Green synthesis of Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite nanoparticles using tragacanth gum and their use as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/aoc.3823

Ni_0.35Cu_0.25Zn_0.4Fe₂O₄ MNPs were synthesized using tragacanth gum as biotemplate and Metals nitrate as the metal source by the sol–gel method. The sample was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction

Full text of DOI:10.1002/aoc.3823

Received: 23 January 2017
DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3823
Revised: 20 February 2017
Accepted: 6 March 2017
F U L L PA P E R
Green synthesis of Ni‐Cu‐Zn ferrite nanoparticles using tragacanth
gum and their use as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of
polyhydroquinoline derivatives
Saeid Taghavi Fardood1 | Ali Ramazani1
| Zahra Golfar1 | Sang Woo Joo2
1 Department of Chemistry, University of
Zanjan, PO Box 45195‐313, Zanjan, Iran
2 School of Mechanical Engineering,
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712‐749,
Republic of Korea
Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs were synthesized using tragacanth gum as
biotemplate and Metals nitrate as the metal source by the sol–gel method. The sam-
ple was characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-
red Spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX). The nanoparticles
exhibit ferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature, with a saturation magnetiza-
tion of 52.76 emu/g and a coercivity of 80.14 Oe. Thereupon, Ni‐Cu‐Zn ferrite
nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst was used for the synthesis of
polyhydroquinoline derivatives via multi‐component reactions under microwave
irradiation. Simple work‐up, mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, use of
an economically convenient catalyst, and excellent product yields are the advanta-
geous features of this method. The catalyst could easily be recycled and reused
few times without noticeable decrease in catalytic activity.
Correspondence
Ali Ramazani, Department of Chemistry,
University of Zanjan, PO Box 45195‐313,
Zanjan, Iran.
Email: aliramazani@gmail.com
Sang Woo Joo, School of Mechanical
Engineering, Yeungnam University,
Gyeongsan 712‐749, Republic of Korea.
Email: swjoo@yu.ac.kr
Funding Information
2016 Yeungnam University Research Grant
KEYWORDS
ferrites, microwave irradiation, natural hydrogel, polyhydroquinoline, tragacanth gum
1 | INTRODUCTION
MCRs leading to interesting heterocyclic scaffolds are partic-
ularly useful for the construction of diverse chemical libraries
Mixed spinel ferrites have achieved huge attention in recent
years because of their useful electrical and magnetic proper-
ties. This is due to their different applications such as in infor-
mation storage systems, permanent magnets, sensors,
magnetic drug delivery, recording heads, antenna rods, catal-
ysis, loading coils, magnetic liquids, telecommunication
devices, magnetic refrigeration, as a microwave absorber.[1–6]
So much interest has been submitted on the synthesis and
characterization of nanoparticles of spinel ferrites.
of drug‐like molecules.[15] 4‐substituted 1,4 dihydropyridines
(1,4‐DHPs) have been attracted considerable attentions due
to the heterocyclic rings are found in a variety of bioactive
compounds such as vasodilator, bronchodilator, anti‐tumor,
hepatoprotective, geroprotective, antihypertensive, anti‐
atherosclerotic, antimutagenic and antidiabet.[16,17] Espe-
cially, dihydropyridine drugs such as nifedipine, nicardipine
and amlodipine (Figure 1) are effective cardiovascular
agents for the treatment of hypertension.[18,19]
Multicomponent reaction (MCR) is a reaction in which
three or more reactants react together and formed product that
have all features starting material. MCRs have been recog-
nized for over 160 years. The first MCR was reported in
1850 by Strecker.[7,8] Many basic MCRs are name reactions,
for instance, Passerini, Gewald, van Leusen, Hantzsch, Ugi,
Biginelli, Strecker, or one of their many variations.[9–14]
Recently, several modified methods have been developed
for the synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridines such as organ
catalysis,[20] microwave assisted,[21] heteropolyacids,[22]
nanoparticles solar thermal energy,[23] ultrasound irradia-
tion,[24] visible light,[25] and various catalytic activity, such
as L‐proline,[26] HOAc,[27] HClO4–SiO2,[28] HY‐Zeolite,[29]
and so on. Although the use of long reaction times, high
Appl Organometal Chem. 2017;e3823.
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https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.3823

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FARDOOD ET AL.
2 | EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 | General information
The Tragacanth gum (TG) was obtained from a local health
food store.
All the chemicals were purchased from Fluka AG, Merck,
daijung (Darmstadt, Korea) Aldrich and were used without
further purification. The reactions were monitored by TLC.
The microwave‐assisted procedures were carried out in a
Milestone Microwave Oven operating at 1600 W. Melting
points was measured with an Electrothermal 9100 apparatus
(LABEQUIP LTD., Markham, Ontario, Canada) and are
uncorrected. 1H (DMSO‐d6) and 13C NMR (DMSO‐d6)
spectra were recorded on a Bruker DRX‐250 Avance spec-
trometer at 250.13 and 62.90 MHz, respectively.
FIGURE 1 Typical dihydropyridine drugs
The structural properties of NiCuZnFe2O4 MNPs were
analyzed by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) with a X'Pert‐
PRO advanced diffractometer using Cu (Kα) radiation (wave-
length: 1.5406 Å), operated at 40 KV and 40 MA at room
temperature in the range of 2θ from 20 to 70. Infrared spectra
were recorded on a Mattson (Unicam Ltd., Cambridge, UK)
1000 Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer using
KBr technique. The particle size and morphology of the sam-
ple surfaces was studied by a scanning electron microscope
(Zeiss EVO 18) with an energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer
(EDX) installed. EDX was performed to further confirm the
composition of the prepared samples. The magnetic proper-
ties of sample was detected at room temperature using vibrat-
ing sample magnetometer (VSM, Meghnatis Kavir Kashan
Co., Kashan, Iran).
temperatures, expensive reagents, highly acidic reaction
conditions, toxic catalyst, low‐product yields limiting these
methods. In these reactions main disadvantage is that the
catalysts are destroyed and cannot be recovered or reused.
Therefore, introduction of efficient procedures with easily
separable and reusable catalysts for the preparation 1, 4‐
dihydropyridines is needed. For this purpose use of magneti-
cally catalysts like Ni‐Cu‐Zn ferrite has received Considerable
attention as remarkable catalytic activity, easy synthesis,
nontoxic, reusability, economic viability, ecofriendliness,
and recoverability[30] encouraged us to utilize it as a catalyst
for the synthesis of 1, 4‐dihydropyridines derivatives.
Gums are naturally occurring polysaccharide components
in plants, which are mostly green, economical, and easily
available. Tragacanth gum (TG) is a naturally occurring
complex, acidic polysaccharide derived as an exudate from
the bark of Astragalus gummifer (Fabaceae family), a native
tree of western Asia. It is commercially produced mostly in
Iran and Turkey.[31,32]
2.2 | Preparation of Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4
MNPs
To prepare Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs, Ni (NO3)2.6H2O,
Cu (NO3)2.6H2O, Zn (NO3)2.6H2O, and Fe (NO3)3. 9H2O were
used as starting materials. Firstly, 0.2 g of the Tragacanth gum
(TG) was dissolved in 40 ml of deionized water and stirred for
80 min at 70 °C to achieve a clear Tragacanth gel (TG) solution.
After that, the stoichiometric mixtures of the mentioned mate-
rials were added to the TG solution and the container was
moved to a sand bath. The temperature of the sand bath was
In this study, we have reported, for the first time, Ni‐Cu‐Zn
ferrite nanoparticles using TG by the sol–gel method as a
cheap, facile and friendly approach to the nature. The catalytic
activity of Ni‐Cu‐Zn ferrite nanoparticles has been evaluated
for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives with a
facility and appropriate method under eco‐friendly conditions,
as shown in Scheme 1.
SCHEME 1 Synthesis of
polyhydroquinoline derivatives in the
presence of Ni‐Cu‐ZnFe2O4

FARDOOD ET AL.
3 of 7
fixed at 75 °C and stirring was continued for 12 h to obtain a
brown color resin. The final product was calcined at 700 °C
in air for 4 h to obtain Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs.
CH3), 1.00 (3H, s, CH3), 1.16 (3H, t, CH3, J = 6.9 Hz),
2.10–2.36 (4H, m, 2 * CH2), 2.27 (3H, s, CH3), 4.06
(2H, q, CH2, J = 6.2 Hz), 5.05 (1H, s, CH), 6.44 (1H, d,
CH), 6.89 (1H, d, CH), 9.30 (1H, s, NH). 13C NMR
(DMSO‐d6, 62.90 MHz) 14.56, 18.57, 27.08, 29.35,
31.55, 32.47, 39.75, 50.37, 59.66, 104.11, 109.07,
123.64, 129.80, 129.98, 146.60, 149.43, 150.47, 167.20,
194.80.
2.3 | General procedure for the synthesis of
polyhydroquinoline derivatives
A mixture of aldehyde (1 mmol), dimedone (1 mmol),
ammonium acetate (1.5 mmol), ethylacetoacetate (1 mmol),
and 5 mol% of NiCuZnFe2O4 nanoparticles were taken in
a round bottom flask (50 ml) and irradiated in a micro-
wave. The progress of the reaction was checked by TLC
(petroleum ether: EtOAc, 10:2). After completion, the
resulting product was heated in ethanol. The catalyst
was magnetically removed from the mixture and washed
several times with ethanol for reuse. Then, the residue
was poured into crushed ice and stirred for several
minutes. The solid product was filtered and the pure
product was obtained by recrystallization from hot etha-
nol‐water.
3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 | Catalyst characterization
FTIR spectra were recorded in solid phase using the KBr pel-
let technique in the range of 400–4000 cm−1. Figure 2 shows
the IR spectrum of the sample calcined at 700 °C for 4 hours.
According to Figure 2, two strong absorption bands ν1 and ν2
are observed at 580 cm−1 and 430 cm−1, respectively. The
difference between ν1 and ν2 is due to the changes in bond
length (Fe‐O) at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The
bands at 3404 cm−1 and 1632 cm−1 are characteristic for
hydroxyl group (O‐H). The peaks at 1456 cm−1 and
1017 cm−1 may be ascribed to C‐O and ‐C‐O‐C stretching
modes.[33]
2.3.1 | Spectral data
Ethyl‐4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,7,7‐trimethyl‐5‐oxo‐1,4,5,5,7,8‐
hexahydroquinoline‐3 carboxylate (5d).
The crystal structure confirmation analysis was carried
out by the X‐ray diffraction patterns. The XRD pattern of
the product obtained by calcination of precursor at 700 °C
is shown in Figure 3.
Yellow powder, m.p. 241–244 °C, yield 97%. IR (KBr):
υ
(DMSO‐d6,250.13 MHz) 0.79 (3H, s, CH3), 0.96 (3H,
s, CH3), 1.07 (3H, t, CH3, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.96–2.11 (4H,
m, 2 * CH2), 2.25 (3H, s, CH3), 3.93 (2H, q, CH2,
=
3277–3077–2958‐1705‐1647‐1605‐843. 1H NMR
XRD analysis showed a series of diffraction peaks at 2θ
of 29.93, 35.36, 37.11, 43.01, 53.65, 56.83 and 62.51 can
be assigned to (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), (511) and
(440) planes, respectively. All the diffraction peaks were
readily indexed to a pure cubic structure ferrite (JSPDS Card
no. 48–0489) with a = b = c = 8.395 Å. No diffraction peaks
of other impurities were observed. The average particle size
of ferrite nanoparticles was determined from the full width
at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD patterns using the
well‐ known Scherrer formula: D = 0.9λ/βcos θ.
J
= 6.2 Hz), 4.79 (1H, s, CH), 7.13 (2H, d,
J = 6.8 Hz, Arom.), 7.19 (2H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, Arom.),
9.09 (1H, s, NH). 13C NMR (DMSO‐d6, 62.90 MHz)
14.46, 18.59, 26.80, 29.44, 32.49, 35.99, 50.55, 59.43,
103.44, 110.06, 128.06, 129.72, 145.75, 146.93, 149.92,
167.03, 194.72.
Ethyl‐4‐(5‐bromothiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,7,7‐trimethyl‐5‐oxo‐
1,4,5,5,7,8‐hexahydroquinoline‐3‐carboxylate (5p)
Yellow powder, m.p. 205–208 °C, yield 87%. IR (KBr):
Where D is the crystallite size (nm), β is the full width at
half maximum of the peak, λ is the X‐ray wavelength of Cu
Kα = 0.154 nm and θ is the Bragg angle.[34] Using the above
υ
= 3290–3079–2956‐1694‐1612‐1483‐1379‐1211‐1027‐
1
823‐767. H NMR (DMSO‐d6,250.13 MHz) 0.92 (3H, s,
FIGURE 2 FT‐IR spectrum of
Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs

4 of 7
FARDOOD ET AL.
FIGURE 3 XRD pattern of
Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs
method we obtained an average size of 20 nm for
Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs.
measured to be 52.76 emu/g for Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4‐NPs.
remanence magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) values of
the Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4‐NPs calcined at 700 °C are
80.14 Oe and 4.03 emu/g, respectively. The sample exhibited
a magnetic property in the presence of a magnetic field.
EDX was performed to further confirm the compositions
of the prepared sample. Figure 6 shows that the prepared
Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs consists of Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe
and O. The weight and atomic fractions of all elementary
constituents in the synthesized Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 nano-
particles determined by EDX are presented in Table 1.
The prepared Ni‐Cu‐Zn‐Fe2O4 MNPs, were investigated
as a catalyst in the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline deriva-
tives under microwave irradiation in solvent‐free conditions.
We optimized the reaction conditions such as catalyst
amount, microwave power, and reaction times. First, the effi-
ciency and amount of the Ni‐Cu‐Zn‐Fe2O4 MNPs catalyst
were investigated in a model reaction of 4‐ chloro benzalde-
hyde 1d (1 mmol), dimedone 2 (1 mmol), ethylacetoacetate
3 (1 mmol), and ammonium acetate 4 (1.5 mmol) for the
synthesis of compound 5d (Table 4, entry 4). As shown in
The SEM image shows the particle size and external mor-
phology of the ferrite nanoparticles that calcined at 700 °C
for 4 h (Figure 4). It can be seen from the SEM image, the fer-
rite nanoparticles have fairly uniform spherical shape and
narrow size distributions.
In order to study the magnetic behavior of
Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4‐NPs, magnetization measurements
recorded with VSM were performed. As can be observed in
Figure 5, the specific saturation magnetization value was
FIGURE 4 SEM micrograph of the Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs
calcined in air at 700 °C for 4 h
FIGURE 6 EDX micrograph of Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs
TABLE 1 The elementary constituents of Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4
powder measured by EDX
Elements
Ni
Cu
Zn
Fe
O
Total
Weight percentage (%) 10.01 5.13 10.48 50.68 23.71 100
Atomic percentage (%) 6.09 2.88 5.72 32.40 52.90 100
FIGURE 5 Magnetization curve of Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 MNPs

FARDOOD ET AL.
5 of 7
TABLE 2 Effect of the catalyst amount on the synthesis of
TABLE 5 Reusability and recovery of the Ni‐Cu‐Zn‐Fe2O4 MNPs
polyhydroquinoline derivatives
catalyst
Catalyst
(mol%)
Microwave
power (W)
Time
(min)
Yield
(%)a
Run
Yield (%)a
Recovery of Ni‐cu‐Zn‐Fe2O4 MNPs (%)
Entry
1
2
3
4
5
6
97
96
95
93
93
92
98
98
96
95
94
92
1
2
3
4
None
500
500
500
500
4
4
4
4
52
73
93
92
3
5
10
Reaction conditions: dimedone (1 mmol), 4‐chlorobenzaldehyde (1 mmol), ethyl
acetoacetate (1 mmol), ammonium acetate (1.5 mmol).
aIsolated yields.
aIsolated yields.
TABLE 3 Effect of microwave power on the synthesis of
polyhydroquinoline derivatives
Table 2, the optimum yield of the product was obtained when
7 mg of catalyst (5 mol %) was used. It was found that in the
absence of a catalyst, the desired product 5d was obtained in
52% yield within 4 min (Table 2, entry 1).
Catalyst
Entry (mol%)
Microwave
power (W)
Time Temperature Yield
(min)
(°C)
(%)a
The effect of microwave power inputs from 200 to 500 W
on the synthesis of compound 5d (Table 4, entry 4) as a
model reaction was evaluated (Table 3). The reaction yield
increased with the microwave power at 400 W in comparison
to 200 and 300 W but decreased at 500 W. Reduction of the
reaction yield at the microwave power of about 500 W may
be resulted from the removal of starting materials from the
catalyst surface that could be occurred via the sublimation
or evaporation processes during the reaction temperature
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
200
300
400
500
‐
4
4
‐
‐
70
84
97
93
86
4
‐
4
‐
15
90
Reaction conditions: dimedone (1 mmol), 4‐chlorobenzaldehyde (1 mmol), ethyl
acetoacetate (1 mmol), ammonium acetate (1.5 mmol).
aIsolated yields.
TABLE 4 Ni‐Cu‐ZnFe2O4 MNPs catalyzed the synthesis of polyhydroqunoline derivatives via a four‐component Hantzsch condensation
Entry
Ar
Product
Time (min)
Yield (%)a
M.P. (°C)
M.P. (°C) [ref.]
1
Ph
5a
5b
5c
5d
5e
5f
2
4
4
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
92
93
95
97
88
94
92
93
89
96
80
92
95
92
86
87
92
200–202
206–209
230–233
241–244
210–212
177–179
240–243
231–234
252–254
260–262
182–185
230–233
256–259
245–248
237–240
205–208
197–200
202–204 [35]
208–210 [36]
231–233 [36]
244–246 [37]
206–208 [38]
177–178 [38]
241–242 [36]
234–235 [39]
253–255 [35]
260–261 [35]
184–185 [36]
232–234 [35]
257–259 [35]
246–248 [35]
238–240 [40]
‐
2
2Cl–C6H4
3Cl–C6H4
4Cl–C6H4
2‐NO2–C6H4
3‐NO2–C6H4
4‐NO2–C6H4
3‐Br‐C6H4
4‐Br‐C6H4
4Me‐C6H4
4‐F‐C6H4
3
4
5
6
7
5g
5h
5i
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
5j
5k
5l
4‐OH‐C6H4
4‐OMe‐C6H4
2‐Furyl
5m
5n
5o
5p
5q
2‐Theinyl
5‐Br‐2‐Theinyl
2‐Naphtal
197–199 [39]
Reaction conditions: aldehyde 1a–q (1 mmol), dimedone 2 (1 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate 3 (1 mmol), ammonium acetate 4 (1.5 mmol) and 7 mg of catalyst (5 mol%) under
microwave irradiation (400 W) in solvent‐free conditions.
aIsolated yields.

6 of 7
FARDOOD ET AL.
TABLE 6 Comparison of catalytic activity of Ni‐Cu‐ZnFe2O4 MNPs with several known catalysts
Entry
Catalyst
Solvent
Conditions
Time (min)
Yield (%)a
References
[28]
1
HClO4‐SiO2
‐
90 °C
US
10
25
12
90
360
150
360
6
95
95
85
76
87
90
87
94
95
90
92
95
97
[41]
[42]
[43]
[23]
[37]
[26]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
2
Cu(CIO4)2 6H2O
SBA‐Pr‐SO3H
‐
3
‐
80 °C
110 °C
r.t.
4
P2O5/Al2O3
‐
5
Solar heat
‐
6
Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate
L‐proline
EtOH
r.t.
7
EtOH
Reflux
80 °C
MW
8
Fe3O4
‐
9
ZnFe0.2Al1.8O4
H2O
4
10
11
12
13
NiFe2O4
‐
MW
3
(Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3Im)C(NO2)3
Fe3O4 ‐SA‐PPCA
Ni‐Cu‐ZnFe2O4 MNPs
‐
EtOH
‐
80 °C
50 °C
MW
18
120
4
This work
Reactions were carried out with 4‐chlorobenzaldehyde 1d (1 mmol), dimedone 2 (1 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate 3 (1 mmol), ammonium acetate 4 (1.5 mmol) and 7 mg of
Ni‐Cu‐ZnFe2O4 MNPs (5 Wt%).
aIsolated yields.
increasing. Also, this reaction has been investigated under
thermal conditions (without microwave irradiation in sol-
4 | CONCLUSIONS
vent‐free conditions). Finally, solvent‐free conditions under
microwave irradiation were preferred due to shorter reaction
times and higher yields.
In summary, we have reported for the first time, the green
synthesis of Ni0.35Cu0.25Zn0.4Fe2O4 nanoparticles that was
carried out by the sol–gel method in tragacanth gel (TG) as
a biopolymeric template. A single phase with a cubic spinel
structure was formed after heat treatment at 700 °C for only
4 h. This method has many advantages such as nontoxic, eco-
nomic viability, ease to scale up, less time consuming and
environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of Ni‐
Cu‐Zn Ferrite nanoparticles without using any organic
chemicals. The catalytic activity of Ni‐Cu‐Zn Ferrite nano-
particles has been evaluated for the synthesis of
Using this optimized condition, a wide range of alde-
hydes, dimedone, ammonium acetate and ethyl acetoacetate
were subjected to undergo four‐component condensation in
the presence of Ni‐Cu‐ZnFe2O4 MNPs under solvent free
conditions (Table 4). Then, various aromatic aldehydes car-
rying electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups on
the aromatic ring in the ortho, meta, and para positions and
heterocyclic aldehydes were evaluated. Yields of the all reac-
tions were good to excellent. It was found that the aldehydes
with electron‐donating groups reacted longer than in compar-
ison to aldehydes with electron‐withdrawing groups
(Table 4).
The catalytic activity and the ability to recycle and reuse
Ni‐Cu‐ZnFe2O4 MNPs were studied in this system. After the
magnetic separation of catalyst from the reaction mixture, the
catalyst was washed with ethanol and dried to remove any
remaining ethanol, and reused in the further reactions for sev-
eral times. The average chemical yield for six consecutive
runs was 92%, which clearly demonstrates the practical recy-
clability of this catalyst (Table 5).
polyhydroquinolines derivatives via
a four‐component
Hantzsch condensation without solvent under microwave
irradiation. The catalyst is inexpensive and easily available.
Moreover, mild reaction conditions, simple procedure, short
reaction times, easy work‐up, high yields of products and
ease of separation and recyclability of the catalyst are salient
features of the presented work.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is funded by 2016 Yeungnam University Research
Grant.
A comparison of the efficiency of catalytic activity of the
Ni‐Cu‐ZnFe2O4 MNPs with several previous methods is pre-
sented in Table 6. The result expresses that this work is supe-
rior to some of the previous methods in terms of magnetic
separation of catalyst, reaction time, and yield.
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How to cite this article: Taghavi Fardood S, Ramazani
A, Golfar Z, Joo SW. Green synthesis of Ni‐Cu‐Zn
ferrite nanoparticles using tragacanth gum and their use
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