-7.45 (7H, m, ar), 8.01-8.05 (2H, m, ar), 9.98 (1H, s, -CHO). -ESI

(m/z): 336.0 [M-1].

2-benzyl-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4j)- Yield 50%. IR ν_maxcm^-1

1

3083, 3029, 2975, 2852, 1671, 1600, 1519, 1481, 1187. H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.46

(2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.34-7.42 (5H, m, ar), 7.48-7.53 (3H, m, ar), 7.81-7.83 (2H, m, ar), 10.04 (1H, s, -

CHO). +ESI (m/z): 320.2 [M+1].

2-benzyl-6-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4k)- Yield 45%. IR ν_max

cm^-13085, 2925, 2851, 1675, 1585, 1483, 1398, 1092. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.45

(2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.35-7.44 (5H, m, ar), 8.19 (2H, d, J = 9), 8.33 (2H, d, J = 9), 10.20 (1H, s, -CHO).

+ESI (m/z): 365.2 [M+1].

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4l)- Yield

1

44%. IR ν_maxcm^-13092, 2935, 1670, 1599, 1520, 1343, 1102. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ

(ppm): 4.57 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.45 (4H, s, ar), 8.26 (2H, d, J = 8), 8.32 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.06 (1H, s, -

CHO). -ESI (m/z): 397.0 [M-2].

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4m)- Yield

1

48%. IR ν_maxcm^-13100, 2995, 1675, 1601, 1525, 1345, 1105. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ

(ppm): 4.55 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.44 (4H, s, ar), 7.69 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.91 (2H, d, J = 8), 9.97 (1H, s, -

CHO). -ESI (m/z): 431.9 [M-1].

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4n)- Yield

45%. IR ν_maxcm^-13053, 2915, 2840, 1653, 1604, 1492, 1388, 1090. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ

(ppm): 4.56 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.32-7.36 (2H, m, ar), 7.45 (4H, s, ar), 7.99-8.03 (2H, m, ar), 9.96 (1H, s, -

CHO). -ESI (m/z): 370.0 [M-2].

2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde

(4o)- Yield 47%. IR ν_maxcm^-13050, 2914, 2856, 1722, 1668, 1483, 1368, 1052. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆,

400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.57 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 7.41 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.46 (4H, s, ar), 7.50 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.69

(1H, t, J = 16), 7.88 (1H, d, J = 8), 8.51 (1H, s, ar), 9.99 (1H, s, -CHO). -ESI (m/z): 419.9 [M-1].

2-methyl-6-(4’-methylphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4s)- Yield 52%. IR

ν

_maxcm^-13079, 2952, 2859, 1718, 1675, 1480, 1369, 1051.

2-methyl-6-(4’-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde (4t)- Yield 55%. IR

_maxcm^-13098, 2945, 2871, 1712, 1681, 1478, 1375, 1075.

General procedure for the preparation

substitutedphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)

ν

of

3-((2-(4-substitutedbenzyl-6-(4-

methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ones

(5a-5t)- The 2-indolinone (10 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (100 ml) and treated with appropriate

carbaldehyde (4a-4t) (10 mmol) and piperidine (1 ml). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1-5 h

(according to a TLC test), cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting precipitate

was collected by filtration with a yield of 70-85% and it was purified by recrystallisation from

ethanol.

3-((2-benzyl-6-(4-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-

indol-2-one (5a)- Yield 80%. IR 3208, 3095, 3055, 1708, 1613, 1459, 1399, 1202. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-

d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.41 (2H, s, CH₂), 6.60-6.69 (2H, m, ar), 6.85 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.16-7.20 (1H, m,

ar), 7.29-7.37 (5H, m, ar), 7.58-7.60 (3H, dm, J = 8), 7.63 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.65 (1H, s, NH). -ESI

(m/z): 515.3 (M-2)

3-((2-benzyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-

indol-2-one (5b)- Yield 82%. IR 3187, 3092, 3057, 2962, 1709, 1458, 1400, 1202. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-

d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.41 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.62 (1H, d, J = 8), 6.66 (1H, t, J = 16), 6.85 (1H, d, J =

8), 7.16-7.20 (1H, m, ar), 7.28-7.38 (5H, m, ar), 7.47 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.58 (1H, s, ar), 7.70 (2H, d, J =

8), 10.65 (1H, s, NH). +ESI (m/z): 467.6 (M+1).

3-((2-benzyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-

indol-2-one (5c)- Yield 79%. IR 3172, 3091, 2950, 1709, 1611, 1462, 1410, 1210. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-

d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 3.84 (3H, s, OCH₃), 4.41 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.65-6.68 (2H, m, ar), 6.85 (1H, d, J

= 8), 7.14-7.19 (2H, m, ar), 7.29-7. 35 (6H, m, ar), 7.57 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.61-7.63 (1H, m, ar), 7.88-

7.89 (1H, m, ar), 10.64 (1H, s, NH). -ESI (m/z): 465.3 (M-1).

3-((2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-phenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-

1

indol-2-one (5e)- Yield 81%. IR 3226, 3091, 2895, 1703, 1615, 1461, 1209. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆,

400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.44 (2H, s, CH₂), 6.62-6.68 (2H, m, ar), 6.86 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.17-7.19 (1H, m,

ar), 7.35-7.45 (8H, m, ar), 7.60 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.72 (1H, d, J = 8), 10.65 (1H, s, NH). -ESI (m/z):

469.5 (M-1).

3-((2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-

1

dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (5f)- Yield 83%. IR 3172, 3089, 3037, 2959, 1708, 1612, 1457, 1203. H-

NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.40 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.65-6.69 (2H, m, ar), 6.85 (1H, d, J = 8),

7.18 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.24 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.28-7.37 (4H, m, ar), 7.56 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.60 (2H, d, J = 8),

10.63 (1H, s, NH).

3-((2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-tolylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)

methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (5g)- Yield 82%. IR 3168, 3089, 2953, 1703, 1617, 1460,

1

1414, 1204. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.30 (3H, s, -CH₃), 4.41 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.62-

6.67 (2H, m, ar), 6.85 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.15-7.18 (1H, m, ar), 7.24 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.33-7.42 (4H, m, ar),

7.54 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.60 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.62 (1H, s, NH). -ESI (m/z): 483.5 (M-1).

3-((2-benzyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)

-methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (5i)- Yield 82%. IR 3252, 3187, 3093, 2897, 2824, 1703,

1

1614, 1499, 1461, 1413, 1224. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.41 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.62-

6.66 (2H, m, ar), 6.84 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.17-7.19 (2H, m, ar), 7.24 (2H, t, J = 16), 7.34-7.36 (4H, m, ar),

7.58 (1H, s, ar), 7.70-7.74 (2H, dd, J = 8, 8), 10.64 (1H, s, NH).

3-((2-benzyl-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)

mehylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (5j)- Yield 78%. IR 3184, 3068, 2895, 2823, 1702, 1616,

1

1458, 1335, 1208. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.41 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.63-6.67 (2H, m,

ar), 6.85 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz), 7.17-7.19 (1H, m, ar), 7.30-7.36 (6H, m, ar), 7.41 (2H, t, J = 16), 7.59 (1H,

s, ar), 7.71 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.64 (1H, s, NH). -ESI (m/z): 435.5 (M-1)

3-((2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]

-thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (5l)- Yield 81%. IR 3148, 3075, 2835,

1

1708, 1641, 1606, 1464, 1415, 1342, 1226. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.46 (2H, s, -

CH₂-), 6.59 (1H, d, J = 8), 6.66 (1H, t, J = 8), 6.87 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.19 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.36-7.42 (4H,

m, ar), 7.64 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.99 (2H, d, J = 8), 8.26 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.71 (1H, s, NH).

3-((2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]

-thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (5m)- Yield 85%. IR 3144, 3080, 2888,

1

2821, 1705, 1618, 1487, 1461, 1403, 1209. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.45 (2H, s, -

CH₂-), 6.62 (1H, d, J = 8), 6.68 (1H, t, J = 16), 6.87 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.20 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.36-7.44 (4H,

m, ar), 7.58 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.63 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.65 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.67 (1H, s, NH). -ESI (m/z):

549.5 (M-1).

3-((2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]

-thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (5n)- Yield 80%. IR 3168, 3092, 2897,

1

2825, 1704, 1616, 1496, 1462, 1413, 1222. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.45 (2H, s, -

CH₂-), 6.62 (1H, d, J = 8), 6.67 (1H, t, J =16), 6.86 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.19 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.26 (2H, t, J =

16), 7.36-7.44 (4H, m, ar), 7.59 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.73-7.76 (2H, m, ar), 10.65 (s, 1H, NH).

3-((2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazol-5-yl)

methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (5o)- Yield 83%. IR 3136, 3071, 2898, 2836, 1748, 1702,

1

1618, 1469, 1220. H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 4.47 (2H, s, -CH₂-), 6.61 (2H, d, J = 8),

6.83 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.12-7.16 (1H, m, ar), 7.36-7.43 (6H, dd, J = 8, 8), 7.63 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.75 (1H,

s, =CH-), 7.87 (1H, d, J = 8), 8.51 (1H, s, ar), 10.59 (1H, s, NH). -ESI (m/z): 537.7 (M-1).

3-{[6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl] methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-

indol-2-one (5p)- Yield 80%. IR 3150, 3066, 2899, 1750, 1700, 1621, 1471, 1221. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-

d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.71 (3H, s, CH₃), 6.61 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz), 6.66 (1H, t, J = 16), 6.83 (1H, d, J =

8), 7.15 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.46 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.58 (1H, s, -CH=), 7.69 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.63 (1H, s, NH).

ESI (m/z): 393.1 (M).

3-{[6-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-

1

indol-2-one (5q)- Yield 75%. IR 3126, 3071, 2892, 2830, 1745, 1698, 1618, 1458, 1227. H-NMR

1

(DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.71 (3H, s, CH₃), 6.61

(1H, d, J = 8), 6.67 (1H, t, J = 16), 6.83 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.15 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.57 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.59

(2H, d, J = 8), 7.65 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.64 (1H, s, NH). ESI (m/z): 437.1 (M).

3-{[6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-

1

indol-2-one (5r)- Yield 78%. IR 3129, 3068, 2895, 2841, 1751, 1706, 1625, 1469, 1224. H-NMR

(DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.72 (3H, s, CH₃), 6.58 (1H, d, J = 8), 6.64 (1H, t, J = 16), 6.84 (1H,

d, J = 8), 7.15 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.64 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.97 (2H, d, J = 8), 8.25 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.68 (1H, s,

NH). -ESI (m/z): 402.1 (M-2).

3-{[6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-

1

indol-2-one (5s)- Yield 81%. IR 3133, 3080, 2899, 2841, 1751, 1709, 1618, 1475, 1223. H-NMR

(DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.29 (3H, s, CH₃), 2.69 (3H, s, CH₃), 6.66 (1H, d, J = 8), 6.69 (1H, t,

J = 16), 6.83 (1H, d, J = 8), 7.15 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.23 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.56 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.60 (2H, d, J

= 8), 10.61 (1H, s, NH). +ESI (m/z): 373.1 (M+1).

3-{[6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl

imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylidene)-1,3-dihydro-

2H-indol-2-one (5t)- Yield 80%.IR 3121, 3065, 2892, 2835, 1747, 1700, 1619, 1465, 1218. ¹H-NMR

(DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ (ppm): 2.69 (3H, s, CH₃), 3.75 (3H, s, OCH₃), 6.71-6.65 (2H, m, ar), 6.83

(1H, d, J = 8), 6.99 (2H, d, J = 8), 7.14 (1H, t, J = 16), 7.56 (1H, s, =CH-), 7.64 (2H, d, J = 8), 10.60

(1H, s, NH). -ESI (m/z): 387.1 (M-1).

Biology

Enzymes, chemicals, and reagents- Chemical reagents were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co.

(USA), Amresco (USA) and SRL (India). DNA modifying enzymes were from New England Biolabs

(USA) and Fermentas (USA). Antibodies were purchased as specified. Culture media were from Sera

Laboratory International limited (UK), FBS and PenStrep were from Gibco BRL (USA). HA 14-1,

Gossypol and Epigallocatechin were purchased from SantaCruz Biotechnology, USA.

Cell lines and culture- K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia), T47D (human breast

cancer),293T (human embryonic kidney epithelial cell line) and EAC (mouse breast cancer) were

purchased from National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India. A2780 (ovarian cancer) was purchased

from ATCC, USA. CEM (T-cell leukemia), NALM6 (B-cell leukemia) and REH (B-cell leukemia)

were kind gifts from Dr. M.R. Lieber, USA. HeLa (human cervical carcinoma), P388D1 (mouse

lymphoma), LNCaP (human prostate carcinoma) and Molt4 (T-cell leukemia) were purchased from

National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India. Cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 or DMEM medium

supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 μg/ml Penicillin, and 100 μg streptomycin/ml

and incubated at 37^oC in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.

Plasmid constructs- Codon optimized BCL2 cDNA was commercially synthesized for expression in

E. coli (Life Technologies, USA). Transmembrane deleted codon optimized BCL2 was amplified

using primers SV29 and SV30, products were digested with BamHI and XhoI, and cloned into

respective sites of pET28a to generate pMS42. DNA sequence corresponding to the BH1 domain of

BCL2 was deleted by employing site directed mutagenesis, using primers SV35 and SV36 to generate

pMS45. Similarly, pMS46 containing BH3 deleted BCL2 was obtained (using SV37 and SV38

primers). Amplicons were treated with KLD mix (New England Biolabs, USA) and transformed into

E. coli to generate the constructs. In all cases, sequence of the cloned amplicon was confirmed by

DNA sequencing.

pMS8 vector, for bacterial overexpression and purification of N terminal His-tagged BCL2,

was generated by amplifying the BCL2 coding sequence using primers MS50 and MS51. The PCR

product, which is truncated version of BCL2 (terminal 69 amino acids truncation including

transmembrane and a part of BH2 domain), was gel purified and cloned into NdeI and XhoI site of

pET28a+ to obtain the pMS8 plasmid. The identity of clone was confirmed by restriction digestion

followed by sequencing.

Truncated BAK lacking transmembrane domain was PCR amplified from human cDNA using

the primers SS107 and SS109. The amplified product was cloned into EcoRI and HindIII sites of

pETDuet-1 vector. The resulting clone, pMS27, was used for expression studies following sequence

confirmation.

BCL2A1 plasmid was a gift from Nicola Burgess Brown (Addgene plasmid # 42399). For

mammalian expression, BCL2A1 plasmid was digested using KpnI and EcoRI, and cloned into

pCDNA3-mRFP. BCL-xL plasmid was a gift from Dr. J. Lakey, UK. pETDuet-1 was a gift from Dr.

B Gopal, India. pCDNA3.1-hMcl-1 was a gift from Roger Davis (Addgene plasmid # 25375).

Oligomers- Oligomers were designed and synthesized from IDT, USA and Xcelris, India. Oligomers

used in the present study were, SV29, 5'-GGATCCATGGCACATGCAGG-3'; SV30, 5'-

CTCGAGTTAATCAAACAGCG-3'; SV35, 5'-ACACATAACACCTTCAACAACGGTTGCA-3';

SV36, 5'-CGTTGTTGAAGGTGTTATGTGTG-TGGAA-3';

SV37,

5'-ACGACGATAAA-

CAGGCGGAACCGGACTC-3'; SV38, 5'-CCGCCTGTTTATCGTCGTGATTTTGCA-3'; MS50, 5’-

CATATGATGGCGCACGCTGGGAG-3’; MS51, 5’-CTCGAGTCAGGGCGACATCTC-CC-3’;

SS107, 5'-GAATTCATGGCTTCGGGG-CAAG-3'; SS109, 5’-AAGCTTATTGCCCAAGT-TCAG-

3’; SV74, 5'-GTGTCAAAAGTCCCCTC-AGGA-3'; SV75, 5'-ACACAGCTCACC-TCTTTCTGT-3';

SV76, 5'-CTGCAGTG-CGTCCTACAGAT-3'; SV77, 5' TTCTGGC-AGTGTCTACGGAC 3'.

In silico docking- The 2D structures of the synthesized compounds were built and subsequently

converted to 3D structures using Discovery studio 2.5 and optimized using steepest–descent algorithm

available within the same package (Discovery Studio 2.5). Crystal structure of human BCL2 (1GJH)

retrieved from PDB database was used to dock the synthesized compounds with the aid of AutoDock

Vina [26]. Input files for AutoDock Vina were prepared using AutoDock Tools 4.2 that included

addition of polar hydrogen atoms and gasteiger charges [45]. Autogrid 4.2 was used to generate the

grid map. A grid box of size 40×40×40 Å³with a grid spacing of 0.375 Å was set to cover the putative

binding site of the BCL2. Docking was performed keeping BCL2 fixed while the inhibitors were

allowed to flex. 40 conformations were generated for each inhibitor. All other parameters were set to

default values. PyMOL 1.7 was used to visualize the results obtained by Vina. Conformation

pertaining to lowest binding energy was chosen for further studies. MCL1 structure in which BH1

domain is swapped with that of BCL2 was modelled (2MHS; 4OQ6; 1WSX; 1GJH as templates)

using MODELER 9v7 available within the Discovery studio 2.5 package. Subsequently, the model

was energy-minimized using Sander module of AMBER 14.0 (ff14SB) (Case,D.A., Babin, V.,

Berryman, JT., Betz, RM., Cai, Q., Cerutti, DS.,et al. (2014), AMBER 14, University of California,

San Francisco). Superposition of wild-type MCL1 and BH1 domain swapped MCL1 model displayed

a RMSD of ~0.4 Å (data not shown). Interaction between various BCL2 family proteins and Disarib

3

was deciphered using the graphical interface of insight II on an O2 sgi workstation. Figures were

prepared using PyMOL (http://www.pymol.org).

Trypan blue exclusion assay- Cell viability after treatment with the potential BCL2 inhibitors was

assayed using trypan blue exclusion assay [46, 47]. Briefly, the compounds (10, 50, 100 and 250 µM)

were added to the cells (NALM6, K562 and CEM) and were harvested at 48 h post treatment. Number

of viable cells was ascertained by mixing cells with equal volume of 0.4% trypan blue stain (Sigma

Aldrich). The cells were then counted using a haemocytometer and the cell number was plotted

against time period of cell growth. Data from the 48 h time point was used for calculating the IC₅₀

value of individual compound from selected cell lines.

In experiments wherein cytotoxicity induced by Disarib was compared in REH, K562

NALM6, 293T, CEM and T47D, cells were treated with 2, 5, 10 and 20 µM of Disarib. DMSO

treated cells served as the vehicle control. Cell viability was assayed after 48 and 72 h of the

compound treatment by trypan blue assay. Results shown are derived from a minimum of three

independent experiments.

MTT assay- In order to measure cell proliferation after treatment with the compounds, the cultured

cells (NALM6, K562 and CEM; 25,000 cells/ml) were treated with different concentrations (10, 50,

100 and 250 µM) of the compounds. Equal volume of cells (100 µl) were collected at the end of 48 h

and 72 h and incubated with MTT reagent (Sigma Aldrich) at 5 mg/ml concentration (at 37^oC for 2 h)

as described [48, 49]. Change in the intensity of color was measured at 570 nm. IC₅₀values were

calculated using data from 48 h time points.

Knockdown and overexpression of BCL2- NALM6 cells resuspended in serum free medium were

transfected with BCL2 siRNA (50, 100 and 250 nM; Cat. No. S100299397, Qiagen) using

oligofectamine (Invitrogen, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. The cells were grown in

serum free medium for 6 h, after which the culture was supplemented with 10% FBS. The cells were

then harvested, lysed in RIPA buffer and the lysates were checked by immunoblotting for BCL2

expression levels. For experiments in which cells were treated with Disarib, NALM6 cells were

treated with either 250 nM BCL2 siRNA or 250 nM scrambled siRNA (Cat. No. D-001210-01-05,

Dharmacon). The cells were grown in serum free medium for 6 h, then supplemented with 10% FBS

and allowed to grow for 24 h and exposed to Disarib (5 and 10 µM). The cell viability was determined

by trypan blue assay as described above.

For restoration of BCL2 expression following knockdown by siRNA, NALM6 cells were

transfected with 25 µg of BCL2 overexpression vector (BCL2-PCMV SPORT) using lipofectamine

(Invitrogen, USA) as per manufacturer’s protocol. After 6 h of growth in serum free medium, the cells

were supplemented with 10% FBS and were grown for an additional 24 h before treatment with

Disarib (5 µM). Cytotoxicity assays to measure cell viability were carried out after 48 h of compound

treatment. Overexpression of MCL1 and BCL2A1 was performed using PEI (polyethylimine) method

of transfection in NALM6 cells. In brief, ~5 lakh cells were transfected with 5 µg of plasmid

(pCDNA3.1-hMcl-1 for MCL1 and pMH1 for BCL2A1) and 10 µg PEI, and mixed in OptiMEM

medium (GIBCO, USA). The solution was then added to the cells, and incubated at 37^oC for a period

of 48 h. Cells were harvested, RNA was isolated, and cDNA was prepared subsequently as described

[47]. The cDNA was then subjected to RT-PCR analysis using specific primers against MCL1 and

BCL2A1 genes.

Evaluation of effect of Disarib on primary cells derived from chronic lymphocytic leukemic patients-

The use of primary CLL cells from consenting patients had approval from the Liverpool Research

Ethics Committee. The cytotoxicity of Disarib against primary leukemic samples was assayed as

described earlier [50]. Briefly, 6 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient samples were incubated

with Disarib (0, 1, 3 and 10 μM) for 4 h after which the cells were collected and assayed for initiation

of apoptosis by Annexin V FITC binding and FACS assessment. Data from multiple experiments is

represented as % apoptosis observed above levels of spontaneous apoptosis in DMSO treated

controls. Error bars indicate mean SEM.

Overexpression and purification of BCL2 (wild type and mutants), BAK, BCL-xL and BCL2A1- The

transmembrane deleted versions of BCL2, BCL-xL, BAK, BCL2, BCL2 (delta-BH1), BCL2 (delta-

BH3) and BCL2A1 were overexpressed in E. coli, BL21 pLysS. For purification of wild type BCL2

protein (variant 2 [51]), cells transformed with pMS42 was cultured in LB medium (1L) containing

ampicillin (100 μg/ml) and chloramphenicol (34 μg/ml). A transmembrane deleted version was used,

to facilitate the BCL2 purification. The cells were induced with 1 mM IPTG overnight at 16^oC,

harvested and resuspended in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 50 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 1%

Triton X-100 and 1 mM PMSF). The cells were then sonicated, centrifuged and clarified extract was

then loaded onto Ni-NTA column (Novagen). Protein was eluted with increasing concentration of

imidazole (100 mM-400 mM). Fractions were analysed on a 12% SDS PAGE followed by CBB

staining. BCL2 enriched fractions were pooled and dialyzed against dialysis buffer (PBS containing

0.05% Triton X-100, 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 5 % glycerol and 0.1 mM PMSF) overnight at 4^oC.

The dialyzed fraction was loaded onto an anion exchange column Uno-sphere Q (BioRad), and the

protein was eluted in buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 250 mM NaCl, 5 mM DTT, 0.1%

Triton X-100, 5% glycerol and 1 mM PMSF, with increasing concentration of NaCl (150-300 mM).

Fractions were analysed on a 12% SDS PAGE followed by CBB staining and those containing nearly

homogenous BCL2 were pooled and stored at -80⁰C. Purity and identity of the protein was confirmed

by silver staining and immunoblotting.

For BCL2 (delta-BH1) and BCL2 (delta-BH3), bacterial cells transformed with pMS45 and

pMS46, respectively, were cultured in LB medium containing ampicillin (100 μg/ ml) and

chloramphenicol (34 μg/ ml). Both the proteins were overexpressed and purified as described above.

For purification of truncated version of BCL2, pMS8 was cultured in LB medium ( 1 L) in

presence of appropriate antibiotics. The cells were induced with 0.5 mM IPTG overnight at 16⁰C,

harvested, resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 50 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 1%

Triton X-100 and 1 mM PMSF) and sonicated. The clarified lysate was loaded onto Ni-NTA column

(Novagen) and protein was eluted according to manufacturer’s instructions. Fractions were analysed

on 12% SDS-PAGE and BCL2 enriched fractions were pooled and loaded onto UNO sphere Q anion

exchange column (BioRad). Proteins were eluted with an increasing gradient of NaCl (200-500 mM)

and analysed. Fractions of interest were further pooled and loaded onto a size exclusion column,

Biogel P100 (BioRad). Protein elution was done with a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0),

250 mM NaCl, 5 mM DTT, 0.1% Triton X-100, 5% glycerol and 1 mM PMSF, and analysed on a

SDS-PAGE by silver staining. The fractions nearly homogenous for BCL2 were pooled, aliquoted and

stored at -80⁰C. Identity and purity of the protein was confirmed by silver staining and

immunoblotting.

BCL-xL was overexpressed and purified using the vector pTOLT-BCL-X_Las described

earlier [52]. Briefly, the plasmid was transformed into E. coli, BL21 pLysS and cultured in LB

medium (100 ml) containing ampicillin (100 µg/ml). The culture was induced with 0.5 mM IPTG at

37⁰C for 3 h. The bacteria were lysed in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8) containing 300 mM

NaCl and 1 mM PMSF. The lysate was clarified and BCL-xL was purified using Ni-NTA

chromatography as described above. BCL-xL containing fractions were pooled and dialysed against

storage buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer [pH 8.0], 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF, 10%

glycerol) and aliquots were stored at -80⁰C.

For purification of BAK, pMS27 was transformed into E. coli BL21 pLysS, grown in LB

medium (1 L) containing ampicillin (100 µg/ml), induced with 0.5 mM IPTG at 16⁰C for 18 h.

Protein was purified using a Ni-NTA column as described for BCL2. Elution was performed with a

step gradient using 60-800 mM imidazole and the fractions were analysed on 12% SDS PAGE

followed by silver staining. BAK containing fractions were pooled and subjected to anion exchange

chromatography as described above. Eluted fractions were analysed by silver staining and fractions

with 90% homogeneity of the BAK (250 mM NaCl) were dialysed (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 300

mM NaCl, 1 mM PMSF and 10% glycerol) and stored as aliquots at -80⁰C.

For BCL2A1 purification, E. coli BL21 cells were cultured in LB medium containing

ampicillin (100 µg/µl). The cells were induced using 1 mM IPTG overnight at 16^oC, harvested and

resuspended in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 50 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100

and 1 mM PMSF). The cells were then sonicated and the clarified lysate was loaded onto Ni-NTA

column (Novagen), and the protein was eluted with increasing concentration of imidazole (100 mM-

400 mM). Fractions were analysed on a 12% SDS PAGE by CBB staining, and BCL2A1 enriched

fractions were pooled and dialyzed against dialysis buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Triton X-100, 1

mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 5 % glycerol and 0.1 mM PMSF) overnight at 4^oC and stored at -80⁰C, till

use.

Circular Dichroism (CD)- Circular Dichroism studies were done using purified recombinant BCL2

and BCL-xL in the presence of Disarib, to assess binding as described [53]. The purified proteins (9

µM) were subjected to CD following dilution in PBS and the spectrum was recorded between

wavelengths 200 and 250 nm (5 cycles, scan speed of 50 nm/sec at 4^oC) in a JASCO J-810

spectropolarimeter. A titration of Disarib was performed with BCL2 at 10, 50, 75, 100 and 150 nM

concentrations. Comparative studies of binding were done with 0.5 µM Disarib and BCL2 (9 µM),

BCL2 truncated version (6 µM), BAK (8 µM) and BCL-xL (6 µM) under the given conditions.

Spectra resulting from buffer alone and buffer containing DMSO equivalent to the inhibitor volumes

were subtracted from the protein spectra.

Fluorescence based thermal shift assay- A fluorescence microplate reader (iQ5, BioRad iCycler

Multicolor Real-Time PCR detection system) was used to monitor protein unfolding as a function of

temperature. The detection involves increase in fluorescence of a fluorophore SYPRO Orange

(Sigma, S5692) upon binding to the hydrophobic regions of the gradually unfolded protein. Protein

samples (1 μM) were mixed with HEPES buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) consisting of 1x SYPRO orange

dye and appropriate concentrations of ligand over the range of several folds, and were incubated in

96-well PCR microplates (BioRad) in the RT-PCR device [27, 28].

Ligand concentrations were varied between 5 nM to 100 μM and the concentration of DMSO

was kept constant at 2% throughout the screens. Samples were heated at 0.5°C per minute, ranging

from 10^oC to 95^oC and the fluorescence intensity was measured at interval of 0.5°C [27]. Cy5 filter

with red-orange color intensity was selected for the SYPRO Orange detection. All the experiments

were done in triplicates and the average (or best two) was considered during the analysis. Appropriate

buffer blanks were subtracted for the same in each set.

Fluorescence intensities were plotted as a function of temperature using GraphPad Prism

software and the melting temperature of protein was determined for individual ligand concentrations

(using sigmoidal dose response function of GraphPad). The net change in Tm was then plotted against

increasing ligand concentration. The dissociation constants were determined by analysing the data

under non-linear regression (curve fit) model (least square ordinary fit) using the Binding Saturation

‘one site-specific binding’ function.

Immunoblotting- Immunobloting was performed with 40 µg of NALM6 cell lysates or as specified.

[54, 55]. The cell lysates were resolved on 8-12% SDS PAGE gels and transferred onto PVDF

membrane (Millipore, USA). The blots were blocked with 5% skim milk in 0.1% PBST and incubated

with primary antibodies- BCL2, TUBULIN, Caspase 8 (Santa Cruz Biotechnlogy, USA), activated

Caspase 3 and activated Caspase 9 (Cell Signalling Technlology, USA). After incubation with

appropriate secondary antibodies (1:10,000 in 0.1% PBST; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), the

blots were developed using enhanced chemilumniscence substrate (Immobilon ™ western, Millipore,

USA) and the images were captured by LAS 3000 (FUJI, JAPAN) gel documentation system. Lysates

prepared for experiments involving coimmunoprecipitation (nondenaturing method), BCL2

knockdown, over expression and to check the expression of different proteins in different cell lines

(RIPA buffer method) were analysed in a similar manner. For recombinant protein validation and

purified protein coimmunoprecipitation experiments, 2.5 μg protein was analysed under similar

conditions.

Annexin-FITC/PI staining- To check the mode of cell death induced by the Disarib, annexin-FITC/PI

staining was carried out as described previously [56, 57]. Briefly, Molt4 cells (0.25 x 10⁵cells) were

treated with Disarib (0, 1, 2 and 5 µM) for 48 h. DMSO treated cells were used as control. Cells were

processed, stained with annexin-FITC/PI and subjected to FACS analysis. Results were analysed in

Flowing software (version2.5) with minimum of 10,000 cells and plotted as dot plots. Cells which

were positive for annexin-FITC/PI staining were calculated and presented as bar diagram with error

bars.

Hoechst staining- Molt4 cells were assessed for nuclear condensation following Disarib treatment (1

and 2 µM, 48 h) following staining with Hoechst (Hoechst 33342, 1 µM). Images were captured using

Zeiss Apotome Microscope under 10X and 40X magnification. ~300 to 500 cells were analyzed from

each group and the quantification represented as a table showing percentage condensed cells in each

group.

Animal experiments

Animals- Swiss albino mice (4-8 weeks old, female), were purchased from central animal facility,

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India and were maintained as per the guidelines of the animal

ethical committee in accordance with Indian National Law on animal care and use. The animals were

housed in polypropylene cages and provided standard pellet diet (Agro Corporation Pvt. Ltd.,

Bangalore, India) and water ad libitum. The standard pellet diet is composed of 21% protein, 5%

lipids, 4% crude fiber, 8% ash, 1% calcium, 0.6% phosphorus, 3.4% glucose, 2% vitamin, and 55%

nitrogen-free extract (carbohydrates). The animals were maintained under controlled conditions of

temperature and humidity with a 12 h light/dark cycle.

DLA tumor mouse model- Dalton lymphoma ascitic (DLA) cells were used for developing DLA liquid

tumor in Swiss albino mice [33, 46, 47]. Animals were given intraperitoneal injection of DLA cells

(0.25x10⁶cells/ mouse) for developing DLA liquid tumor. The mice were then randomly segregated

into five groups of which one group served as the tumor control (n=8) and received only the methyl

cellulose solution where the compounds were dissolved, while the other groups (in each case n=8)

were given intraperitoneal Disarib/ Gossypol/ Epigallocatechin/ HA14-1(10 mg/kg) administration.

The first dose of treatment was given on the day of DLA injection, and a total of six doses were

administered every alternate day in all the cases. Tumor progression was measured by monitoring the

body weight of the animals over a period of 20 days and data obtained is presented with error bars.

Further, body weight measurements were recorded in Disarib treated mice (10 mg/kg, every alternate

day), and compared with those in untreated control group (n=10 in each group).

Statistical analysis- For each experiment, student’s t-test (two tailed), using GraphPad prism (Version

5.1), was employed to calculate the statistical significance of the results reported. Values with p-value

less than 0.05 were considered significant. Values are presented as mean SEM.

Acknowledgements

We thank Prof N. Yathindra for his help in in silico studies, M. Nambiar,

for help during initial stages of the study, Prof R. Manjunath for support. We also thank M. Pandey,

M. Nambiar and SCR lab members for critical reading of the manuscript. BCL-xL plasmid was a gift

from Jeremy Lakey (UK). pETDuet-1 was from B Gopal (India). We thank NMR, Mass Spectrometry

(MBU) at IISc. Financial assistance from Leukemia Research Foundation, USA and from IISc-DBT

partnership programme [DBT/BF/PR/INS/2011-12/IISc] and the Council of Scientific and Industrial

Research (37(1579)/13/EMR-II) for SCR and All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi

(Ref. No. 8023/BOR/RID/RPS-169/2008-09) for SSK are acknowledged. AS is a Bhatnagar Fellow of

the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. DI and SV are supported by IISc

fellowship, GG by DeitY, Government of India (India) and Department of IT, BT and S&T,

Government of Karnataka, India.

Conflict of interest

An Indian Patent application on the "Design, synthesis and characterization of BCL2

inhibitors targeting the BH1 domain of BCL2", has been filed.

Author contributions

SCR, SSK, AS, DI, SV and GG conceived and designed the experiments. DI, SV, AM, GG,

SK, MS, MH, VG, MG, MV and BC performed the experiments. SCR, SV, AS, SSK, DI, NK, GG

and BC interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript.

REFERENCES

1. Cotter, T. G. (2009) Apoptosis and cancer: the genesis of a research field, Nat Rev Cancer. 9, 501-7.

2. Ferri, K. F. & Kroemer, G. (2001) Organelle-specific initiation of cell death pathways, Nat Cell Biol. 3,

E255-63.

3. Willis, S. N., Fletcher, J. I., Kaufmann, T., van Delft, M. F., Chen, L., Czabotar, P. E., Ierino, H., Lee, E. F.,

Fairlie, W. D., Bouillet, P., Strasser, A., Kluck, R. M., Adams, J. M. & Huang, D. C. (2007) Apoptosis initiated

when BH3 ligands engage multiple Bcl-2 homologs, not Bax or Bak, Science. 315, 856-9.

4. Gross, A., McDonnell, J. M. & Korsmeyer, S. J. (1999) BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in

apoptosis, Genes Dev. 13, 1899-911.

5. Lin, Y., Fukuchi, J., Hiipakka, R. A., Kokontis, J. M. & Xiang, J. (2007) Up-regulation of Bcl-2 is required

for the progression of prostate cancer cells from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent growth

stage, Cell Res. 17, 531-6.

6. Campos, L., Rouault, J. P., Sabido, O., Oriol, P., Roubi, N., Vasselon, C., Archimbaud, E., Magaud, J. P. &

Guyotat, D. (1993) High expression of bcl-2 protein in acute myeloid leukemia cells is associated with poor

response to chemotherapy, Blood. 81, 3091-6.

7. Kirkin, V., Joos, S. & Zornig, M. (2004) The role of Bcl-2 family members in tumorigenesis, Biochimi

Biophys Acta. 1644, 229-49.

8. Reed, J. C. (1997) Bcl-2 family proteins: regulators of apoptosis and chemoresistance in hematologic

malignancies, Semin Hematol. 34, 9-19.

9. Cho, H. J., Kim, J. K., Kim, K. D., Yoon, H. K., Cho, M. Y., Park, Y. P., Jeon, J. H., Lee, E. S., Byun, S. S.,

Lim, H. M., Song, E. Y., Lim, J. S., Yoon, D. Y., Lee, H. G. & Choe, Y. K. (2006) Upregulation of Bcl-2 is

associated with cisplatin-resistance via inhibition of Bax translocation in human bladder cancer cells, Cancer

Let. 237, 56-66.

10. Konopleva, M., Tari, A. M., Estrov, Z., Harris, D., Xie, Z., Zhao, S., Lopez-Berestein, G. & Andreeff, M.

(2000) Liposomal Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides enhance proliferation, sensitize acute myeloid leukemia to

cytosine-arabinoside, and induce apoptosis independent of other antiapoptotic proteins, Blood. 95, 3929-38.

11. Gutierrez-Puente, Y., Zapata-Benavides, P., Tari, A. M. & Lopez-Berestein, G. (2002) Bcl-2-related

antisense therapy, Semin Oncol. 29, 71-6.

12. Wang, J. L., Zhang, Z. J., Choksi, S., Shan, S., Lu, Z., Croce, C. M., Alnemri, E. S., Korngold, R. & Huang,

Z. (2000) Cell permeable Bcl-2 binding peptides: a chemical approach to apoptosis induction in tumor cells,

Cancer Res. 60, 1498-502.

13. Shangary, S. & Johnson, D. E. (2002) Peptides derived from BH3 domains of Bcl-2 family members: a

comparative analysis of inhibition of Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L) and Bax oligomerization, induction of cytochrome c

release, and activation of cell death, Biochemistry. 41, 9485-95.

14. Arkin, M. (2005) Protein-protein interactions and cancer: small molecules going in for the kill, Curr Opin

Chem Biol. 9, 317-24.

15. Real, P. J., Cao, Y., Wang, R., Nikolovska-Coleska, Z., Sanz-Ortiz, J., Wang, S. & Fernandez-Luna, J. L.

(2004) Breast cancer cells can evade apoptosis-mediated selective killing by a novel small molecule inhibitor of

Bcl-2, Cancer Res. 64, 7947-53.

16. van Delft, M. F., Wei, A. H., Mason, K. D., Vandenberg, C. J., Chen, L., Czabotar, P. E., Willis, S. N.,

Scott, C. L., Day, C. L., Cory, S., Adams, J. M., Roberts, A. W. & Huang, D. C. (2006) The BH3 mimetic ABT-

737 targets selective Bcl-2 proteins and efficiently induces apoptosis via Bak/Bax if Mcl-1 is neutralized,

Cancer Cell. 10, 389-99.

17. Souers, A. J., Leverson, J. D., Boghaert, E. R., Ackler, S. L., Catron, N. D., Chen, J., Dayton, B. D., Ding,

H., Enschede, S. H., Fairbrother, W. J., Huang, D. C., Hymowitz, S. G., Jin, S., Khaw, S. L., Kovar, P. J., Lam,

L. T., Lee, J., Maecker, H. L., Marsh, K. C., Mason, K. D., Mitten, M. J., Nimmer, P. M., Oleksijew, A., Park,

C. H., Park, C. M., Phillips, D. C., Roberts, A. W., Sampath, D., Seymour, J. F., Smith, M. L., Sullivan, G. M.,

Tahir, S. K., Tse, C., Wendt, M. D., Xiao, Y., Xue, J. C., Zhang, H., Humerickhouse, R. A., Rosenberg, S. H. &

Elmore, S. W. (2013) ABT-199, a potent and selective BCL-2 inhibitor, achieves antitumor activity while

sparing platelets, Nat Med. 19, 202-8.

18. Wang, Z., Azmi, A. S., Ahmad, A., Banerjee, S., Wang, S., Sarkar, F. H. & Mohammad, R. M. (2009) TW-

37, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2, inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer:

involvement of Notch-1 signaling pathway, Cancer Res. 69, 2757-65.

19. Zhai, D., Jin, C., Satterthwait, A. C. & Reed, J. C. (2006) Comparison of chemical inhibitors of

antiapoptotic Bcl-2-family proteins, Cell Death Differ. 13, 1419-21.

20. Iyer, D. (2013) Targeted cancer therapy: The role of BCL2 inhibitors, Studium Press, LLC, Houston,

Texas, USA.

21. Beauchard, A., Laborie, H., Rouillard, H., Lozach, O., Ferandin, Y., Le Guevel, R., Guguen-Guillouzo, C.,

Meijer, L., Besson, T. & Thiery, V. (2009) Synthesis and kinase inhibitory activity of novel substituted

indigoids, Bioorg Med Chem. 17, 6257-63.

22. Mologni, L., Rostagno, R., Brussolo, S., Knowles, P. P., Kjaer, S., Murray-Rust, J., Rosso, E., Zambon, A.,

Scapozza, L., McDonald, N. Q., Lucchini, V. & Gambacorti-Passerini, C. (2010) Synthesis, structure-activity

relationship and crystallographic studies of 3-substituted indolin-2-one RET inhibitors, Bioorg Med Chem. 18,

1482-96.

23. Wang, L. L., Li, J. J., Zheng, Z. B., Liu, H. Y., Du, G. J. & Li, S. (2004) Antitumor activities of a novel

indolin-2-ketone compound, Z24: more potent inhibition on bFGF-induced angiogenesis and bcl-2 over-

expressing cancer cells, Eur J Pharmacol. 502, 1-10.

24. Kumar, T. S., Kari, V., Choudhary, B., Nambiar, M., Akila, T. S. & Raghavan, S. C. (2010) Anti-apoptotic

protein BCL2 down-regulates DNA end joining in cancer cells, The Journal of biological chemistry. 285,

32657-70.

25. Lotem, J. & Sachs, L. (1995) Regulation of bcl-2, bcl-XL and bax in the control of apoptosis by

hematopoietic cytokines and dexamethasone, Cell Growth Differ. 6, 647-53.

26. Trott, O. & Olson, A. J. (2010) AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new

scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading, J. Comp Chem. 31, 455-61.

27. Vedadi, M., Niesen, F. H., Allali-Hassani, A., Fedorov, O. Y., Finerty, P. J., Jr., Wasney, G. A., Yeung, R.,

Arrowsmith, C., Ball, L. J., Berglund, H., Hui, R., Marsden, B. D., Nordlund, P., Sundstrom, M., Weigelt, J. &

Edwards, A. M. (2006) Chemical screening methods to identify ligands that promote protein stability, protein

crystallization, and structure determination, Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA. 103, 15835-40.

28. Niesen, F. H., Berglund, H. & Vedadi, M. (2007) The use of differential scanning fluorimetry to detect

ligand interactions that promote protein stability, Nature Protocols. 2, 2212-21.

29. Rosen, C. G. & Weber, G. (1969) Dimer formation from 1-amino-8-naphthalenesulfonate catalyzed by

bovine serum albumin. A new fluorescent molecule with exceptional binding properties, Biochemistry. 8, 3915-

20.

30. Fedorov, O., Marsden, B., Pogacic, V., Rellos, P., Muller, S., Bullock, A. N., Schwaller, J., Sundstrom, M.

& Knapp, S. (2007) A systematic interaction map of validated kinase inhibitors with Ser/Thr kinases, Proc Natl

Acad Sci, USA.. 104, 20523-8.

31. Hanada, M., Delia, D., Aiello, A., Stadtmauer, E. & Reed, J. C. (1993) bcl-2 gene hypomethylation and

high-level expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Blood. 82, 1820-8.

32. Marschitz, I., Tinhofer, I., Hittmair, A., Egle, A., Kos, M. & Greil, R. (2000) Analysis of Bcl-2 protein

expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A comparison of three semiquantitation techniques, Am J Clin

Pathol. 113, 219-29.

33. Sharma, S., Panjamurthy, K., Choudhary, B., Srivastava, M., Shahabuddin, M., Giri, R., Advirao, G. M. &

Raghavan, S. C. (2013) A novel DNA intercalator, 8-methoxy pyrimido[4',5':4,5]thieno (2,3-b)quinoline-4(3H)-

one induces apoptosis in cancer cells, inhibits the tumor progression and enhances lifespan in mice with tumor,

Molecular Carcinogen. 52, 413-25.

34. Kolluri, S. K., Zhu, X., Zhou, X., Lin, B., Chen, Y., Sun, K., Tian, X., Town, J., Cao, X., Lin, F., Zhai, D.,

Kitada, S., Luciano, F., O'Donnell, E., Cao, Y., He, F., Lin, J., Reed, J. C., Satterthwait, A. C. & Zhang, X. K.

(2008) A short Nur77-derived peptide converts Bcl-2 from a protector to a killer, Cancer Cell. 14, 285-98.

35. Kitada, S., Kress, C. L., Krajewska, M., Jia, L., Pellecchia, M. & Reed, J. C. (2008) Bcl-2 antagonist

apogossypol (NSC736630) displays single-agent activity in Bcl-2-transgenic mice and has superior efficacy

with less toxicity compared with gossypol (NSC19048), Blood. 111, 3211-9.

36. Oakes, S. R., Vaillant, F., Lim, E., Lee, L., Breslin, K., Feleppa, F., Deb, S., Ritchie, M. E., Takano, E.,

Ward, T., Fox, S. B., Generali, D., Smyth, G. K., Strasser, A., Huang, D. C., Visvader, J. E. & Lindeman, G. J.

(2012) Sensitization of BCL-2-expressing breast tumors to chemotherapy by the BH3 mimetic ABT-737, Proc

Natl Acad Sci, USA. 109, 2766-71.

37. Wlodkowic, D., Skommer, J. & Pelkonen, J. (2006) Multiparametric analysis of HA14-1-induced apoptosis

in follicular lymphoma cells, Leuk Res. 30, 1187-92.

38. Vaillant, F., Merino, D., Lee, L., Breslin, K., Pal, B., Ritchie, M. E., Smyth, G. K., Christie, M., Phillipson,

L. J., Burns, C. J., Mann, G. B., Visvader, J. E. & Lindeman, G. J. (2013) Targeting BCL-2 with the BH3

mimetic ABT-199 in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, Cancer Cell. 24, 120-9.

39. Anderson, N. M., Harrold, I., Mansour, M. R., Sanda, T., McKeown, M., Nagykary, N., Bradner, J. E., Lan

Zhang, G., Look, A. T. & Feng, H. (2014) BCL2-specific inhibitor ABT-199 synergizes strongly with

cytarabine against the early immature LOUCY cell line but not more-differentiated T-ALL cell lines, Leukemia.

28, 1145-8.

40. Pan, R., Hogdal, L. J., Benito, J. M., Bucci, D., Han, L., Borthakur, G., Cortes, J., DeAngelo, D. J., Debose,

L., Mu, H., Dohner, H., Gaidzik, V. I., Galinsky, I., Golfman, L. S., Haferlach, T., Harutyunyan, K. G., Hu, J.,

Leverson, J. D., Marcucci, G., Muschen, M., Newman, R., Park, E., Ruvolo, P. P., Ruvolo, V., Ryan, J.,

Schindela, S., Zweidler-McKay, P., Stone, R. M., Kantarjian, H., Andreeff, M., Konopleva, M. & Letai, A. G.

(2014) Selective BCL-2 inhibition by ABT-199 causes on-target cell death in acute myeloid leukemia, Cancer

Discovery. 4, 362-75.

41. Khaw, S. L., Merino, D., Anderson, M. A., Glaser, S. P., Bouillet, P., Roberts, A. W. & Huang, D. C.

(2014) Both leukaemic and normal peripheral B lymphoid cells are highly sensitive to the selective

pharmacological inhibition of prosurvival Bcl-2 with ABT-199, Leukemia. 28, 1207-15.

42. Karki, S. S., Panjamurthy, K., Kumar, S., Nambiar, M., Ramareddy, S. A., Chiruvella, K. K. & Raghavan,

S. C. (2011) Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-aralkyl-5-substituted-6-(4'-fluorophenyl)-

imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives as potent anticancer agents, Eur J Med Chem. 46, 2109-16.

43. el-Sherbeny, M. A., el-Bendary, E. R., el-Subbagh, H. I. & el-Kashef, H. A. (1997) Synthesis and

cardiotonic activity of certain imidazo[2,1-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives, Boll Chim Farm. 136, 253-6.

44. Pentimalli, L., Milani, G. & Biavati, F. (1975) Preparation and reactivity of imidazo[2,1-b]-1,3,4-

thiadiazoles, Gazzetta Chimica Italiana. 105, 777-87.

45. Morris, G. M., Huey, R., Lindstrom, W., Sanner, M. F., Belew, R. K., Goodsell, D. S. & Olson, A. J. (2009)

AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility, J Comp Chem. 30,

2785-91.

46. Srivastava, M., Hegde, M., Chiruvella, K. K., Koroth, J., Bhattacharya, S., Choudhary, B. & Raghavan, S.

C. (2014) Sapodilla plum (Achras sapota) induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines and inhibits tumor progression

in mice, Sci Rep. 4, 6147.

47. Srivastava, M., Nambiar, M., Sharma, S., Karki, S. S., Goldsmith, G., Hegde, M., Kumar, S., Pandey, M.,

Singh, R. K., Ray, P., Natarajan, R., Kelkar, M., De, A., Choudhary, B. & Raghavan, S. C. (2012) An inhibitor

of nonhomologous end-joining abrogates double-strand break repair and impedes cancer progression, Cell. 151,

1474-87.

48. Moorthy, B. T., Ravi, S., Srivastava, M., Chiruvella, K. K., Hemlal, H., Joy, O. & Raghavan, S. C. (2010)

Novel rhodanine derivatives induce growth inhibition followed by apoptosis, Bioorg Med Chem Let. 20, 6297-

301.

49. Shahabuddin, M. S., Nambiar, M., Choudhary, B., Advirao, G. M. & Raghavan, S. C. (2010) A novel DNA

intercalator, butylamino-pyrimido[4',5':4,5]selenolo(2,3-b)quinoline, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in

leukemic cells, Invest New Drugs. 28, 35-48.

50. Vogler, M., Dinsdale, D., Dyer, M. J. & Cohen, G. M. (2013) ABT-199 selectively inhibits BCL2 but not

BCL2L1 and efficiently induces apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemic cells but not platelets, Brit J

Haematol. 163, 139-42.

51. Dai, H., Meng, X. W., Lee, S. H., Schneider, P. A. & Kaufmann, S. H. (2009) Context-dependent Bcl-

2/Bak interactions regulate lymphoid cell apoptosis, J Biol Chem. 284, 18311-22.

52. Nedelkina, S., Gokce, I., Ridley, H., Weckerle, C., Magnin, T., Vallette, F., Pattus, F., Lakey, J. H. &

Bechinger, B. (2008) High-yield expression and purification of soluble forms of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-x(L) and

Bcl-2 as TolAIII-fusion proteins, Protein Expr Purif. 60, 214-20.

53. Nambiar, M. & Raghavan, S. C. (2012) Mechanism of fragility at BCL2 gene minor breakpoint cluster

region during t(14;18) chromosomal translocation, J Biol Chem. 287, 8688-701.

54. Kavitha, C. V., Choudhary, B., Raghavan, S. C. & Muniyappa, K. (2010) Differential regulation of MRN

(Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1) complex subunits and telomerase activity in cancer cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun.

399, 575-80.

55. Chiruvella, K. K., Kari, V., Choudhary, B., Nambiar, M., Ghanta, R. G. & Raghavan, S. C. (2008) Methyl

angolensate, a natural tetranortriterpenoid induces intrinsic apoptotic pathway in leukemic cells, FEBS Let. 582,

4066-76.

56. Kavitha, C. V., Nambiar, M., Ananda Kumar, C. S., Choudhary, B., Muniyappa, K., Rangappa, K. S. &

Raghavan, S. C. (2009) Novel derivatives of spirohydantoin induce growth inhibition followed by apoptosis in

leukemia cells, Biochem Pharmacol. 77, 348-63.

57. Kavitha, C. V., Nambiar, M., Narayanaswamy, P. B., Thomas, E., Rathore, U., Ananda Kumar, C. S.,

Choudhary, B., Rangappa, K. S. & Raghavan, S. C. (2013) Propyl-2-(8-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-2',5'-dioxo-8-

azaspiro[bicyclo[3.2.1] octane-3,4'-imidazolidine]-1'-yl) acetate induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells

through mitochondrial pathway following cell cycle arrest, PloS One. 8, e69103.

Table 1. Table showing the chemical and physical characterisation of reaction intermediates

during the synthesis of potential BCL2 inhibitors. Compound series 3a-3o and 4a-4o, 4s, 4t are the

intermediates formed during the synthesis of compounds described in Figure 1C. Compound

characteristics such as alkyl group substitutions, molecular weight (Mol Wt), molecular formula (Mol

For) and melting points (MP) are listed.

Structure

Code

No

3a

3b

3c

3d

3e

3f

3g

3h

3i

3j

3k

3l

R

R’

Mol

Wt

370.27

325.82

Mol

For

MP

(˚C)

benzyl

4-Cl-benzyl

benzyl

4-Cl-benzyl

4-Br-phenyl

4-Cl-phenyl

4-OCH₃-phenyl 321.40

4-CH₃-phenyl

phenyl

4-Cl-phenyl

4-CH₃-phenyl

4-OCH₃-phenyl 355.85

4-F-phenyl

phenyl

4-NO₂-phenyl

4-Br-phenyl

4-F-phenyl

C₁₇H₁₂BrN₃S

C₁₇H₁₂ClN₃S

C₁₈H₁₅N₃OS

C₁₇H₁₂ClN₃S

C₁₇H₁₁Cl₂N₃S

C₁₈H₁₄ClN₃S

C₁₈H₁₄ClN₃OS

C₁₇H₁₂FN₃S

C₁₇H₁₃N₃S

C₁₇H₁₂N₄O₂S

C₁₇H₁₁ClN₄O₂S

C₁₇H₁₁BrClN₃S

C₁₇H₁₁FClN₃S

C₂₀H₁₂ClN₃O₂S

170-172

163-165

180-182

160-162

193-195

178-179

178-181

174-176

152-155

163-165

219-222

195-198

164-165

167-170

202-205

305.40

325.82

360.27

339.85

R

S

N

309.37

291.38

336.37

370.82

404.72

343.81

R¹

3m

3n

3o

3a-3o

2H-chromen-2- 393.85

one

benzyl

4-Br-phenyl

4-Cl-phenyl

4-OCH₃-phenyl 349.41

398.28

353.83

C₁₈H₁₂BrN₃OS

C₁₈H₁₂ClN₃OS

C₁₉H₁₅N₃O₂S

126-128

183-185

160-162

4a

4b

4c

benzyl

4-CH₃-phenyl

phenyl

4-Cl-phenyl

4-CH₃-phenyl

4-OCH₃-phenyl 383.86

4-F-phenyl

333.41

353.83

388.28

367.86

C₁₉H₁₅N₃OS

107-108

119-121

118-120

83-85

101-104

112-114

145-147

136-138

157-159

4d

4e

4f

4g

4h

4i

4j

4k

4l

4m

R

4-Cl-benzyl

benzyl

4-Cl-benzyl

C₁₈H₁₂ClN₃OS

C₁₈H₁₁Cl₂N₃OS

C₁₉H₁₄ClN₃OS

C₁₉H₁₄ClN₃O₂S

C₁₈H₁₂FN₃OS

C₁₈H₁₃N₃OS

C₁₈H₁₂N₄O₃S

C₁₈H₁₁ClN₄O₃S

C₁₈H₁₁ClBrN₃O 129-131

S

N

337.38

319.39

364.39

398.83

432.73

phenyl

R¹

4-NO₂-phenyl

4-Br-phenyl

O

4a-4o, 4s, 4t

S

4-Cl-benzyl

4-F-phenyl

2H-chromen-2- 421.87

371.82

C₁₈H₁₁ClFN₃OS 138-140

4n

4o

C₂₁H₁₂ClN₃O₃S

130-133

one

CH₃

4-CH₃-phenyl

4-OCH₃-phenyl 273.31

257.31

C₁₃H₁₁N₃OS

C₁₃H₁₁N₃O₂S

130-132

50-52

4s

4t

* decomposed

Table 2. Table showing comparison of IC₅₀values of the synthesized small molecules, based on

their cytotoxicity in NALM6, K562 and CEM cell lines. IC₅₀values were based on cell

proliferation as assayed by MTT at 48 h following addition of compounds. Percentage of cell

proliferation was plotted relative to cells treated with DMSO, the vehicle control. In each case,

experiments were performed a minimum of three times, data is presented as mean SEM.

Compound

5a

NALM6

3.0

K562

3.25

CEM

11.0

5b

5c

5e

5f

5g

5i

14.0

25

25.0

20.5

2.5

12.5

25.0

62.5

2.53

10.0

2.0

41.87

50.37

>125

35.0

10.0

2.75

4.75

13.5

3.25

2.75

5.0

17.5

12.5

31.00

15.0

3.5

40

15.62

45

37.5

70.0

6.0

26.0

2.5

17.0

23.25

42.5

5.0

15.0

2.46

47.5

20.25

50

28.12

50

39.37

13.75

5j

5l

5m

5n

5o

5p

5q

5r

5s

5t

Article Doi

Identification of a novel BCL2-specific inhibitor that binds predominantly to the BH1 domain

DOI: 10.1111/febs.13815

Source and publish data:

Authors:

Article abstract of DOI:10.1111/febs.13815

Full text of DOI:10.1111/febs.13815

Products guided by the article

R&D Labs maybe for 1310578-60-9

Relevant to this article

Hot Product