Determination of the primary molecular target of 1,2,4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules20046254

We have synthesized and examined the antibacterial activity, toxicity and affinity towards bacterial type II topoisomerases of a series of 1,2,4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids. A number of these compounds displayed enhanced activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when compared to ciprofloxacin. The toxic concentrations of the obtained derivatives, evaluated on HEK-293 cells using MTT assay, were much higher than concentrations required to produce antibacterial effect. Finally, the results of enzymatic studies showed that the analyzed compounds demonstrated other preferences as regards primary and secondary molecular targets than ciprofloxacin.

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules20046254

Molecules 2015, 20, 6254-6272; doi:10.3390/molecules20046254
OPEN ACCESS
molecules
ISSN 1420-3049
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
Article
Determination of the Primary Molecular Target of
1,2,4-Triazole-Ciprofloxacin Hybrids
Tomasz Plech 1,*, Barbara Kaproń 1, Agata Paneth 1, Urszula Kosikowska 2, Anna Malm 2,
Aleksandra Strzelczyk 3, Paweł Stączek 3, Łukasz Świątek 4, Barbara Rajtar 4 and
Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz 4
1
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Chodzki 4A,
Lublin 20-093, Poland; E-Mails: baska_k@o2.pl (B.K.); agata.paneth@umlub.pl (A.P.)
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Chodzki 1,
Lublin 20-093, Poland; E-Mails: u.kosikowska@umlub.pl (U.K.); anna.malm@umlub.pl (A.M.)
3
Department of Genetics of Microorganisms, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, Lodz 90-237,
Poland; E-Mails: ola.strzelczyk@wp.pl (A.S.); pstaczek@biol.uni.lodz.pl (P.S.)
4
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Chodźki 1, Lublin 20-093,
Poland; E-Mails: lukasz.swiatek@umlub.pl (Ł.Ś.); b.rajtar@umlub.pl (B.R.);
malgorzata.polz-dacewicz@umlub.pl (M.P.-D.)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tomasz.plech@umlub.pl;
Tel.: +48-081-532-0519; Fax: +48-081-532-4546.
Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee
Received: 1 March 2015 / Accepted: 1 April 2015 / Published: 9 April 2015
Abstract: We have synthesized and examined the antibacterial activity, toxicity and
affinity towards bacterial type II topoisomerases of a series of 1,2,4-triazole-ciprofloxacin
hybrids. A number of these compounds displayed enhanced activity against Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria when compared to ciprofloxacin. The toxic concentrations of
the obtained derivatives, evaluated on HEK-293 cells using MTT assay, were much higher
than concentrations required to produce antibacterial effect. Finally, the results of
enzymatic studies showed that the analyzed compounds demonstrated other preferences as
regards primary and secondary molecular targets than ciprofloxacin.
Keywords: fluoroquinolones; gyrase DNA; topoisomerase IV; topoisomerase inhibitors;
MTT assay

Molecules 2015, 20
6255
1. Introduction
A chance discovery of nalidixic acid, being a by-product in the synthesis of chloroquine, initiated
the development of antibacterial drugs known as (fluoro)quinolones. Chemotherapeutics from the
(fluoro)quinolones group characterize with a broad-spectrum of antibacterial effect, including
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria and so-called atypical bacteria. These drugs
are used in the treatment of respiratory, urinary, and alimentary systems infections, sexually transmitted
diseases, and skin, soft tissues, bones and joints infections [1]. Besides the broad-spectrum of activity,
the clinical success of fluoroquinoles is due to such features as good bioavailability after oral
administration, good tissue penetration, beneficial pharmacokinetics and relatively low toxicity [2].
Even so, the global phenomenon of bacteria’s resistance to antibiotics affects fluoroquinoles as well.
The first bacterial strains which demonstrated reduced sensitivity to fluoroquinolones were
Staphylococcus aureus (including the MRSA strain) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3]. Some scientists
claim that between 95% and 100% of the MRSA strains are resistant to the drugs from this group [4].
Moreover, since the 1990s, resistance to fluoroquinolones has increased also in the case of other
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. For instance, the percentage of Escherichia coli isolates
resistant to fluoroquinolones in Great Britain has increased during just five years, from 2001–2006,
from 6%–20% [5]. In most cases, the rate of increased resistance is correlated with the amount of
fluoroquinolones usage. Bacterial resistance may have different backgrounds, and the most frequently
named mechanisms include: (i) target-site mutation; (ii) enzymatic degradation of the drug; (iii) reduced
permeability of the drug; and (iv) active export of the drug through efflux pumps. However,
irrespective of its molecular background, fluoroquinolone resistance compels the search for new
representatives of this group characterized by strong antibacterial activity and ability to overcome
bacterial resistance. As it has been proven quite recently, a novel class of fluoroquinolones obtained by
molecular hybridization of ciprofloxacin and different 1,2,4-triazole derivatives demonstrate a
promising antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [6]. The results
showed that the chemical character of substituents connected to the 1,2,4-triazole ring affected the
antibacterial activity of such compounds. The most beneficial effect was obtained when the triazole
ring was connected with a hydroxyphenyl fragment. This may suggest that the hydroxyl group
promotes hydrogen bonding with target enzymes. On the other hand, a disubstitution pattern of the
second aryl substituent seemed to be also relevant for antibacterial potency. As the published results
are quite preliminary, more detailed description of the relationship(s) between the antibacterial activity
and chemical structure shall require a greater number of the synthesized derivatives. Moreover, there is
no data that would explain the reasons for increased activity of 1,2,4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids as
compared with the activity of the ciprofloxacin alone. Therefore, to shed some light on the molecular
grounds of this phenomenon, the enzymatic tests were carried out with the use of different enzymatic
models obtained from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It was also checked if the
antibacterial effect of the tested compounds resulted from selective toxicity towards bacterial cells.

Molecules 2015, 20
6256
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemistry
The title 1,2,4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids were synthesized according to previously published
procedure [6], in the reaction of respective 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones, ciprofloxacin and
formaldehyde. Substitution pattern of substituents in the 1,2,4-triazole ring is listed in Scheme 1.
EtOH, HCHO
stirring, 12h
(22-42)
(1-21)
Ciprofloxacin
Scheme 1. Synthetic route to compounds 22–42. List of substituents: 1, 22. R1 = 2-OH,
R2 = cyclohexyl; 2, 23. R1 = 2-OH, R2 = 3,4-diCl-C6H3-; 3, 24. R1 = 2-OH, R2 = 2,4-diCl-
C6H3-; 4, 25. R1 = 2-OH, R2 = 3,5-diCl-C6H3-; 5, 26. R1 = 2-OH, R2 = 2-Cl-4-Br-C6H3-; 6,
27. R1 = 2-OH, R2 = 3-Cl-4-CH3-C6H3-; 7, 28. R1 = 2-OH, R2 = 3-CF3-4-Cl-C6H3-; 8, 29.
R1 = 3-OH, R2 = cyclohexyl; 9, 30. R1 = 3-OH, R2 = 3,4-diCl-C6H3-; 10, 31. R1 = 3-OH,
R2 = 2,4-diCl-C6H3-; 11, 32. R1 = 3-OH, R2 = 3,5-diCl-C6H3-; 12, 33. R1 = 3-OH,
R2 = 2-Cl-4-Br-C6H3-; 13, 34. R1 = 3-OH, R2 = 3-Cl-4-CH3-C6H3-; 14, 35. R1 = 3-OH,
R2 = 3-CF3-4-Cl-C6H3-; 15, 36. R1 = 4-OH, R2 = cyclohexyl; 16, 37. R1 = 4-OH,
R2 = 3,4-diCl-C6H3-; 17, 38. R1 = 4-OH, R2 = 2,4-diCl-C6H3-; 18, 39. R1 = 4-OH,
R2 = 3,5-diCl-C6H3-; 19, 40. R1 = 4-OH, R2 = 2-Cl-4-Br-C6H3-; 20, 41. R1 = 4-OH,
R2 = 3-Cl-4-CH3-C6H3-; 21, 42. R1 = 4-OH, R2 = 3-CF3-4-Cl-C6H3-.
2.2. Antibacterial Activity
The antibacterial activity of compounds (22–42) was tested on Gram-positive and Gram-negative
strains. As it is shown in Tables 1 and 2, the majority of novel hybrids obtained by a molecular
hybridization of ciprofloxacin (CPX) and different 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were far more active than
the initial antibiotic. What is important, the enhanced antibacterial effect concerned both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria. This is even more important as the chemical modifications of
fluoroquinolones resulting in the increase of activity towards one type of bacteria (e.g., Gram-positive
or Gram-negative ones) usually are connected with a decrease of activity towards another type of
bacteria [7,8]. It results, most probably, from the differences in the structure of the primary molecular
target which, in case of Gram-negative bacteria is DNA gyrase (gyrDNA), and in case of Gram-positive
bacteria—topoisomerase IV (topoIV) [9]. In the group of Gram-negative bacteria all derivatives tested

Molecules 2015, 20
6257
demonstrated stronger than CPX effect on pathogenic strains P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The
strongest inhibitory effect on the growth of P. aeruginosa ATCC9027 was demonstrated by the
derivatives with the 2,4-disubstituted phenyl ring connected to the 1,2,4-triazole skeleton. The
antibacterial activity of such derivatives was around nine times higher than CPX alone. Moreover,
compound (40) completely inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae ATCC13883 at the concentration
about 18 times lower than in the case of CPX. Similar activity was also demonstrated by
3,4-dichlorophenyl derivative (37). Most of the synthesized compounds, moreover, demonstrated
strong antibacterial effect against the remaining two Gram-negative strains (i.e., E. coli ATCC25922
and P. mirabilis ATCC 12453). As MIC values for Gram-negative bacteria indicate, the presence of
the aromatic ring connected to the 1,2,4-triazole core (at nitrogen atom) is not required to obtain
significant antibacterial activity. In most cases, respective cyclohexyl derivatives (22, 29, 36) also
demonstrated stronger antibacterial effect than CPX. Similarly, the change of a hydroxyl group position
(ortho-, meta-, para-) in another phenyl ring affected the change of activity to a slight degree only.
However, its presence alone is significant, which has been confirmed by the previously obtained
results [6].
Table 1. Antibacterial activity of compounds 22–42 against Gram-negative strains.
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (µM)
Compounds
E. coli
ATCC 25922
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.01
K. pneumoniae
ATCC 13883
0.048
0.088
0.088
0.176
0.16
P. mirabilis
ATCC 12453
0.024
0.022
0.044
0.022
0.08
P. aeruginosa
ATCC 9027
0.384
0.176
0.176
0.352
0.32
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
CPX
0.011
0.01
0.045
0.042
0.096
0.088
0.088
0.088
0.04
0.045
0.021
0.096
0.022
0.022
0.044
0.02
0.18
0.084
0.384
0.176
0.176
0.176
0.08
0.048
0.022
0.044
0.022
0.01
0.011
0.021
0.048
0.011
0.011
0.352
0.01
0.045
0.042
0.096
0.022
0.044
0.044
0.02
0.023
0.021
0.096
0.022
0.022
0.176
0.04
0.18
0.17
0.192
0.352
0.352
0.704
0.08
0.011
0.01
0.18
0.023
0.021
0.045
0.18
0.042
0.36
0.084
0.72
0.024

Molecules 2015, 20
6258
Table 2. Antibacterial activity of compounds 22–42 against Gram-positive strains
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (µM)
Compounds
S. epidermidis
ATCC 12228
0.40
B. subtilis
ATCC 6638
0.10
B. cereus
ATCC 10876
0.19
M. luteus
ATCC 10240
3.16
MSSA-1 * MSSA-2 **
MRSA ***
22
1.58
0.35
0.18
0.09
0.33
0.74
0.34
3.16
0.35
0.35
0.70
0.165
0.36
0.68
3.16
0.35
0.70
5.60
0.33
0.36
0.68
2.96
-
0.40
0.35
0.09
0.09
0.165
0.18
0.17
1.58
0.35
0.18
0.18
0.165
0.09
0.084
1.58
0.18
0.18
1.40
0.083
0.18
0.084
0.72
-
0.40
0.18
0.09
0.045
0.083
0.18
0.17
1.58
0.18
0.09
0.18
0.165
0.09
0.17
1.58
0.35
0.18
2.80
0.083
0.18
0.17
-
23
0.04
0.04
0.18
1.40
24
0.045
0.18
0.35
0.045
0.09
1.40
25
0.09
0.70
26
0.041
0.09
0.083
0.09
0.165
0.18
1.32
27
1.48
28
0.084
0.79
0.084
0.79
0.17
1.36
29
0.79
6.32
30
0.09
0.09
0.18
1.40
31
0.35
0.18
0.18
1.40
32
0.35
0.18
0.18
1.40
33
0.041
0.18
0.041
0.09
0.165
0.18
1.32
34
0.74
35
0.17
0.042
0.024
0.045
0.045
0.35
0.17
1.36
36
1.58
0.20
3.91
37
0.18
0.18
0.70
38
0.35
0.18
1.40
39
0.35
0.70
22.9
40
41
0.165
0.36
0.041
0.18
0.165
0.36
0.66
0.74
42
0.17
0.042
0.09
0.17
1.36
CPX
1.48
0.36
5.88
Vancomycin
0.68
-
-
-
-
“*”–S. aureus ATCC 25923, “**”–S. aureus ATCC 6538, “***”–S. aureus MIKROBANK 14001.

Molecules 2015, 20
6259
In case of Gram-positive bacteria (Table 2), unlike the tested Gram-negative ones, the structure of
the substituent attached to the nitrogen atom in the 1,2,4-triazole ring is of much greater importance.
Especially in staphylococci it is clearly discernible that the presence of disubstituted phenyl ring is
much more beneficial than the presence of cycloalkyl substituent. Respective cyclohexyl derivatives
(22, 29, 36), although they still acted at least equally as strong as CPX, demonstrated weaker activity
than other CPX-triazole hybrids. Among significant merits of the newly-obtained compounds, one
should name the fact that methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain was particularly sensitive to
their effect. Among ortho-, meta- and para-hydroxyphenyl derivatives there were compounds with at
least a few times stronger antibacterial activity than vancomycin—the antibiotic used in treating heavy
infections caused by MRSA. For instance, compounds 24, 26, 31, 34 and 40 inhibited the growth of
the tested MRSA strain about eight times stronger than vancomycin, while the antibacterial activity of
3,5-dichlorophenyl derivative (25) was as much as 15 times’ stronger than the activity of the
previously mentioned antibiotic. The same compound (i.e., compound 25) proved to be potent against
other staphylococci tested, i.e., against MSSA-1 and S. epidermidis. It suggests that such a substitution
pattern at the phenyl rings is beneficial from the microbiological point of view. On the other hand, the
differences in activity of the respective 3,5-dichlorosubstituted derivatives (25, 32, 39) prove that the
strength of antibacterial activity of CPX-triazole hybrids on staphylococci is determined by the
structure of both aromatic substituents connected to the 1,2,4-triazole ring. Among the two bacilli
strains used in our studies, greater clinical significance is demonstrated by the Bacillus cereus, since it
may be the cause of dangerous food poisoning and in children it may also lead to meningitis [10,11].
In most cases the antibacterial activity of novel CPX-triazole hybrids against B. cereus ATCC10876
was higher than the activity of CPX alone. It is also of significance that B. cereus is used as a model
strain in the research in relation to new drugs against anthrax as it is closely related genetically to
Bacillus anthracis. Thus, one can assume that the compounds effective against B. cereus might also be
equally effective in the treatment of anthrax.
2.3. Toxicity Evaluation
The antibacterial activity of newly synthesized compounds may be the result of their selective effect
on bacterial cells or it may result from non-selective toxicity addressed to any live cells (including the
human ones). In the latter case, respective compounds should be disqualified from among the potential
antibacterial drugs, since the concentration which inhibits the growth of bacterial cells cannot disturb
the normal functioning of host cells or tissues. In our studies, human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293)
were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the selected CPX-triazole hybrids, using the MTT test as a
marker of cells viability Table 3). Toxicity profile of potential antibacterials may be characterized by
the ratio of EC50/MIC [12]. The bigger the gap between EC50 and MIC values, the lesser the risk of
toxic effects. In the cases of all investigated derivatives, (i.e., 23–28, 33, 34, 39, 40) the median
effective concentrations, i.e. such concentrations of the substance which inhibit cell growth in 50%, in
proportion to the growth of control cells, were much higher than the concentrations causing
antibacterial effect (Table 3). Due to low antibacterial activity of the tested compounds against M. luteus
ATCC10240, the EC50/MIC ratio for that strain fell within the range between two and 128. On the
other hand, the lowest risk of toxic effects was observed with the use of newly-obtained derivatives

Molecules 2015, 20
6260
against E. coli ATCC25922 cells. In the case of this particular strain, the EC50 values were from
1184 to 12334 times higher than the respective MICs. The lowest toxicity against human cells HEK-293
was demonstrated by compound 28, obtained from 4-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-(2-
hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione. When one compares its toxicity and the
toxicity of compounds 23 and 27 (also possessing 3,4-disubstituted phenyl ring attached to 1,2,4-triazole
core), it is clearly discernible that the effect on human cells’ viability depends rather on the presence of
specific substituents in the molecule (in this case CF3 group) than on the substitution pattern of the
phenyl ring.
Table 3. Toxic effects of the selected triazole-CPX hybrids towards human HEK-293 cells.
Compounds
EC50 ± SD (µM)
47.98 ± 10.61
59.57 ± 15.92
50.47 ± 3.95
55.23 ± 9.74
43.26 ± 4.28
123.34 ± 2.67
76.58 ± 9.74
64.74 ± 6.41
52.09 ± 15.08
84.16 ± 14.61
EC50/MIC (Range)
4362–34
23
24
25
26
27
28
33
34
39
40
5415–43
4588–72
5020–42
3933–29
12334–90
7658–58
5885–87
1184–2
8416–128
2.4. Affinity of the Selected CPX-Triazole Hybrids towards Bacterial Type II Topoisomerases
As it is already known, fluoroquinolones demonstrate affinity towards bacterial type II topoisomerases
(i.e., DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV). Both literature data [13], as well as the results of our
research (Table 4) prove that among Gram-negative bacteria the primary molecular target for CPX is
DNA gyrase. The inhibition of topoIV by CPX is only an additional mechanism conditioning the
antibacterial activity of that fluoroquinolone. Whereas in case of Gram-positive bacteria, topoIV is the
primary molecular target for CPX, and DNA gyrase only plays a secondary role. Taking into account
the above-mentioned differences in the structure of primary molecular targets among Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria, the analysis of affinity of the synthesized derivatives was performed with
the use of topoisomerases isolated from S. aureus and E. coli. The results presented in Table 4 show
that the analyzed compounds (24, 25, 39) demonstrate other preferences as regards primary and
secondary molecular targets than CPX. There is a visible weakening of affinity towards the main
molecular targets with a simultaneous increase towards molecular targets deemed to be secondary. So,
compounds 25 and 39 demonstrated increased affinity towards topoisomerase IV isolated from E. coli,
whereas compounds 24 and 39 showed increased affinity towards DNA gyrase isolated from S. aureus.
Moreover, the results of enzymatic assays have proven that stronger antibacterial activity of novel
CPX derivatives (as compared to CPX alone) cannot be caused by the increased affinity towards
bacterial type II topoisomerases. It seems hardly likely that such a significant decrease of affinity (e.g.,
from 0.15–3.5 μM for compound 24) towards the primary molecular targets may be compensated with
a slightly increased affinity to the respective secondary targets. Moreover, it looks obvious that the

Molecules 2015, 20
6261
affinity of the synthesized compounds towards bacterial type II topoisomerases depends on the
structure of both substituents connected to the 1,2,4-triazole skeleton.
Table 4. Affinity of the selected triazole-CPX hybrids towards bacterial type II topoisomerases
obtained from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
IC50 [μM]
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
gyrDNA
3.5
topoIV
80.0
gyrDNA
55.0
topoIV
15.5
19.0
22.0
4.0
24
25
39
1.2
56.0
164.0
68.0
3.2
66.0
Ciprofloxacin
0.15
80.0
>100.0
The comparison of IC50 values for two 2-hydroxyphenyl derivatives (24, 25) showed that the
substitution pattern of the second phenyl ring connected to the 1,2,4-triazole ring had an important
effect on the affinity to DNA gyrase, both among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The
change of location of the hydroxyl group in hydroxyphenyl moiety had also strong influence on the
functioning of DNA gyrase.
Summarizing, one may state that the increased antibacterial activity of the newly synthesized
CPX-triazole hybrids (22–42) is probably a sum of different factors and the changed affinity of such
compounds to primary and secondary molecular targets is only one of them. Moreover, one should also
consider the possibility of increased permeability of these types of compounds into bacterial cells or
their reduced susceptibility to endogenous efflux systems. Possible existence of an additional, so far
unknown, mechanism of antibacterial action of these compounds should not be excluded.
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Chemistry
3.1.1. General Comments
All reagents and solvents were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA) and
Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Melting points were determined by using Fisher-Johns apparatus
1
13
(Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany) and are uncorrected. The H-NMR and C-NMR spectra (in
DMSO-d6) were recorded on a Bruker Avance spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten,
Germany) using TMS as an internal standard. FT-IR spectra were recorded using an ATR Platinum
Diamond A 225 device. Elemental analyses were performed on an AMZ 851 CHX analyzer (PG,
Gdańsk, Poland) and the results were within ±0.4% of the theoretical value.
3.1.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazole-3-Thione Derivatives (1–21)
Compounds 1–21 were prepared by intramolecular cyclization of 1-(hydroxybenzoyl)-4-substituted
thiosemicarbazides [14]. These compounds were dissolved in 2% NaOH and refluxed for 2 h. After
cooling, the mixture was neutralized with 3M HCl. The precipitate formed was filtered and washed

Molecules 2015, 20
6262
with distilled water. The compounds were crystallized from EtOH. In the cases of already known
compounds, information about their properties may be retrieved in the Chemical Abstract Service
database (CAS numbers are given below).
4-Cyclohexyl-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (1). Yield: 82%. CAS:
26028-72-8.
4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (2). Yield: 87%,
1
m.p. 258–260 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.77–7.74 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 10.08 (s, 1H, OH), 14.21 (s, 1H,
13
NH). C-NMR (75 MHz): 111.30, 114.25, 117.80, 126.82, 128.68, 129.11, 129.30, 130.25, 131.18,
132.89, 148.18, 153.98, 166.00. Anal. calc. for C14H9Cl2N3OS (338.21): C 49.72, H 2.68, N 12.42.
Found: C 49.58, H 2.56, N 12.27.
4-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (3). Yield: 84%,
m.p. 188–189 °C, 1H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.78–7.05 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.25–7.60 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.68–7.81
13
(m, 1H, Ar-H), 10.16 (s, 1H, OH), 14.24 (s, 1H, NH). C-NMR (75 MHz): 111.03, 114.33, 117.57,
126.52, 128.06, 129.67, 129.90, 131.18, 131.45, 131.71, 133.69, 148.39, 154.24, 166.51. Anal. calc.
for C14H9Cl2N3OS (338.21): C 49.72, H 2.68, N 12.42. Found: C 49.60, H 2.53, N 12.31.
4-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (4). Yield: 81%,
m.p. 194–196 °C, 1H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.79–7.06 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.31–7.55 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.70–7.76
13
(m, 1H, Ar-H), 10.17 (s, 1H, OH), 14.24 (s, 1H, NH). C-NMR (75 MHz): 111.28, 114.33, 117.71,
125.71, 127.31, 130.31, 131.19, 132.04, 135.19, 148.09, 154.22, 166.15. Anal. calc. for C14H9Cl2N3OS
(338.21): C 49.72, H 2.68, N 12.42. Found: C 49.64, H 2.50, N 12.34.
4-(4-Bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (5). Yield:
80%. CAS: 896077-18-2.
4-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (6). Yield:
1
78%, m.p. 236–238 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.78–6.94 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.12–7.18
(m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.27–7.47 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 10.08 (s, 1H, OH), 14.20 (s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (75 MHz):
17.88, 111.62, 114.20, 117.67, 125.11, 126.86, 129.59, 130.21, 130.97, 131.14, 131.83, 134.96,
148.23, 154.23, 166.15. Anal. calc. for C15H12ClN3OS (317.79): C 56.69, H 3.81, N 13.22. Found: C
56.45, H 3.75, N 13.02.
4-[4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (7).
1
Yield: 76%, m.p. 130–132 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.70–8.35 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 11.47 (s, 1H, OH),
14.20 (s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (75 MHz): 12.35, 113.72, 115.84, 117.59, 119.83, 124.71, 126.11,
128.17, 130.83, 131.95, 132.66, 134.04, 148.35, 156.82, 166.27. Anal. calc. for C15H9ClF3N3OS
(371.76): C 48.46, H 2.44, N 11.30. Found: C 48.52, H 3.37, N 11.12.
4-Cyclohexyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (8). Yield: 80%. CAS:
26028-79-5.

Molecules 2015, 20
6263
4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (9). Yield: 83%,
m.p. 184–185 °C, 1H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.75–6.90 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.23 (t, 1H, Ar-H, J = 7.4 Hz), 7.44
(dd, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz), 7.81–7.91 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 9.90 (s, 1H, OH), 14.26 (s, 1H, NH).
13C-NMR (75 MHz): 111.35, 114.87, 118.74, 126.92, 127.78, 129.34, 129.71, 130.71, 131.08, 132.33,
148.94, 154.49, 166.25. Anal. calc. for C14H9Cl2N3OS (338.21): C 49.72, H 2.68, N 12.42. Found: C
49.56, H 2.55, N 12.58.
4-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (10). Yield: 80%,
1
m.p. 196–198 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.75–6.92 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.23 (t, 1H, Ar-H, J = 7.9 Hz),
7.68–7.82 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.96 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 2.2 Hz), 9.94 (s, 1H, OH), 14.22 (s, 1H, NH).
13C-NMR (75 MHz): 111.20, 114.38, 117.90, 126.71, 127.93, 129.27, 130.72, 131.37, 131.83, 132.12,
133.59, 148.63, 154.82, 166.05. Anal. calc. for C14H9Cl2N3OS (338.21): C 49.72, H 2.68, N 12.42.
Found: C 49.61, H 2.49, N 12.30.
4-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (11). Yield: 85%,
1
m.p. 296–298 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.73–6.93 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.23 (t, 1H, Ar-H, J = 7.8 Hz),
13
7.62–7.68 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.79–7.86 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 9.87 (s, 1H, OH), 14.24 (s, 1H, NH). C-NMR
(75 MHz): 113.72, 116.19, 117.70, 125.07, 126.78, 128.06, 128.50, 132.85, 135.39, 148.86, 155.75,
166.91. Anal. calc. for C14H9Cl2N3OS (338.21): C 49.72, H 2.68, N 12.42. Found: C 49.85, H 2.50,
N 12.29.
4-(4-Bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (12). Yield:
77%, m.p. 204–206 °C, 1H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.74–6.93 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.23 (t, 1H, Ar-H, J = 7.7 Hz),
7.65–7.88 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 8.09 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 2.6 Hz), 9.95 (s, 1H, OH), 14.21 (s, 1H, NH). Anal.
calc. for C14H9BrClN3OS (382.66): C 43.94, H 2.37, N 10.98. Found: C 43.81, H 2.50, N 11.13.
4-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (13). Yield:
1
85%, m.p. 212–214 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 2.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.72–6.90 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.14–7.28
(m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.50 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.60 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 2.2 Hz), 9.87 (s, 1H, OH), 14.15
(s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (75 MHz): 18.03, 113.73, 116.11, 117.60, 125.32, 126.09, 127.64, 128.37,
130.31, 131.94, 132.05, 135.65, 149.07, 155.73, 167.04. Anal. calc. for C15H12ClN3OS (317.79): C
56.69, H 3.81, N 13.22. Found: C 56.82, H 3.86, N 13.02.
4-[4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (14).
1
Yield: 80%, m.p. 154–156 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.72–6.91 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.22 (t, 1H, Ar-H,
J = 7.8 Hz), 7.70–8.10 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 9.89 (s, 1H, OH), 14.26 (s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (75 MHz):
12.46, 113.89, 116.14, 117.82, 119.15, 124.17, 125.10, 128.45, 130.65, 131.28, 132.50, 133.14,
148.98, 155.74, 166.20. Anal. calc. for C15H9ClF3N3OS (371.76): C 48.46, H 2.44, N 11.30. Found: C
48.59, H 2.31, N 11.42.
4-Cyclohexyl-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (15). Yield: 76%. CAS:
26028-87-5.

Molecules 2015, 20
6264
4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (16). Yield: 87%,
m.p. 232–234 °C, 1H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.80 (dd, 2H, Ar-H, J = 6.7 Hz, 2.0 Hz), 7.20 (dd, 2H, Ar-H,
J = 6.7 Hz, 2.1 Hz), 7.41 (dd, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz), 7.62–7.89 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 11.37 (s, 1H,
OH), 14.15 (s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (75 MHz): 111.48, 114.27, 119.22, 126.32, 127.78, 129.32, 129.93,
131.11, 131.84, 132.63, 148.74, 154.56, 166.52. Anal. calc. for C14H9Cl2N3OS (338.21): C 49.72, H
2.68, N 12.42. Found: C 49.67, H 2.45, N 12.33.
4-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (17). Yield: 83%,
m.p. 257–258 °C, 1H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.72 (dd, 2H, Ar-H, J = 6.7 Hz, 2.1 Hz), 7.14 (dd, 2H, Ar-H,
J = 6.7 Hz, 2.1 Hz), 7.60–7.72 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.86 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 2.1 Hz), 10.11 (s, 1H, OH), 14.11
(s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (75 MHz): 114.22, 114.60, 127.41, 127.88, 128.60, 130.13, 131.82, 134.18,
149.16, 158.06, 166.76. Anal. calc. for C14H9Cl2N3OS (338.21): C 49.72, H 2.68, N 12.42. Found: C
49.57, H 2.64, N 12.59.
4-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (18). Yield: 82%,
m.p. 258–260 °C, 1H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.81 (dd, 2H, Ar-H, J = 6.7 Hz, 2.1 Hz), 7.22 (dd, 2H, Ar-H,
J = 6.7 Hz, 2.1 Hz), 7.63 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J = 1.9 Hz), 7.84 (t, 1H, Ar-H, J = 1.9 Hz), 10.17 (s, 1H, OH),
14.15 (s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (75 MHz): 114.04, 114.55, 126.84, 127.95, 128.72, 132.82, 135.51,
149.14, 157.83, 166.57. Anal. calc. for C14H9Cl2N3OS (338.21): C 49.72, H 2.68, N 12.42. Found: C
49.89, H 2.58, N 12.59.
4-(4-Bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (19). Yield:
1
76%, m.p. 262–263 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.79 (dd, 2H, Ar-H, J = 6.7 Hz, 1.9 Hz), 7.22 (dd, 2H,
Ar-H, J = 6.7 Hz, 2.0 Hz), 7.69 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.80–7.87 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 8.05 (d, 1H,
Ar-H, J = 2.1 Hz), 10.20 (s, 1H, OH), 14.18 (s, 1H, NH). Anal. calc. for C14H9BrClN3OS (382.66): C
43.94, H 2.37, N 10.98. Found: C 44.13, H 2.28, N 10.78.
4-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (20). Yield:
1
78%, m.p. 263–264 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 2.47 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.77 (dd, 2H, Ar-H, J = 6.7 Hz, 2.1
Hz), 7.20 (dd, 2H, Ar-H, J = 6.7 Hz, 2.1 Hz), 7.26 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 2.1 Hz), 7.48–7.60 (m, 2H, Ar-H),
13
10.14 (s, 1H, OH), 14.09 (s, 1H, NH). C-NMR (75 MHz): 18.01, 113.98, 114.84, 126.22, 127.70,
128.60, 130.27, 131.90, 132.18, 135.62, 149.33, 157.76, 166.74. Anal. calc. for C15H12ClN3OS
(317.79): C 56.69, H 3.81, N 13.22. Found: C 56.51, H 3.60, N 13.04.
4-[4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (21).
1
Yield: 74%, m.p. 160–162 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 6.83–6.97 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.20 (t, 1H, Ar-H,
J = 7.9 Hz), 7.65–7.92 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 10.17 (s, 1H, OH), 14.05 (s, 1H, NH). Anal. calc. for
C15H9ClF3N3OS (371.76): C 48.46, H 2.44, N 11.30. Found: C 48.59, H 2.30, N 11.43.
3.1.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazole-Ciprofloxacin Hybrids (22–42)
1 mmol of the respective 1,2,4-triazole derivative (1–21) was dissolved (with heating) in 40 mL of
anhydrous ethanol and then the equimolar amount of ciprofloxacin and formaldehyde solution were

Molecules 2015, 20
6265
added. The obtained suspension was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The precipitate formed
was filtered off, dried, and crystallized from ethanol to give compounds 22–42.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-cyclohexyl-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-
triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (22). Yield: 70%,
1
m.p. 128–130 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.06–2.56 (m, 15H, cyclopropyl + cyclohexyl), 2.89 (bs, 4H,
piperazine), 3.32 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.81–3.85 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl), 4.46 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.06–7.65
(m, 6H, Ar-H), 8.61 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.16 (s, 1H, OH), 14.92 (s, 1H, COOH). IR (ATR): 3454, 3326
(O-H), 3062, 2962, 2861 (C-H), 1727 (C=O), 1620 (C=N), 1419 (C-O), 1324 (C=S), 1264 (O-H), 1043
(C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H35FN6O4S (618.72): C 62.12, H 5.70, N 13.58. Found: C 62.03, H 5.91, N 13.40.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (23). Yield:
1
68%, m.p. 237–238 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.12–1.14 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.20–1.24 (m, 2H,
cyclopropyl), 2.85 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.34 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.82–3.86 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.47 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.84–7.68 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.65 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.12 (s, 1H, OH), 15.02 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3482 (O-H), 3122, 2905 (C-H), 1747 (C=O), 1613 (C=N), 1423 (C-O), 1310
(C=S), 1253 (O-H), 1011 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27Cl2FN6O4S (681.56): C 56.39, H 3.99, N 12.33.
Found: C 56.56, H 4.18, N 12.05.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (24). Yield:
1
72%, m.p. 220–221 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.08–1.12 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.18–1.22 (m, 2H,
cyclopropyl), 2.86 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.32 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.81–3.84 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.52 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.87-7.68 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.68 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.21 (s, 1H, OH), 14.95 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3480 (O-H), 3057, 2933 (C-H), 1722 (C=O), 1633 (C=N), 1429 (C-O), 1328
(C=S), 1258 (O-H), 1018 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27Cl2FN6O4S (681.56): C 56.39, H 3.99, N 12.33.
Found: C 56.59, H 3.86, N 12.25.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (25). Yield:
1
73%, m.p. 224–226 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.15–1.18 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.25–1.29 (m, 2H,
cyclopropyl), 2.80 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.35 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.80–3.84 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.44 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.94–7.75 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.68 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.18 (s, 1H, OH), 15.02 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3437 (O-H), 2983, 2835 (C-H), 1725 (C=O), 1643 (C=N), 1432 (C-O), 1310
(C=S), 1254 (O-H), 1041 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27Cl2FN6O4S (681.56): C 56.39, H 3.99, N 12.33.
Found: C 56.50, H 4.10, N 12.42.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-
dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (26).
1
Yield: 66%, m.p. 214–216 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.20–1.23 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.28–1.32 (m,
2H, cyclopropyl), 2.80 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.41 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.81–3.85 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.56 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.86–7.74 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.68 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.21 (s, 1H, OH), 14.85 (s, 1H,

Molecules 2015, 20
6266
COOH). IR (ATR): 3473, 3364 (O-H), 3084, 2872 (C-H), 1724 (C=O), 1626 (C=N), 1432 (C-O), 1325
(C=S), 1272 (O-H), 1008 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27BrClFN6O4S (726.01): C 52.94, H 3.75, N
11.58. Found: C 52.82, H 3.61, N 11.70.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-
dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (27).
1
Yield: 75%, m.p. 237–238 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.12–1.14 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.21–1.23 (m,
2H, cyclopropyl), 2.24 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.92 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.41 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.82-3.85 (m,
1H, cyclopropyl), 4.51 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.87-7.68 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.60 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.19 (s, 1H, OH),
15.00 (s, 1H, COOH). IR (ATR): 3469 (O-H), 3085, 2958, 2852 (C-H), 1740 (C=O), 1634 (C=N),
1419 (C-O), 1320 (C=S), 1276 (O-H), 1033 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C33H30ClFN6O4S (661.14): C 59.95,
H 4.57, N 12.71. Found: C 60.12, H 4.53, N 12.79.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-
4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1
(28). Yield: 63%, m.p. 230–231 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.17–1.20 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.27–1.31
(m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 2.90 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.31 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.82–3.86 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.58 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.79–7.72 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.66 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.18 (s, 1H, OH), 14.89 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3459 (O-H), 3103, 3015, 2891 (C-H), 1729 (C=O), 1631 (C=N), 1429 (C-O), 1323
(C=S), 1274 (O-H), 1046 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C33H27ClF4N6O4S (715.12): C 55.42, H 3.81, N 11.75.
Found: C 55.63, H 3.70, N 11.91.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-cyclohexyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-
triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (29). Yield: 71%,
1
m.p. 246–248 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.11–2.68 (m, 15H, cyclopropyl + cyclohexyl), 2.84 (s, 4H,
piperazine), 3.36 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.82–3.87 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl), 4.54 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.94–7.58
(m, 6H, Ar-H), 8.66 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.87 (s, 1H, OH), 14.97 (s, 1H, COOH). IR (ATR): 3506, 3365 (O-H),
3050, 2962, 2901 (C-H), 1743 (C=O), 1621 (C=N), 1416 (C-O), 1315 (C=S), 1279 (O-H), 1026 (C-F).
Anal. calc. for C32H35FN6O4S (618.72): C 62.12, H 5.70, N 13.58. Found: C 62.19, H 5.84, N 13.71.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (30). Yield:
1
70%, m.p. 214–216 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.13–1.17 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.24–1.28 (m, 2H,
cyclopropyl), 2.84 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.36 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.82–3.87 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.49 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.84–7.75 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.65 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.87 (s, 1H, OH), 14.89 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3454 (O-H), 3105, 3023, 2882 (C-H), 1726 (C=O), 1631 (C=N), 1433 (C-O), 1307
(C=S), 1271 (O-H), 1039 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27Cl2FN6O4S (681.56): C 56.39, H 3.99, N 12.33.
Found: C 56.57, H 4.14, N 12.27.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (31). Yield:
78%, spectral data published in Ref. [6]

Molecules 2015, 20
6267
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (32). Yield:
74%, spectral data published in Ref. [6]
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-
dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (33).
1
Yield: 67%, m.p. 246–248 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.12–1.17 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.21–1.24 (m,
2H, cyclopropyl), 2.89 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.32 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.82–3.86 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.47 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.95–7.84 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.62 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.93 (s, 1H, OH), 14.82 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3469 (O-H), 3005, 2950 (C-H), 1720 (C=O), 1631 (C=N), 1427 (C-O), 1328
(C=S), 1256 (O-H), 1027 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27BrClFN6O4S (726.01): C 52.94, H 3.75, N
11.58. Found: C 53.12, H 3.72, N 11.42.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-
dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (34).
1
Yield: 73%, m.p. 204–206 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.16–1.20 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.25–1.28 (m,
2H, cyclopropyl), 2.41 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.72 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.32 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.80–3.85 (m,
1H, cyclopropyl), 4.46 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.86–7.75 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.70 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.84 (s, 1H, OH),
14.96 (s, 1H, COOH). IR (ATR): 3504, 3375 (O-H), 3042, 2910 (C-H), 1711 (C=O), 1627 (C=N),
1441 (C-O), 1317 (C=S), 1250 (O-H), 1022 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C33H30ClFN6O4S (661.14): C 59.95,
H 4.57, N 12.71. Found: C 59.78, H 4.62, N 12.82.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-
4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1
(35). Yield: 63%, m.p. 168–170 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.20–1.24 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.28–1.31
(m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 2.90 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.35 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.83-3.86 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.67 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.87–7.63 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.69 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.81 (s, 1H, OH), 14.73 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3483 (O-H), 2982, 2927, 2831 (C-H), 1730 (C=O), 1642 (C=N), 1437 (C-O), 1319
(C=S), 1272 (O-H), 1023 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C33H27ClF4N6O4S (715.12): C 55.42, H 3.81, N 11.75.
Found: C 55.49, H 3.69, N 11.64.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-cyclohexyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-
triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (36). Yield: 74%,
1
m.p. 256–258 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.01–2.60 (m, 15H, cyclopropyl + cyclohexyl), 2.92 (bs, 4H,
piperazine), 3.30 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.81–3.87 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl), 4.62 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.98–7.53
(m, 6H, Ar-H), 8.63 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 9.95 (s, 1H, OH), 15.06 (s, 1H, COOH). IR (ATR): 3512 (O-H),
3100, 2944, 2875 (C-H), 1730 (C=O), 1621 (C=N), 1417 (C-O), 1316 (C=S), 1254 (O-H), 1046 (C-F).
Anal. calc. for C32H35FN6O4S (618.72): C 62.12, H 5.70, N 13.58. Found: C 62.21, H 5.54, N 13.42.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (37). Yield:
1
73%, m.p. 205–206 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.16–1.20 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.27–1.31 (m, 2H,
cyclopropyl), 2.74 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.28 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.82–3.86 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),

Molecules 2015, 20
6268
4.68 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.83–7.76 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.73 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.74 (s, 1H, OH), 14.92 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3495 (O-H), 2972, 2869 (C-H), 1741 (C=O), 1628 (C=N), 1423 (C-O), 1329
(C=S), 1260 (O-H), 1038 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27Cl2FN6O4S (681.56): C 56.39, H 3.99, N 12.33.
Found: C 56.51, H 4.10, N 12.23.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (38). Yield:
1
68%, m.p. 234–236 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.20–1.124 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.33–1.36 (m, 2H,
cyclopropyl), 2.94 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.42 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.81–3.85 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl), 4.56
(s, 2H, CH2), 6.84–7.76 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.69 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.18 (s, 1H, OH), 15.03 (s, 1H, COOH).
IR (ATR): 3479 (O-H), 3025, 2902, 2872 (C-H), 1738 (C=O), 1627 (C=N), 1419 (C-O), 1324 (C=S),
1259 (O-H), 1027 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27Cl2FN6O4S (681.56): C 56.39, H 3.99, N 12.33. Found:
C 56.50, H 3.83, N 12.37.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (39). Yield:
1
64%, m.p. 254–256 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.15–1.19 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.28–1.31 (m, 2H,
cyclopropyl), 2.99 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.38 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.83–3.86 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.68 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.91–7.77 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.60 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.21 (s, 1H, OH), 14.76 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3518 (O-H), 3075, 2942 (C-H), 1717 (C=O), 1629 (C=N), 1456 (C-O), 1314
(C=S), 1272 (O-H), 1016 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27Cl2FN6O4S (681.56): C 56.39, H 3.99, N 12.33.
Found: C 56.47, H 3.80, N 12.43.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-
dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (40).
1
Yield: 67%, m.p. 242–244 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.23–1.27 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.35–1.38 (m,
2H, cyclopropyl), 2.84 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.39 (bs, 4H, piperazine), 3.78–3.83 (m, 1H, cyclopropyl),
4.60 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.85–7.69 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.73 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.20 (s, 1H, OH), 14.87 (s, 1H,
COOH). IR (ATR): 3450 (O-H), 3122, 2952, 2920 (C-H), 1720 (C=O), 1634 (C=N), 1438 (C-O), 1320
(C=S), 1273 (O-H), 1033 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C32H27BrClFN6O4S (726.01): C 52.94, H 3.75, N
11.58. Found: C 53.08, H 3.72, N 11.42.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-4,5-
dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (41).
1
Yield: 72%, m.p. 217–219 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.14–1.18 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 1.30–1.35 (m,
2H, cyclopropyl), 2.47 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.96 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.43 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.82–3.86 (m,
1H, cyclopropyl), 4.66 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.93–7.76 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.68 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.11 (s, 1H, OH),
14.96 (s, 1H, COOH). IR (ATR): 3506 (O-H), 3005, 2948, 2781 (C-H), 1740 (C=O), 1638 (C=N),
1441 (C-O), 1341 (C=S), 1264 (O-H), 1018 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C33H30ClFN6O4S (661.14): C 59.95,
H 4.57, N 12.71. Found: C 59.84, H 4.72, N 12.65.
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-[4-{[4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-thioxo-
4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]methyl}piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic

Molecules 2015, 20
6269
1
acid (42). Yield: 63%, m.p. 198–200 °C, H-NMR (250 MHz): 1.20–1.124 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl),
1.34–1.38 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl), 2.87 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.38 (s, 4H, piperazine), 3.82–3.86 (m, 1H,
cyclopropyl), 4.57 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.90–7.76 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.66 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 10.04 (s, 1H, OH),
14.94 (s, 1H, COOH). IR (ATR): 3487 (O-H), 2984, 2847 (C-H), 1724 (C=O), 1619 (C=N), 1438 (C-O),
1317 (C=S), 1269 (O-H), 1030 (C-F). Anal. calc. for C33H27ClF4N6O4S (715.12): C 55.42, H 3.81, N
11.75. Found: C 55.47, H 3.73, N 11.86.
3.2. Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation
The antimicrobial activity of the compounds was tested on the Gram-positive strains
(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus aureus
Microbank 14001, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus
cereus ATCC 10876, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240), and on the Gram-negative strains
(Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 12453,
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027). Ciprofloxacin and vancomycin were used as control
antibacterial agents. Microbial suspensions with an optical density of 0.5 McFarland standard
150 × 106 CFU/mL (CFU—colony forming units) were prepared in sterile 0.85% NaCl. All stock
solutions of the tested compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The medium with
DMSO in the final concentration and without the tested compounds served as a control—no microbial
growth inhibition was observed. Preliminary antibacterial in vitro potency of the tested compounds
was screened using an agar dilution method on the basis of the growth inhibition on a Mueller-Hinton
agar to which the tested compounds in concentration of 1000 µg/mL were added. In the next assay
in vitro antibacterial activity of the compounds with inhibitory effect was determined by a broth
microdilution method. The 96-well microplates were used; 198 μL of Mueller–Hinton broth with a
series of two-fold dilutions of the tested compound in the range of the final concentrations from
0.24–1000 μg/mL was inoculated with 2 μL of microbial suspension. After incubation (at 37 °C for
18 h), spectrophotometric measurements of optical density (OD600) of the bacterial cultures with the
tested compounds were performed in order to determine MIC. OD600 of bacterial cultures in the
medium without the tested compounds was used as a control. The activity was expressed as the
minimal concentration of the compound that inhibits the visible growth of the bacteria (MIC, minimal
inhibitory concentration). The MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration), defined as the lowest
concentration of each compound that resulted in >99.9% reduction in CFU of the initial inoculum, was
also assessed.
3.3. Cytotoxicity Assay
HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells were obtained from the American Type Culture
Collection (ATCC CRL-1573) and were grown in Minimal Essential Medium (MEM; Sigma-Aldrich,
Saint Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich). 100 U/mL
of penicillin and 100 μg/mL of streptomycin were added to the media. The cell cultures were incubated
at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. The investigated compounds were dissolved in
dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mg/mL) and then diluted in cell culture media supplemented with 2% FBS.
HEK-293 cells were placed into 96-well plastic plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) at a cell density of

Molecules 2015, 20
6270
3 × 105 cells per well. After 24 h of incubation at 37 °C, the media were removed and cells treated with
the derivatives, diluted in media at final concentrations of 2–500 μg/mL. Cell cultures were incubated at
37 °C for 72 h. The cytotoxicity was estimated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium
bromide (MTT) that is cleaved into a colored formazan product by metabolically active cells,
according to the assay described by Takenouchi and Munekata [15]. The quantity of the formazan
product was measured in an automatic plate reader. From the obtained results the EC50 (concentration
of the substance which inhibits cells growth in 50% in proportion to the growth of control cells) values
were calculated. The results were given as mean ± SD of three independent experiments.
3.4. Enzymatic Assays
The inhibitory activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from E. coli was evaluated using a
gyrase supercoling assay kit and a topoisomerase IV decatenation kit (both kits obtained from
Inspiralis, Norwich, UK). Briefly, supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA (0.5 μg) was incubated with 1 U
gyrase, in the dedicated supercoiling assay buffer supplied by the manufacturer, in the presence of
varying concentrations of the test compounds. Reactions were carried out at 37 °C for 1 h and then
terminated by the addition of an equal volume of 2× STOP Buffer (40% sucrose, 100 mM Tris Cl pH 7.5,
1 mM EDTA, and 0.5 mg/mL bromophenol blue) and chloroform/isoamyl alcohol. Samples were
vortexed, centrifuged and run through a 15 cm 1% agarose gel in TAE buffer (40 mM Tris-acetate,
2 mM EDTA) for 3 h at 50 V. Gels were stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light.
The decatenation assay was performed using an E. coli topoisomerase IV decatenation kit (Inspiralis).
Interlinked kDNA substrate (0.5 μg) was incubated with 1 U topoisomerase IV (Inspiralis), in the
dedicated decatenation assay buffer supplied by the manufacturer, in the presence of varying
concentrations of the test compounds. Reactions were carried out at 37 °C for 1 h and then terminated
by the addition of equal volume of 2× STOP Buffer (40% sucrose, 100 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 1 mM
EDTA, and 0.5 mg/mL bromophenol blue) and chloroform/isoamyl alcohol. Samples were vortexed,
centrifuged and run through a 15 cm 1% agarose gel in TAE buffer for 1.5 h at 80 V. Gels were stained
with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light. Concentrations of inhibitor that prevented 50%
of the kinetoplast DNA from being converted into decatenated minicircles (IC50 values) were
determined by plotting the results obtained from the densytometric analyses of the gel images using
Quantity One software (BioRad).
4. Conclusions
We have examined several novel CPX-triazole hybrids against pathogenic and opportunistic
bacteria. A number of these compounds displayed enhanced potency both against Gram-negative and
Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA strain. What is important, their antibacterial effect was
achieved at completely non-toxic concentrations for human cells. Moreover, it has been shown that the
increased activity is not caused by the increased affinity of the obtained compounds towards bacterial
type II topoisomerases constituting the primary molecular targets for fluoroquinolones. The research has
also proven that the presence of the disubstituted phenyl ring connected to the 1,2,4-triazole skeleton
determines stronger antibacterial activity rather towards Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria.

Molecules 2015, 20
6271
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education under Iuventus Plus
grant No. IP2014 037473. Tomasz Plech is a recipient of the Fellowship for Young Researchers with
Outstanding Scientific Achievements from the Medical University of Lublin (Lublin, Poland).
Author Contributions
T.P. designed research, performed synthesis of the compounds, analyzed the obtained data, wrote
the manuscript; B.K. and A.P. participated in the discussion of the results; U.K. and A.M. performed
microbiological analyses; A.S. and P.S. performed enzymatic assays; Ł.Ś., B.R. and M.P.-D.
performed MTT assay for the selected compounds.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest
References
1. Oliphant, C.M.; Green, G.M. Quinolones: A comprehensive review. Am. Fam. Phys. 2002, 65,
455–464.
2. Sharma, P.C.; Jain, A.; Jain, S. Fluoroquinolone antibacterials: A review on chemistry,
microbiology and therapeutic prospects. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2009, 66, 587–604.
3. Dalhoff, A. Global fluoroquinolone resistance epidemiology and implications for clinical use.
Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2012, 2012, 976273.
4. Goldstein, F.W.; Acar, J.F. Epidemiology of quinolone resistance: Europe and North and South
America. Drugs 1995, 49, 36–42.
5. Redgrave, L.S.; Sutton, S.B.; Webber, M.A.; Piddock, L.J.V. Fluoroquinolone resistance:
Mechanisms, impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionary success. Trends Microbiol. 2014, 22,
438–445.
6. Plech, T.; Wujec, M.; Kosikowska, U.; Malm, A.; Rajtar, B.; Polz-Dacewicz, M. Synthesis and
in vitro activity of 1,2,4-triazole-ciprofloxacin hybrids against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant
bacteria. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 60, 128–134.
7. Foroumadi, A.; Emami, S.; Hassanzadeh, A.; Rajaee, M.; Sokhanvar, K.; Moshafi, M.H.; Shafiee, A.
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of N-(5-benzylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) and N-(5-benzylsulfonyl-
1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)piperazinyl quinolone derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15,
4488–4492.
8. Foroumadi, A.; Ghodsi, S.; Emami, S.; Najjari, S.; Samadi, N.; Faramarzi, M.H.;
Beikmohammadi, L.; Shirazi, F.H.; Shafiee, A. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new
fluoroquinolones containing a substituted N-(phenethyl)piperazine moiety. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
2006, 16, 3499–3503.
9. Collin, F.; Karkare, S.; Maxwell, A. Exploiting bacterial DNA gyrase as a drug target: Current
state and perspectives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 92, 479–497.

Molecules 2015, 20
6272
10. Kotiranta, A.; Lounatmaa, K.; Haapasalo, M. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus
infections. Microbes Infect. 2000, 2, 189–198.
11. Bottone, E.J. Bacillus cereus, a volatile human pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2010, 23, 382–398.
12. Kautzky, F.; Hartinger, A.; Köhler, L.D.; Vogt, H.-J. In vitro cytotoxicity of antimicrobial agents
to human keratinocytes. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 1996, 6, 159–166.
13. Hoshino, K.; Kitamura, A.; Morrissey, I.; Sato, K.; Kato, J.; Ikeda, H. Comparison of inhibition of
Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV by quinolones with DNA gyrase inhibition. Antimicrob. Agents
Chemother. 1994, 38, 2623–2627.
14. Plech, T.; Paneth, A.; Kaproń, B.; Kosikowska, U.; Malm, A.; Strzelczyk, A.; Stączek, P.
Structure-activity relationship studies of microbiologically active thiosemicarbazides derived from
hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazides. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2015, 85, 315–325.
15. Takenouchi, T.; Munekata, E. Amyloid beta-peptide-induced inhibition of MTT reduction in
PC12h and C1300 neuroblastoma cells: effect of nitroprusside. Peptides 1998, 19, 365–372.
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).