High catalytic performance of the first electrospun nano-biohybrid, Mn3O4/copper complex/polyvinyl alcohol, from Amaranthus spinosus plant for biomimetic oxidation reactions

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/aoc.5453

In this study, a novel nano-biocomposite, polyvinylalcohol/Mn₃O₄/water-soluble copper complex (PVA/Mn₃O₄/CuWSC), was produced from Amaranthus spinosus. By combining water-soluble copper nanocomplex and Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles along with polyvinyl alcohols and extracts of this plant, this bio nanomaterial was prepared via electrospinning process. This nanohybrid was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Based on its catalytic activities, it is considered a heterogeneous catalyst and is used for the oxidation of alcohols in industrial reactions. It can oxidize the primary and secondary alcohols to corresponding aldehyde and ketone products with high yield and excellent selectivity using H₂O₂ under solvent-free conditions. The recyclability and reusability of PVA/Mn₃O₄/CuWSC show that it can be a promising catalyst for clean industrial catalytic applications.

Full text of DOI:10.1002/aoc.5453

Received: 16 September 2019
DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5453
Revised: 25 November 2019
Accepted: 26 November 2019
F U L L P A P E R
High catalytic performance of the first electrospun nano-
biohybrid, Mn O /copper complex/polyvinyl alcohol, from
3
4
Amaranthus spinosus plant for biomimetic oxidation
reactions
1
2
Atena Naeimi
| Mehri-Saddat Ekrami-Kakhki
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft,
In this study, a novel nano-biocomposite, polyvinylalcohol/Mn O /water-
3
4
7
867161167, Iran
soluble copper complex (PVA/Mn O /CuWSC), was produced from
3
4
2
Central Research Laboratory, Esfarayen
University of Technology, Esfarayen,
North khorasan, Iran
Amaranthus spinosus. By combining water-soluble copper nanocomplex and
Mn O nanoparticles along with polyvinyl alcohols and extracts of this plant,
3
4
this bio nanomaterial was prepared via electrospinning process. This
nanohybrid was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, scan-
ning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and ele-
mental analysis. Based on its catalytic activities, it is considered a heteroge-
neous catalyst and is used for the oxidation of alcohols in industrial reactions.
It can oxidize the primary and secondary alcohols to corresponding aldehyde
and ketone products with high yield and excellent selectivity using H O under
Correspondence
Atena Naeimi, Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft,
Jiroft 7867161167, Iran.
Email: a.naeimi@ujiroft.ac.ir
2
2
solvent-free conditions. The recyclability and reusability of PVA/Mn O /
3
4
CuWSC show that it can be a promising catalyst for clean industrial catalytic
applications.
K E Y W O R D S
Amaranthus spinosus, bio-nanopolymer, electrospinning, industrial reactions
1
| INTRODUCTION
spectrum of applications, including those related to air
filtration, water purification, heterogeneous catalysis,
Nowadays, designing novel nanohybrid polymers is gen-
erating significant interest due to their wise use in aca-
environmental protection, smart textiles, surface coating,
energy harvesting/conversion/storage, encapsulation of
bioactive species, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and
[1,2]
demic and industrial applications.
The scope and
[
4–8]
utility of these polymers can be further broadened by
developing fibers consisting of nano metal oxides and/or
transition metal complex for applications in nonwoven
regenerative medicine.
However, preparation of this
type of nanomaterials is key for actual industrial applica-
[
9,10]
tions.
From green chemistry point of view, ultrasonic
[3]
surface modification. A potential option in this regard
is to develop electrospun nanofibers using these mate-
rials. Their very high surface-to-volume ratio makes the
nanofiber-based polymers well suited for a broad
irradiation and electrospinning can be used for large-
scale production, as they are simple and versatile. The
morphology of the electrospun fibers is affected by solu-
tion properties that include viscosity, conductivity, and
Appl Organometal Chem. 2020;e5453.
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aoc
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.5453

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NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
surface tension as well as process parameters that include
the flow rate of the precursor solution and electric field
intensity. On the contrary, the surface and/or interior of
such nanofibers can be further functionalized with
molecular species or nanoparticles during or after the
electrospinning process to produce the desired product
2 | EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 | Materials and instruments
A. spinosus weed was collected from Mahmoodabad
village, Jiroft, Iran. Vanillin and Cu(NO3)2 and
Mn(NO ) 4H O were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
[11–13]
for different applications.
3
2
2
A weed is an unwanted plant that grows among, and
in competition with, cultivated plants. They are undesir-
able in human-controlled settings such as farm fields,
9-Aminoacridine and polyvinyl alcohol were purchased
from Merck. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of
PVA/Mn O /CuWSC was investigated using a Bruker
3
4
[14]
parks, and gardens.
When one species of plant is valu-
D8-advance X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα (k =
0.154 nm) radiation. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR)
spectra were recorded using FT-IR spectrophotometer
(NICOLET iS10). Thermo stability of PVA/Mn O /
able, another species from the same genus might be a
serious weed; for example, Amaranthus spinosus can be a
[
15]
serious weed of rice cultivation in Asia.
weed” also is applied to any plant that grows or repro-
duces aggressively or is invasive outside its native habitat.
The term
3
4
“
CuWSC was determined using a simultaneous thermal
analyzer. The nanoparticles of PVA/Mn O /CuWSC
3
4
[
16]
Therefore, weed control is important in agriculture.
were characterized using
a
transmission electron
Hand cultivation with hoes, powered cultivation with
cultivators, smothering with mulch, lethal wilting with
high heat, burning, and chemical attack with herbicides
microscope (Philips CM30). X-ray energy-dispersive
spectroscopy (EDAX) detector (IE 300X, Oxford, UK)
attached to the scanning electron microscope was used
to analyze the elemental composition of materials.
An atomic force microscopy (DME Model Igloo) was
performed to produce atomic force microscopy (AFM)
images of PVA/Mn O /CuWSC. The electrospinning
[17,18]
are some of the methods to control them.
On the
contrary, weed has many applications, and its ability to
produce a novel nanomaterial for different applications
has attracted our interest and can solve many challenges
in different fields. Our aim was to design a metal-
supported biopolymer catalyst based on the weed. Milder
operational conditions, low cost, environmental friendli-
ness, and abundance of the weed in nature have gained
the attention of the researchers recently.
3
4
instrument was used for the synthesis of PVA/Fe O /
2
3
CuWSC (Nanoazma Company, Iran). An ultrasonic
cleaner 5200i S3 was used for the synthesis of
nanoparticles.
Selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols
to carboxylic acids (or aldehydes) and ketones, respec-
tively, is one of the most important transformations in
organic synthesis due to the importance of these
corresponding carbonyl compounds in the pharmaceuti-
cal, agrochemical, and fine and bulk chemical
2.2 | Green synthesis of Mn O4
nanoparticles using A. spinosus weed
3
The A. spinosus weed extract (ASWE) was prepared by
heating 4 g of A. spinosus leaves in 50 ml of Milli-Q water
[19–23]
ꢀ
industries.
Catalytic oxidation plays a vital role in
at 80 C for 15 min. After settling for 1 h, the extract was
speeding up the oxidation of alcohols by reducing the
activation energy of the reaction. Many stoichiometric
oxidants are associated with toxic and environmentally
undesirable heavy metals and high temperatures. Conse-
quently, the development of environmentally friendly
methods that use safe, low-cost, and efficient catalytic
systems using natural resources is of great research inter-
est in modern green chemistry.
vacuum filtered.
An amount of 200 ml of manganese (II) nitrate
tetrahydrate (0.05 M) was added to 170 ml of the
extract solution at pH = 6.5 within 15 min at room tem-
perature (KOH, 0.01 M). The resultant brown precipitate
was centrifuged and washed with distilled water several
times.
We have extensively explored the use of nanocatalysts
[24–29]
for a range of applications.
In this study, Mn O4
2.3 | Synthesis of Schiff base ligand
3
nanoparticles were synthesized using A. spinosus weed
solution (ASWS), and water-soluble copper nanocomplex
Schiff base ligand was obtained by adding a solution of
vanillin (5 mmol, 0.76 g) in ethanol (20 ml) to a solution
of 9-aminoacridine (5 mmol, 0.97 g) in 20 ml ethanol,
and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at room
temperature. The yellow precipitate obtained was filtered
and dried in air.
(CuWSC) was prepared using ultrasonic irradiation.
Mn O4 nanoparticles and CuWSC along with
3
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were applied to obtain fiber-
shaped nanocomposite PVA/Mn O /CuWSC through
3
4
electrospinning technique.

NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
3 of 10
2
.4 | Synthesis of water-soluble copper
was dissolved in THF and added to the above solution
drop-wise under ultrasonic conditions (400 w, 20 kHz).
After 120 min, the green precipitate obtained was fil-
tered, washed with ethanol and THF, and dried in
the air.
nanocomplex (CuWSC)
First 2 mmol of the ligand (0.76 g) was dissolved in
THF (10 ml), and then Cu (NO3)2 (2 mmol, 0.38 g)
3 4
SCHEME 1 The synthesis of PVA/Mn O /CuWSC nanofiber polymer

4
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NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
2
.5 | Electrospinning procedure of
(EtOAc) was added, and the resultant product was fil-
tered (or centrifuged) to remove the catalyst and were
purified by plate silica chromatography using n-hexa-
ne/ethyl acetate (10:2).
Mn O /water-soluble copper complex
3
4
(PVA/Mn O /CuWSC)
3 4
Mn O (0.1 g) and Cu-WSC (0.1 g) were dissolved in
3
4
2
0 ml of ASWE solution within 30 min and were added
to 12 g of PVA in 12 ml of ASWE solution. The reaction
mixture was irradiated under ultrasonic conditions for
2.7 | Recycling procedure for oxidation
of benzyl alcohol
3
8
0 min. The prepared solution was stirred for 8 h at
0 C. The electrospining of the final prepared solution
ꢀ
Benzyl alcohol (0.1 mmol) and PVA/Mn O /CuWSC
3
4
was performed at an electrical voltage of 25 kV at room
temperature under atmospheric pressure. The polymer
fibers were injected using a 5-ml syringe needle having
nanocomposite (0.07 g) were added to H O under
2 2
solvent-free conditions, and the reaction mixture was
ꢀ
stirred under air at 80 C for 4 h. To the mixture, EtOAc
1
.23 mm outer diameter and 0.83 mm internal diameter
or ethanol was added, and the product was filtered
(or centrifuged) and washed again with EtOAc or etha-
nol. It was dried under vacuum and weighed before use
in the next run to avoid errors resulting from the loss of
the catalytic activity.
at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/h. The grounded target was placed
at 12 cm from the needle tip.
2
.6 | Oxidation of alcohols
3
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To a mixture of alcohol (0.2 mmol) and PVA/Mn O /
3
4
CuWSC nanocomposite (0.14 g) H O was added under
Mn O , the Schiff base ligand, CuWSC, and PVA/Mn O /
3 4 3 4
2
2
solvent-free conditions, and the reaction mixture was
stirred at 80 C for 4h. To this mixture, ethyl acetate
CuWSC nanofibers were synthesized as described earlier
in the Experimental section (see Scheme 1).
ꢀ
3 4
FIGURE 1 XRD pattern of PVA/Mn O /
CuWSC nano bio-composite
FIGURE 2 FT-IR of PVA (a) and
PVA/Mn O /CuWSC nanofiber (b)
3 4

NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
5 of 10
[
33,34]
Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of PVA/Mn O /
PVA).
Figure 2b shows the spectrum of nanofibers
3
4
CuWSC nanofibers. The patterns show strong crystalline
reflections at around 2θ=19.92 and a shoulder at 22.74.
The two peaks are characteristic of PVA representing
reflections from (101) and (200) from monoclinic unit
obtained from Mn O /CuWSC and PVA polymer. The
3 4
presence of Mn O nanoparticles in the fibers can be veri-
3
4
fied by the observation of new characteristic peaks
–
1
(730 cm ) corresponding to the frequencies associated
with the stretching metal-oxygen of metal oxide
[30–32]
cells.
It can be seen that the XRD patterns of the
–1
nanocomposite have the peaks corresponding to the
nanoparticles. The peak observed at 736.81cm may be
[1]
[35]
semi-crystalline nature of pure PVA. The existence of
OH groups along the main chain of PVA is enough to
provide strong intermolecular and intramolecular hydro-
gen bonding in PVA. The broad peak at 40.7 can be des-
cripted the amorphous phase in PVA.
attributed to the O atoms in the Mn-O layers.
The
peak at 817.82 and 852.54 cm– may be due to overtone
1
[
4.
36]
modes of bulk Mn-O stretching's Mn O
The strong
3
band at 1631 cm− was due to C=N of imine, indicating
the presence of the Schiff base ligands. The new peaks at
1500 and 1517 cm− were related to the benzene ring
conjugated to the imine group in nanocomplex.
1
1
FT-IR spectra hint at the structural changes and the
possible interaction among PVA and Mn O and Cu-
3
4
WSC nanocomplex (Figure 2a,b). The absorption peaks
The neat electrospun PVA fiber webs as well as the
electrospun PVA/Mn O /CuWSC fiber webs were pre-
−
1
of PVA included 3241 cm
2
(stretching of OH),
3
4
935 cm− (symmetric stretching of CH ), 1426 cm
1
−1
pared to compare the differences in appearance between
them. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the
neat PVA and PVA/Mn O /CuWSC electrospun
2
−
1
(
(
bending of OH and wagging of CH ), 1321 cm
2
−
1
stretching of C=O), and 1073 cm (stretching of CO
3
4
and bending of OH from the amorphous sequence of
nanofibers are shown in Figure 3. The SEM image of
FIGURE 3 SEM images of
(
(
a) PVA polymer and
b) PVA/Mn /CuWSC nano-
3 4
O
biocomposite
3 4
FIGURE 4 (a) Two- and (b) three-dimensional AFM images of PVA/Mn O /CuWSC

6
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NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
3 4
FIGURE 5 EDAX of PVA/Mn O /CuWSC
nanofiber
PVA confirmed the cylindrical shape of nanotubes
having the average crystallite size of 40 nm. SEM image
of electrospun PVA/Mn O /CuWSC nanofibers con-
nanocomposite was confirmed by two-dimensional
(Figure 4a) and three-dimensional (Figure 4b) AFM
topography images.
3
4
firmed the Mn O4 nanoparticles and CuWSC
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic and elemental
analysis showed the presence of Mn and Cu in this bio-
nanocomposite and confirmed the Mn O nanoparticles
3
nanocomplex in this bio-nanocomposite. The cylindrical
shape without aggregation was also confirmed by the
SEM images. This characteristic enables soluble CuWSC
and Mn O nanoparticles to be uniformly dispersed in
3
4
and copper nanocomplex in this nanohybrid, respectively
(Figure 5). The weight and atomic percentage of
PVA/Mn O /CuWSC are found in Table 1. The high
3
4
[37]
the PVA matrix.
The fibril structure of this natural
3
4
amounts of carbon and oxygen are related to the presence
[
24]
of PVA in this sample.
TABLE 1 The elemental analysis of PVA/Mn
nanofiber
3
O
4
/CuWSC
Finally, the transmission electron microscopy images
of PVA/Mn O /CuWSC showed the PVA nanofiber con-
3
4
Entry
Elements
Carbon
Weight %
51.90
47.29
0.66
Atomic%
59.13
40.45
0.39
taining Mn O4 and CuWSC (Figure 6). Mn O and
3
3 4
1
2
3
4
5
CuWSC nanoparticles were well embedded in the
nanofibers during the electrospinning process. In fact,
there was no effect on its fibril morphology with the
blending of these nanoparticles in the PVA solution. The
presence of these nanoparticles in the PVA/Mn O /
Oxygen
Sodium
Manganese
Copper
0.09
0.02
3
4
0.06
0.01
CuWSC nanofibers was confirmed by the EDAX analysis.
3 4
FIGURE 6 TEM image of PVA/Mn O /CuWSC bio-nanocomposite

NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
7 of 10
3
.1 | Oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by
TABLE 2 The effect of solvent and temperature on the
oxidation of benzyl alcohol catalyzed by PVA/Mn /CuWSC
PVA/Mn O /CuWSC bio-nanocomposite
3 4
O
3
4
a
bio-nanocomposite using H
2 2
O
The catalytic activity of PVA/Mn O /CuWSC bio-
nanocomposite was examined in the oxidation of benzyl
3
4
Temperature
( C)
Yield of
benzaldehyde (%)
ꢀ
Entry Solvent
alcohol using H O2 as an ideal oxidant (Scheme 2).
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Free solvent 80
100
15
Reactions carried out with blanks showed no benzyl
alcohol conversion at different conditions. The reaction
was then carried out using PVA/Mn O /CuWSC bio-
EtOH
80
80
80
H
2
O
–
3
4
EtOAc
45
nanocomposite as a green catalyst in different solvents,
at various temperatures, and using various amounts of
Free solvent 70
Free solvent 60
Free solvent 50
Free solvent 40
Free solvent 25
85
H O and the catalyst. Data in entries 1–4 in Table 2
2
2
70
reflect green reaction media effects on catalytic perfor-
mance: the 45 and 100% benzaldehyde yields were
obtained in EtOAc and solvent-free conditions, respec-
40
Trace
–
ꢀ
tively, at 80 C, whereas EtOH and water only gave a
a
low conversion and yield (15 and 0%, respectively).
Therefore, solvent-free conditions were applied as ideal
green media for further studies. The reaction exhibited
the highest product yield (100%, entry 1) and the
corresponding yields decreased at lower temperature
The reactions were carried out for 4 h in 0.4 ml solvent, H
and catalyst (0.07 g)
2 2
O (0.2 mmol),
On the contrary, other common terminal oxidants,
(
entries 5-9).
including H O (30%), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP,
2
2
@
Screening of the PVA/Mn O /CuWSC bio-
70%), urea–hydrogen peroxide (UHP), Oxone , O , and
3
4
2
nanocomposite and H O amounts on the catalytic per-
NaIO , produced benzaldehyde in low yields: 100, 80, 45,
2
2
4
formance was further set of experiments. Data in entries
5, 0 and 15%, respectively within 4 h (entries 1–6 in
Table 4). The time course study of benzyl alcohol oxida-
tion was investigated under the optimized condition. As
shown in Table 4, the conversion of benzyl alcohol
sharply increased with an increase in the reaction time
from 0.5 to 4 h (entries 7–10).
1–6 in Table 3 show the effect of the applied catalyst in
different amounts on the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to
benzaldehyde. After 4 h, the reaction reached an
almost-quantitative conversion of benzyl alcohol
(entries1–4). The best conversion of oxidation reaction
was obtained using 0.07 g of catalyst. Nevertheless,
increasing the catalyst loading from 0.01 to 0.1 g led to
a significant decrease in the yields from 30 to 10%
The ability of other catalysts to promote the oxida-
tion of benzyl alcohol under the optimized condition
was probed (Figure 7). Simple copper and manganese
salts exhibited poor activity under optimized conditions
(entries 4 and 5).
SCHEME 2 The green oxidation of
alcohols catalyzed by PVA/Mn
CuWSC bio-nanocomposite using H
3 4
O /
2 2
O

8
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NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
TABLE 3 The effect of different amounts of catalyst and
(0 and 5%). Figure 7 indicates the activity rate of Mn O
3
4
oxidant on the oxidation of benzyl alcohol
nanoparticles,
electrospun
PVA,
and
CuWSC
nanocomplex. They were actually inactive catalysts for
this green strategy.
Catalyst amount
Entry (g)
H
2
O
2
amount
Yield
(%)
(mmol)
Thus, with respect to the aforementioned results, to
achieve the best results in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.01
0.1
0.2
50
85
100
30
10
90
75
45
0.2
0
.07 g of the catalyst and 0.2 mmol of H O (30%) was
2 2
0.2
ꢀ
stirred at 80 C under solvent-free conditions for 4 h,
leading to 100% benzaldehyde. Finally, a number of sec-
ondary and primary benzylic alcohols were oxidized
smoothly to their corresponding ketones (Table 5, entries
0.2
0.2
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.15
0.1
1–3) and aldehyde products (Table 5, entries 4–12)
regardless of the electronic and steric nature of the arene
substituent. The formation of benzoic acids and esters by-
products was completely controlled, and desired alde-
hyde and ketones were obtained in yields ranging or from
0.01
a
ꢀ
The reactions were carried out at 80 C under solvent-free conditions for 4
h, with 0.1 mmol benzyl alcohol.
65% to 100%. However, the catalytic system oxidized sec-
ondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones under the
same condition with good conversion and excellent selec-
tivity (entries 1–4). Further, the treatment of OH group
along with SH group under the optimized conditions for
TABLE 4 The effect of time and different types of oxidants on
the oxidation of benzyl alcohol
Entry Oxidant Time (h) Yield of benzaldehyde (%)
4
h gave only 100% aldehyde product indicating that our
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
H
2
O
2
4
100
80
45
5
conditions were not amenable for S–H activation (entry
5). Nevertheless, aryl ring substituted with electron with-
drawing such as chloro and nitro group (entries 11and
TBHP
UHP
4
4
12) did reduce the conversion of the starting material
Oxone@
4
resulting from the decrease in the spin density on OH
group.
O
2
4
–
NaIO
4
4
15
20
40
75
80
These promising results for the use of PVA/Mn O /
3
4
H
2
H
2
H
2
H
2
O
O
O
O
2
2
2
2
0.5
1
CuWSC as a heterogeneous catalyst encouraged us to
screen its recyclability in the oxidation of benzyl alco-
hol. The solid catalyst recovered after a simple wash-
ing with ethyl acetate and filtered could be reused
multiple times and showed only 11% reduction in the
yield of benzaldehyde product even after seven runs
2
0
3
a
ꢀ
The reactions were carried out at 80 C at different time intervals up to 4
hours under air and solvent-free conditions. Benzyl alcohol (0.1 mmol),
oxidant (0.2 mmol), and catalysts (0.07 g) were used.
(
Figure 8).
FIGURE 7 The effect of different catalysts
on the transformation of benzyl alcohol to
benzaldehyde

NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
9 of 10
TABLE 5 The oxidation of different alcohols catalyzed by PVA/Mn
3
O
4
/CuWSC bio-nanocomposite using H
2 2
O (30%)
Entry
Alcohol
Product
Yield of product (%)
1
65
2
95
3
4
60
90
5
6
100
100
7
100
100
8
9
100
100
10
11
12
95
90
a
ꢀ
The reactions of entries 1–14 were carried out at 80 C under air and solvent-free conditions using 0.1 mmol substrate with 0.07 g catalyst and 0. 2 mmol H
30%).
2 2
O
(
FIGURE 8 The reusability of PVA/Mn
CuWSC nanofiber for oxidation of benzyl
alcohol
3 4
O /

10 of 10
NAEIMI AND EKRAMI-KAKHKI
4
| CONCLUSION
[15] E. Pannacci, F. Tei, M. Guiducci, Crop Prot. 2018, 104, 52.
[
16] M. Tu, C. Hurd, J. M. Randall, Weed Control Methods Hand-
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Invasive Species Team version April 2001
To conclude, for the first time Mn O nanoparticles and
electrospun PVA/Mn O /CuWSC nanofiber were synthe-
sized from Amaranthus spinosus. PVA/Mn O /CuWSC
3
4
3
4
[17] C. Redlick, L. D. Syrovy, H. S. N. Duddu, D. Benaragama,
E. N. Johnson, C. J. Willenborg, S. J. Shirtliffe, Weed Sci. 2017,
3
4
nanofiber is the first catalyst based on a weed that is used
as an efficient industrial catalyst for the selective oxida-
tion of primary and secondary alcohols. The high activity
and survival of this catalyst could provide high yielding
methods for producing desired aldehyde or ketone com-
pounds. Nanofibers with excellent reusability synthesized
under solvent-free conditions, using ethyl acetate as a
safe solvent and H O as an ideal oxidant show great
6
5, 778.
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2
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[
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1
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are thankful to Iran National Science Foundation
2
(INSF) for its support on this work.
2
[
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26] A. Naeimi, A. Amiri, Z. Ghasemi, 2017, 80, 107.
27] A. Lopez-Moreno, D. Clemente-Tejeda, J. Calbo, A. Naeimi,
F. A. Bermejo, E. Orti, E. M. Perez, 2014, 50, 9372.
ORCID
Atena Naeimi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-7342
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