Formation of 1,10-phenanthroline-N,N′-dioxide under mild conditions: The kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of 1,10-phenanthroline by peroxomonosulfate ion (Oxone)

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.6b00641

This paper confirms the unexpected formation of 1,10-phenanthroline-N,N′-dioxide (phenO₂) when 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) is oxidized by peroxomonosulfate ion (PMS) in a neutral aqueous solution. The kinetics of oxidation of phen by PMS feature

Full text of DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.6b00641

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Article
Formation of 1,10-phenantroline-N,N’-dioxide under mild
conditions: the kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation
of 1,10-phenanthroline by peroxomonosulfate ion (Oxone)
Gábor Bellér, Mária Szabó, Gabor Lente, and István Fábián
J. Org. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00641 • Publication Date (Web): 26 May 2016
Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 29, 2016
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Formation of 1,10-phenantroline-N,N’-dioxide under mild conditions: the kinetics and
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mechanism of the oxidation of 1,10-phenanthroline by peroxomonosulfate ion (Oxone)
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Gábor Bellér†*, Mária Szabó†, Gábor Lente‡ and István Fábián‡
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†MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of
Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
‡Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen,
Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
e-mail: beller.gabor@science.unideb.hu, Tel: + 36 52 512-900/22327, Fax: + 36 52 518-660
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Abstract
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This paper confirms the unexpected formation of 1,10-phenantroline-N,N’-dioxide (phenO2)
when 1,10-phenantroline (phen) is oxidized by peroxomonosulfate ion (PMS) in neutral aqueous
solution. The oxidation kinetics of phen by PMS features complex pH dependence. In 1.00 M
H2SO4, 1,10-phenanthroline-mono-N-oxide (phenO) is the sole product of the reaction. The rate
of the N-oxidation is highly pH dependent with a maximum at around pH 6.7. The formation of
phenO occurs via two parallel pathways: the rate constant of the oxidation of phen (k = 3.1 ± 0.1
M–1s–1) is significantly larger than that of Hphen+ (k = (4.1 ± 0.3) × 10–3 M–1s–1) because the two
N atoms are open to oxidative attack in the deprotonated substrate while an internal hydrogen
bond hinders the oxidation of the protonated form. At excess PMS, four consecutive oxidation
steps were found in nearly neutral solutions. In the early stage of the reaction, the stepwise
oxidation results in the formation of phenO, which is converted into phenO2 in the second step.
The formation of phenO2 was confirmed by 1H-NMR and ESI-MS methods. The results presented
here offer a possibility to design an experimental protocol for preparing phenO2.
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Introduction
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Peroxomonosulfate ion (PMS),1 is an inexpensive and environment-friendly replacement
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2–
of other peroxo species (such as H2O2 or S2O8 ) in oxidation procedures. It is a strong, two-
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electron oxidant, which is commercially available in the form of a triple salt,
(2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4, Oxone). PMS is considered a green oxidant and numerous
inexpensive, high-yield and simple procedures have been developed, which make PMS an
important reagent in organic chemistry.2 There are several particularly interesting reactions of
PMS: oxidation of alkanes in the absence of organic solvents,3 oxidative transformations via
umpolung of bromide4, syntheses of o-carboxyarylacrylic acids by oxidative cleavage5 or
transition-metal-free preparation of carbonyl-containing oxindoles.6 Recently, its use has also
increased rapidly as a mild oxidizing agent in various industrial technologies such as wastewater
treatment,7 bleaching,8 microetching9 etc. Detailed mechanistic studies on the oxidation reactions
of PMS are sporadic, although such studies provide valuable information on the reactive
intermediates and may explore important aspects of preparative and industrial applications.
Earlier, we have reported kinetic studies on the oxidation of various substrates by PMS.10,11 We
have shown that simultaneous oxidation of the central metal ion and the ligand leads to somewhat
unusual kinetic patterns in the PMS – Fe(phen)32+ system (phen: 1,10-phenanthroline).12
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1,10-Phenanthroline is a well-known bidentate ligand which forms stable complexes with
transition metal ions.13 It has extensively been utilized in analytical procedures and enjoys
undiminished popularity as building block in supramolecular chemistry14 and versatile starting
compound in preparative organic chemistry.15,16 Phen is a planar, rigid, hydrophobic and
electron-poor N-heteroaromatic ligand with specific structural features which control its
coordination abilities and provide various application possibilities. Phen derivatives and their
metal complexes have been used, for example, for cleaving DNA,17 as a radiometric
chemosensor,18 additive in C-H arylation processes19 or photo-switchable molecular devices.20 In
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these systems, the mechanisms and products of the redox reactions of phen are of outmost
relevance.
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The oxidation of phen has been the subject of interest for over 70 years.21 Chemical22,23,24
and electrochemical25 oxidations typically lead to the dearomatization or opening of the middle
ring. However, the use of peroxo compounds usually results in the N-oxidation of one of the
nitrogen atoms.15,26 N-Oxides of heterocycles have received much attention due to their
applicability as important intermediates in organic syntheses,27 protecting groups,28 ligands in
metal complexes,29 energetic materials30 and biologically relevant molecules.31 Although
exhaustive procedures using H2O2 in acetic acid (peracetic acid) or meta-chloroperoxybenzoic
acid (m-CPBA) readily give the di-N-oxide and tri-N-oxide of 2,2’-bipyridine32,33 and 2,2’:6’,2”-
terpyridine,34 respectively, similar methods only give the mono-N-oxide (phenO) in the case of
phen. The first report on the existence of 1,10-phenanthroline-N,N’-dioxide (phenO2) is dated
back to 1946,21 but later it was shown that the synthesis only results in the formation of phenO.
Other research groups also failed to prepare phenO2 for a long time.33,35 The unsuccessful
attempts and false reports on the preparation of phenO2 convinced Gillard to reject the existence
of this compound and its complexes.36
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The specific behavior of phen in oxidation reactions was explained by its rigid structure
compared to the bipyridine derivatives and the limited space in the bay area of the molecule that
cannot accommodate two oxygen atoms. At last, Rozen and Dayan succeeded in preparing the
dioxide by using a mixture of F2, H2O and CH3CN in 1999.37 Since the first synthesis, a couple of
phenO2 derivatives have been prepared.38 However, up to now, the only published method for the
synthesis is the one described by Rozen and Dayan, and it is still the prevailing opinion that
phenO2 cannot be produced by the use of peroxo compounds. In this paper, we report a detailed
kinetic study on the oxidation of phen by PMS in the 1 – 12 pH range. We confirm that in
contrast to the generally accepted presumption, PMS is able to oxidize phen to the di-N-oxide
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under relatively mild conditions. The results presented here may open new ways for the
preparation phenO2 and its derivatives for various practical applications.
Results and Discussion
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Kinetics in acidic medium
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Typical spectral observations during the reaction of phen and PMS under highly acidic
conditions are shown in Figure 1. Upon mixing the reactants, the main features are the formation
of a broad band in the range of 350 – 390 nm and the occurrence of isosbestic points at 300 nm,
306 nm, 314 nm and 322 nm.
Figure 1. Spectral changes in the reaction of phen and PMS under strongly acidic conditions.
[PMS]0 = 27.4 mM; [phen]0 = 0.234 mM; [H2SO4] = 1.00 M; t = 25.0 °C; path length 1.000 cm; time
interval = 40 min.
Linear algebraic decomposition of the UV-Vis spectra39 showed that there are two
independent absorbing species in the reaction, and these experimental results are consistent with
a simple A → B process without detectable intermediates (SI Table S1). The two absorbing
species are 1,10-phenanthroline and its oxidation product, 1,10-phenanthroline-mono-N-oxide.
Under acidic conditions, 1H-NMR and ESI-MS methods showed only the signals of the mono-N-
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oxide as the sole oxidation product, even at a large excess of the oxidant. Photometric studies
confirm a 1:1 ratio between Hphen+ and PMS in 1.0 M H2SO4 (SI Figure S1). The results confirm
eq. 1, which is in agreement with previous literature reports.15,33,35
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2
+
−
−
Hphen + HSO5 → phenO + SO4 + 2H
(1)
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At neutral pH, the 1:1 stoichiometry is valid only when the oxidant is used in sub-
stoichiometric amounts or in slight excess, but further oxidation reactions occur in the presence
of larger excess of PMS.
Under acidic conditions, the oxidation kinetics was studied at 375 nm using excess of
PMS (SI Figure S2) as well as stoichiometric conditions. The kinetic curves could be fitted to a
single exponential function when pseudo-first order conditions were applied (at least 20-fold
excess of PMS over phen). The pseudo-first order rate constant is a linear function of the
concentration of PMS with zero intercept (SI Figure S3) and independent of the initial phen
concentration at constant [PMS]0. Thus, the reaction follows overall second order kinetics as
shown in eq. 2.
–
v = k1a[Hphen+][HSO5 ]
(2)
The second order rate constant obtained under pseudo-first order conditions is in excellent
agreement with that estimated on the basis of kinetic curves recorded at close to stoichiometric
concentration ratios of the reactants (SI Table S2). In the latter experiments, 1 to 5-fold excess of
PMS was used and the experimental traces were directly fitted to equation 3:40
∆× ꢀ!– ꢀ!
ꢀt = ꢀ! +
(3)
!
×!×∆
!!
PMS ×ꢀ
– phen
!
!
where A0 and A are the initial and the final absorbance, At is the absorbance at a given reaction
∞
time and Δ = [PMS]0 – [phen]0. The calculated second order rate constant in highly acidic
medium is k1a = (6.4 ± 0.2) × 10–3 M–1s–1.
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pH and temperature dependence
The effect of pH on the initial rate of the reaction was investigated in the pH range of 1 –
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–
–
12 by using different buffer systems (H3PO4/H2PO4 , CH3COOH/CH3COO–, H2PO4 /HPO42– and
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B(OH)3/B(OH)4 ) and NaOH. In order to minimize the interference of the second order
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decomposition of PMS in basic medium,41 the further oxidation of phenO or any possible side
reaction, the initial rate method was used and PMS was applied in relatively low concentrations
(~5 mM, ~20-fold excess).
The initial rate is defined as the initial rate of absorbance increase at 375 nm, which is due
to the formation of phenO. The reactant (phen) and the product (phenO) are involved in acid-base
equilibria in the studied pH region, which affects the absorbance change. The molar absorptivities
and the pKa-s were determined by a combined pH-potentiometric and spectrophotometric
method, where the UV-Vis spectra of phen and phenO were recorded as a function of pH (SI
Figures S4a and S4b).42 The pKa of the N-oxide was found considerably higher than that of phen
(Table 1) which is probably due to the stabilizing effect of an intramolecular hydrogen bond
formed in Hphen+ (Scheme 1).15 The literature value of pKa of phenO, 6.63 at 22 °C,15 is
somewhat smaller than the one reported here. Such a difference is not unexpected considering
that the previous work was done at considerably lower total ionic strength (I < 0.1 M).
3
3
4
2
2
4
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
5
5
6
O
H
+
H
O+ H
H
+
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Scheme 1. Intramolecular hydrogen bond in Hphen+ (phen·H3O+) and HphenO+.
1
The peaks in the H NMR spectra of Hphen+ shift upfield upon increasing the pH (SI
Figure S5) and the very same pattern was observed with HphenO+ (Figure 2). Simultaneous
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evaluation of all the δ vs pH curves (SI Figure S6) resulted in pKa = 6.97 ± 0.02 (I = 0.2 M) for
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HphenO+.
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1
Figure 2. The pH dependence of the H-NMR spectra of phenO in H2O. [phenO]tot = 5.5 mM;
I = 0.20 M; t = 25.0 °C. The numbering of phenO is in accordance with Scheme 1.
It was assumed that eq. 2 is valid in the entire pH range and the experimental initial rates
were converted into pseudo-second order rate constants (k1) by using the difference in the
apparent molar absorptivities of the reactant (phen) and the product (phenO) at a given pH. The
pseudo-second order rate constant of the reaction shows a distinct pH profile with a maximum at
about pH 6.7 (Figure 3). Such a pH profile can be interpreted by considering the protolytic
equilibria of the reactants (eq. 4 and eq. 5).
+
phen H
Hphen+
phen + H+
SO52– + H+
Kpahen
=
(4)
+
phenH
2–
5
+
SO
H
–
HSO5
KHa SO5
=
(5)
–
5
HSO
where Kaphen and KaHSO5 are the acid dissociation constants of Hphen and HSO5 , respectively.
+
−
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Figure 3. The pH-dependence of the pseudo-second rate constant (k1, M–1s–1) of the reaction of phen and
PMS. [PMS]0 = 4.8 mM; [phen]0 = 0.250 mM; I = 1.00 M (NaNO3); [buffer]tot = 50.0 mM; t = 25.0 °C;
λ = 375 nm. Line: result of a nonlinear fit to eq. 6.
In principle, the redox reaction may proceed via the following parallel reaction paths:
+
2
+
−
−
Hphen + HSO5 → phenO + SO4 + 2H
k1a
k1b
k1c
k1d
(1a)
(1b)
(1c)
(1d)
2
+
−
−
phen + HSO5 → phenO + SO4 + H
Hphen+ + SO5 → phenO + SO4 + H
2
2
+
−
−
2
2
−
−
phen + SO5 → phenO + SO4
In agreement with the kinetic results in sulfuric acid, k1 does not converge to zero under acidic
condition confirming that reaction 1a is operative at low pH. The protolytic equilibria between
the acidic and basic forms of the reactants are expected to be extremely fast, thus reactions 1b
and 1c are indistinguishable due to proton ambiguity.40 Under alkaline conditions, k1 shows linear
correlation with decreasing [H+] and practically becomes zero as the pH increases. It confirms
that reaction 1d can be neglected. In accordance with these considerations, the pH dependence of
k1 is given by the following equation (eq. 6):
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ꢀ!
phen × PMS ×∆ꢀ
ꢀ!!× H+ ! + ꢀ× H+
Kpahen + H+ × KaHSO5 + H+
ꢀ! =
=
(6)
!
!
5
6
7
where ꢀ = ꢀ1b×Kphen + ꢀ1c×KHa SO5
a
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40
−
proportional weighting (the weight for k1 is k1 at each pH).
The estimated values for pKaphen and pKaHSO5 are in good agreement with the literature
+
results at similar ionic strength (Table 1). The existence of H(phen)2 has also been reported in
earlier literature.43,44 The formation of this species was neglected because it is formed at
considerably higher concentrations of phen than the ones used in this study. Our
+
spectrophotometric, pH-metric and kinetic studies did not indicate the presence of H(phen)2
either.
The estimated value of k1a is somewhat smaller than the one found in 1.00 M H2SO4
(Table 1). This difference is probably due to medium effects. In 1.00 M H2SO4, the ionic strength
and ionic atmosphere are different from those in 1.00 M NaNO3 used in the pH-dependent study.
The pH profile confirms that the dominant reaction path includes the acidic form of one
reactant and the basic form of the other. The proton ambiguity cannot be resolved by the fitting
procedure itself, only the value of κ = (2.35 ± 0.12) × 10–5 s–1 can be estimated. Yet, the
contributions of the two concurrent reactions (1b and 1c) can be estimated by considering the
−
redox chemistry of the reactants. According to earlier results, HSO5 is much more reactive than
the fully deprotonated form of PMS.10,11 The protonation of phen is expected to hinder N-
oxidation making the protonated form of the substrate less reactive in such reactions. Thus, it is a
reasonable assumption that reaction 1c has minor contribution to the overall process and the main
–
reaction occurs between phen and HSO5 (reaction 1b). This conclusion is also supported by the
observation that the reaction rate at about pH 6.6 is practically independent of the ionic strength
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at constant initial reactant concentrations (SI Table S3), as expected when the charge product of
the reactants is zero. By omitting the second term of κ, the rate constant of reaction 1b can be
estimated: k1b = 3.1 ± 0.1 M–1s–1, which is nearly three orders of magnitude larger than k1a.
Statistical factors (the number of oxidizable N atoms) and the differences in the electrostatic
interactions are expected to have relatively small effects on the reactivities of the two forms.
Thus, the sluggishness of Hphen+ compared to phen in N-oxidation is probably the consequence
of the formation of an internal hydrogen bond in the protonated form (Scheme 1),45 which
efficiently hinders the attack of the oxidant on the N atoms.
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The temperature dependencies of reactions 1a and 1b were studied in the 10 – 40 °C range
under pseudo-first order conditions. Deviation from the first-order behavior, i.e. secondary
reactions were not observed even at high temperatures. The second order rate constants were
calculated as described above. In strongly acidic solution (1.00 M H2SO4), both reactants are
fully protonated and the oxidation proceeds only via reaction 1a (cf. eq. 6). Thus, the temperature
dependence of the protolytic equilibria can be neglected. Such a simplification is not applicable
for reaction 1b even if it is studied under slightly acidic conditions (pH ~ 4.4). While PMS ion is
–
present as HSO5 , the concentrations of Hphen+ and phen are comparable and the concentration
ratio of these species may change as a function of temperature. The temperature dependence of
the pKa of Hphen+ was determined by conventional pH-metric titration.46 Temperature dependent
kinetic studies were made in acetate buffer because its pKa is practically independent of the
temperature in the studied range.47 In each kinetic run, the pH was measured and the
[Hphen+]/[phen] ratio was calculated. The value of k1b was determined on the basis of eq. 6 by
also taking into account the contribution of reaction 1a (SI Table S4).
The parameters of activation were estimated by fitting the experimental rate constants to
the Eyring equation (eq. 7) using proportional weighting (SI Figure S7):
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‡
kbT
h
⎛
⎜
⎝
⎞
⎟
⎠
⎛
⎞
⎟
⎠
ΔS
ΔH‡
k =
exp
exp –
(7)
⎜
R
RT
⎝
6
7
8
9
Where k is the second order rate constant (k1a or k1b), kb is the Boltzmann constant, h is the Planck
constant, R is the universal gas constant, and ΔS‡ and ΔH‡ are the entropy and enthalpy of
activation, respectively. The results are listed in Table 1. The activation entropies are essentially
identical large negative values. In earlier studies, it was concluded that large negative entropies of
activation are characteristic of 2e– oxidation reactions of PMS, which involves O-atom
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–
transfer.10,48 Thus, we conclude that the oxidations of phen and Hphen+ by HSO5 proceed via
concerted heterolytic O−O bond cleavage and N−O bond formation.
–
Table 1. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for the reaction between phen(H+) and HSO5 .
Parameter Value
Unit
Remark
k1a
(4.1 ± 0.3) × 10–3 M–1s–1
(6.4 ± 0.2) × 10–3 M–1s–1
a 25.0 °C, 1.00 M NaNO3
a 25.0 °C, 1.00 M H2SO4
–
ΔS‡
ΔH‡
k1b
ΔS‡
ΔH‡
-133.8 ± 1.1
45.7 ± 0.3
3.1 ± 0.1
-133.5 ± 3.0
30.6 ± 0.9
8.41 ± 0.03
8.43
Jmol–1K–1 a Hphen+ + HSO5 (eq. 1a)
kJmol–1
M–1s–1
–
a Hphen+ + HSO5 (eq. 1a)
a 25 °C, 1.00 M NaNO3
Jmol–1K–1 a phen + HSO5 (eq. 1b)
–
kJmol–1
a phen + HSO5 (eq. 1b)
a Fitting the data to eq. 6
–
HSO5
pKa
Ref 11
phen
pKa
5.12 ± 0.03
5.12 ± 0.01
5.13 ± 0.01
5.08
a Fitting the data to eq. 6
a pH-metric titration
a pH-metric – spectrophotometric titration
Ref 43
phenO
pKa
7.30 ± 0.02
6.97 ± 0.02
6.63
a pH-metric – spectrophotometric titration, 25.0 °C, I = 1.00 M
a NMR titration, 25.0 °C, I = 0.20 M
Ref 15; 22 °C, I < 0.1 M;
a This work
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Formation of 1,10-phenanthroline-N,N’-dioxide under neutral conditions
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Treatment of the colorless aqueous solution of phen with an equivalent amount of PMS at
about pH 6.6 results in the formation of phenO, turning the mixture light yellow (featuring a
broad absorbing band between 360 and 380 nm). In the presence of a slight excess of phen, the
final absorbance remains stable (SI Figure S8) proving that phenO is stable within the observed
time interval.
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Upon the addition of an equivalent amount of PMS to the solution of phenO, the
yellowish color intensifies and the absorbance maximum also shifts toward lower wavelengths
(360 nm) under neutral conditions. The spectral change is most likely due to the oxidation of
phenO by PMS to 1,10-phenanthroline-N,N’-dioxide (phenO2). Such a reaction does not occur in
acidic solution where the dioxide is fully protonated. Presumably, the formation of an internal
hydrogen bond in HphenO+ (Scheme 1) shields the second N atom and prevents its oxidation
even when the oxidant is present in large excess. The noted pH effect serves a strong indirect
evidence that the second nitrogen atom is involved in the process and the formation of phenO2
occurs.
The significance of the pH in the oxidation of phenO is also demonstrated by the
following experiment. The reaction of phen and PMS was initiated at pH 2.2 in the presence of
about 24-fold excess of oxidant and the formation of phenO was observed in a first-order process.
After the reaction was complete (~15 h), a pH-jump to pH = 6.4 was induced by the addition of a
–
sufficient amount of H2PO4 /HPO42– buffer to the reaction mixture. First, the absorbance slightly
decreased due to dilution and the deprotonation of HphenO+, which has higher molar absorptivity
than phenO at 375 nm. This absorbance change was followed by an immediate increase as a
result of phenO2 formation (Figure 4). After reaching a maximum, the absorbance falls indicating
that phenO2 is oxidized further. Assuming similar pH profiles for the rates of the oxidation of
phen and phenO, the maximum rate is expected at about pH ~ 7.8 in the case of phenO.
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Figure 4. Kinetic trace demonstrating the effect of pH on the oxidation of phenO by PMS.
[phen]0 = 0.256 mM; [PMS]0 = 6.10 mM; pHinitial = 2.2 (set by HClO4). The pH-jump was triggered by the
addition of 50 µL of 0.5 M Na2HPO4 to 2 mL of the reaction mixture. Concentrations after dilution:
[phen] = 0.250 mM; [PMS] = 5.95 mM; [phosphate]tot = 1.22×10–2 M; pH = 6.4; t = 25.0 °C; λ = 375 nm;
path length 1.000 cm.
The formation of phenO2 was proven by two independent methods. The ESI-MS spectrum
of the reaction mixture of phen and PMS in neutral medium features two intense peaks at m/z
+
213.06 and 235.04 which belong to HphenO2 and {Na·phenO2}+, respectively (Figures SI9A and
9B).
1H-NMR studies were also carried out to obtain detailed information about the primary
and secondary oxidation products. Tuning the NMR instrument for recording time dependent
spectra requires several minutes during which the oxidation reaction progresses. Consequently,
the very beginning of the reaction cannot be monitored by this technique in this system. Typical
1H-NMR spectra as a function of time are shown in Figure 5A, and the variation of the
corresponding peak intensities for phen and phenO is shown in Figure 5B.
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Figure 5. NMR study of the formation of phenO in neutral medium. [phen] = 3.0 mM; [PMS] = 3.0 mM;
[phosphate]tot = 17 mM; pH = 7.0; t = 25.0 °C.
1
A: Time dependent H-NMR spectra for the reaction of phen with equivalent amount of PMS. The
assignment of the peaks of phen (A) and phenO (B) is based on the numbering of Scheme 1. Note that the
signals denoted by A4, B4 and B9 overlap.
1
B: Intensities of the H-NMR peaks as a function of time during the reaction. The plot is shown for the
peaks of the phen (A2, δ = 8.98) and phenO (B2, δ = 9.17).
The time resolution was not satisfactory enough to monitor the formation of phenO2, thus
a different approach was applied to identify the secondary oxidation product. First, phenO was
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produced in the reaction of phen with stoichiometric amount of PMS, then different amounts of
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the oxidant were added to phenO and the H-NMR spectra of the spent reaction mixtures were
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recorded. Figure 6 shows the consumption of phenO (denoted by B) and the formation of phenO2
(denoted by C) as the amount of PMS is increased. According to earlier results,37 the two oxygen
atoms force the aromatic skeleton out of planarity and give a helical character to the molecule,
resulting in a somewhat asymmetrical structure. Due to this feature, the protons in the two halves
of phenO2 are not entirely identical and, as a consequence, more than four sets of peaks are
observed in the spectrum.
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Figure 6. NMR study of the formation of phenO2 in neutral medium.
[phenO] = 5.5 mM; [phosphate]tot = 220 mM; pH = 7.0; t = 25.0 °C. The bottom spectrum shows the
spectrum of phenO without the addition of PMS. The rest of the spectra was recorded after the addition of
the given amount of PMS and allowing the reaction to reach completion. The assignment of the peaks of
phenO (B) is based on the numbering of Scheme 1.
To our knowledge, there is only one report on the formation of phenO2 in the previous
literature, when HOF/CH3CN mixture was used as an oxidant.37 The results presented here
confirm that there is a straightforward way to generate phenO2 in aqueous solution without using
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extreme conditions. Apparently, the key to solving the problem is the use of appropriate (neutral)
pH. However, the properties of the oxidant are also important. The oxidations of phen with strong
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2–
–
oxidizing agents such as O3, H2O2, S2O8 and MnO4 were tried under neutral conditions, but
8
9
these attempts failed to produce phenO2.
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Kinetics of the overall oxidation reaction under nearly neutral conditions
In the excess of the substrate, the oxidation reaction yields only phenO in a first-order
process at neutral pH (SI Figure S8). When an excess of PMS is applied, the spectral changes
indicate a multi-step process (SI Figure S10). In order to broaden the usable wavelength range,
–
2–
NaNO3 was discarded and only H2PO4 /HPO4 buffer was applied to set both the pH and the
ionic strength. Kinetic traces at several selected wavelengths clearly indicate a complex kinetic
pattern (SI Figure S11).
Singular value decomposition analysis was used to determine the number of the
independent absorbing species in the reaction mixtures using the spectra in the 200 – 400 nm
wavelength range.39 By applying the method for gradually increasing reaction times, the number
of absorbing species increases up to 5 (SI Table S5). Four well-defined phases can be
distinguished in some of the kinetic curves, thus, the new absorbing components are presumably
produced in consecutive processes. Detailed kinetic studies were made at 243 nm where the four
subsequent phases of the reaction are clearly separated by the three extrema in the kinetic traces
(Figure 7).
The noted effects were studied as the function of the concentrations of the two reactants
(both of them were changed by one order of magnitude). As seen in Figure 7, the maxima and
minima of the curves practically occur at the same reaction time when the initial concentration of
phen is changed. This implies that the reaction order with respect to phen and its derivatives
produced in the consecutive reactions is one in all steps, otherwise the positions of the extrema
would depend on the concentration of the limiting reactant. When the nearly constant
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contribution of PMS (which is used in large excess) is subtracted from the detected absorbance
and the corrected curves are divided by the total concentration of phen, the normalized traces are
practically identical within the limits of experimental error (SI Figure S12). This confirms again
the first order dependence of the subsequent reaction steps on phen and its oxidized derivatives.
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Figure 7. Experimental kinetic curves recorded in the reaction between phen and PMS in nearly neutral
medium. Circles: experimental data. Only 2% of the recorded points are shown for clarity. Lines: results
of the global fit to the model described by eqs. 1 and 8-11. [PMS]0 = 9.77 mM; [phen]0 = 7.62 µM;
12.7 µM; 25.4 µM; 38.1 µM; 50.8 µM and 76.2 µM in the order of increasing absorbance; [phosphate]tot =
1.01×10–1 M; pH = 6.7; t = 25.0 °C, λ = 243 nm; path length 1.000 cm.
The kinetic curves recorded under different initial conditions were simultaneously
evaluated by considering the reactions of Scheme 2. The kinetic model consists of second order
oxidation steps and also includes the second order decomposition of PMS (eq.1, 8-11). The
contribution of this process to the consumption of PMS cannot be ignored completely at the
applied pH (6.7).41 Since the decomposition reaction is second order in PMS, it has more
profound effect when the initial concentration of the oxidant is relatively high.
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N
N
N
N
k1
k8
k10
k9
O
O
Intermediate
Products
O
N
N
7
8
9
phen
phenO
phenO2
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Scheme 2. Successive oxidation steps in the phen – PMS system under nearly neutral conditions.
Each rate constant corresponds to an oxidation step by PMS, which is used in excess.
2
+
−
−
phen + HSO5 → phenO + SO4 + H
v = k1[phen][PMS]
v = k8[phenO][PMS]
v = k9[phenO2][PMS]
v = k10[I][PMS]
(1)
2
+
−
−
phenO + HSO5 → phenO2 + SO4 + H
(8)
−
phenO2 + HSO5 → I
(9)
−
I + HSO5 → P
(10)
(11)
HSO5 + SO52– → 2SO42– + O2 + H+
–
ꢀ =– !! × ! !"# = ꢀ!! PMS
!
!"
The kinetic model is rather complex and an explicit expression is not available for fitting
the experimental kinetic traces. Thus, a comprehensive evaluation method was used which
numerically solves the corresponding differential equation system and simultaneously fits the
kinetic traces by using a non-linear least squares algorithm.49
Eleven parameters were used in these calculations: 5 rate constants and 6 molar
absorptivities. Two rate constants (k1 and k11) and three molar absorption coefficients (ε for phen,
phenO and PMS) were determined in independent experiments and were fixed, the rest of the
parameters (k8, k9, k10, and ε for phenO2, an intermediate and the product) were allowed to float.
The estimated parameters are listed in Table 2.
It should be noted that these results were obtained at pH = 6.7 and the pH dependencies of
the corresponding parameters were not investigated in the overall process. However, it is a
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plausible assumption that the rate of the individual reaction steps and the corresponding kinetic
parameters are pH dependent: in the case of k1, k8 and k11 the pH dependency is confirmed in this
study or in earlier literature;41 and k9 and k10 may also change with pH.
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Table 2. Kinetic parameters resulting from globally fitting the kinetic data of the oxidation of phen
by PMS. pH = 6.7, t = 25 °C, λ = 243 nm. Parameters marked with asterisk (*) are known from
independent experiments and were held fixed during the fitting procedure.
Parameter
Value
2.97
(4.2 ± 0.3) × 10–1
(1.7 ± 0.2) × 10–1
(4.5 ± 0.4) × 10–2
2.5 × 10–4
Unit
*
k1
M–1s–1
M–1s–1
M–1s–1
M–1s–1
M–1s–1
k8
k9
k10
*
k11
*
1
1
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
25.0
8.05 × 103
2.10 × 104
ε PMS
M cm
*
1
1
1
1
1
1
−
ε phen
M cm
*
1
−
ε phenO
M cm
1
(1.7 ± 0.1) × 104
(2.0 ± 0.2) × 104
(1.5 ± 0.1) × 104
M cm
−
ε phenO2
ε int
1
−
M cm
1
−
ε prod
M cm
Using the calculated rate constants and the spectral series recorded at the pH = 6.7, the
spectra of absorbing species were calculated.50 The spectra of phen, phenO and phenO2 are given
in Figure 8, further spectra can be found in Figure S13. The simulated spectra of phen and phenO
are in perfect agreement with the ones calculated from the known spectra of the protonated and
deprotonated species (SI Figures S4a and S4b) at the given pH.
By the use of the calculated rate constants, the concentration change of the species as a
function of time can also be estimated (SI Figure S14). The shape of these profiles (e. g. the
maximum concentration of an intermediate) are intrinsically governed by the rate constants. The
reaction time at which e. g. PMS is completely consumed or phenO and phenO2 have maximum
concentrations is determined by the initial concentrations of the reactants. With an initial 2:1
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molar ratio between PMS and phen at pH = 6.7, a yield of 62-63 % can be obtained for phenO2 in
the spent reaction mixture.
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Figure 8. Calculated spectra of phen, phenO and phenO2 at pH 6.7 obtained by fitting a series of spectra to
the model described by eqs. 1 and 8-11.
No attempt was made to isolate and identify the final products of the oxidation. The use of
a large excess of oxidant probably results in the gradual cleavage of C-C and C-N bonds and the
formation of smaller molecules due to the strong oxidizing ability of PMS. This assumption is
1
supported by both ESI-MS and H-NMR results. Mass spectrometric analysis of the reaction
mixture containing 7-fold excess of PMS over phen showed that there is no further increase in the
m/z values after the incorporation of the second oxygen atom.
1H-NMR studies also revealed that small peaks appear in the aliphatic region of the
spectra when more than two equivalents of PMS is added to phen. Both of these observations are
in agreement with the opening of aromatic rings and gradual fragmentation of the parent
molecule due to the excess of oxidant. Such feature of PMS is well known and is taken advantage
of in advanced oxidation processes (AOP-s).8
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The oxidation of phen by PMS yields only HphenO+ even in large excess of the oxidant
under acidic conditions. Presumably, an internal hydrogen bond inhibits further oxidation of the
primary oxidation product. Deprotonation of HphenO+ opens additional paths for the oxidation. It
was confirmed that one of the intermediates in this reaction is phenO2 which was synthesized
earlier using extreme conditions. The preparation of this species was not the objective of this
work. However, the kinetic results presented here make possible to design experimental protocols
for such a purpose. Using suitable initial reactant concentrations (preferably 2:1 molar ratio
between PMS and phen) or quenching the reaction by quick removal of the excess oxidant at
appropriate reaction time yields a spent reaction mixture with relatively large concentrations of
phenO2. Our ongoing experiments demonstrate very similar kinetic behavior with substituted
phens. Thus, the production of the corresponding phenO2-s seems to be feasible. The
experimental observations are consistent with highly complex kinetic patterns under neutral
conditions. A multistep kinetic model was confirmed for the overall reaction, which is consistent
with all experimental observations.
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Experimental
UV-Vis spectra and kinetic curves were recorded on scanning, and diode-array
spectrophotometers at constant temperature maintained by the use of different thermostats with
the various instruments. It was confirmed that photochemical effects do not interfere with the
studied reaction in the diode-array spectrophotometers.51 All measurements were performed at
25.0 ± 0.1 °C except for the temperature dependence studies. Standard 1.000 cm or 0.500 cm
quartz cuvettes were used.
The pH-metric and iodometric measurements were performed with an automatic titrator.
The pH-electrode was calibrated by two buffers according to IUPAC recommendations.47 The pH
readings were converted to hydrogen ion concentration as described by Irving et al.52 The
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procedure and the evaluation of the titrations in determining temperature dependence of the pKa
of phen were carried out as described by Szabó et. al.46
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Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI–MS) analysis was carried out in the
positive ion mode. The mass spectra were calibrated using the exact masses of the clusters
generated from the electrosprayed solution of sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA).
1H-NMR spectra were measured at 400 MHz. The solutions were prepared in H2O, and
DSS (4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonic acid) in D2O was added to the sample in a capillary
as an external standard for 1H (0 ppm). The 1H-NMR spectra were recorded by using the standard
watergate pulse sequence for the suppression of water proton signal. In each experiment, 32 scans
were collected with 16K data points using a sweep width of 5995 Hz, a pulse angle of 90°, an
acquisition time of 1.366 s, and a relaxation delay of 1 s.
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Non-linear least squares fittings of the titration curves and the kinetic traces at a given
wavelength were performed with the software Scientist.53 The standard deviation of the
calculated rate constants was less than 5 % in every case. Linear algebraic decomposition of the
spectral changes was carried out by the software Matlab.54 Multiple kinetic curves recorded in
nearly neutral medium and under different initial reactant conditions were simultaneously
evaluated with the program package ZiTa.49 The simulation of the spectra of the
spectrophotometrically distinguishable species was carried out by Specfit.50
All chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent grade, purchased from
commercial sources and used as received without further purification.
With the exception of few kinetic runs, the ionic strength was kept constant by using
excess of sulfuric acid or by the addition of appropriate amounts of sodium nitrate or sodium
sulfate in all experiments.
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Acknowledgment
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The authors thank the Hungarian Science Foundation (OTKA) for financial support under
grant No. NK 105156. The research was supported by the EU and co-financed by the European
Social Fund under the project ENVIKUT (TÁMOP-4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0043). Dr.
Bernadett Kalmár-Biri and Tibor Nagy are gratefully acknowledged for their assistance in the
ESI-MS measurements.
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This research was also supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-
financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001
‘National Excellence Program’.
Supporting Information: Figures of the determination of the stoichiometry, kinetic traces
recorded under different initial conditions, spectral changes of the reaction, dependence of the
pseudo-first order rate constants (kobs) on PMS concentration, UV-Vis molar spectra of phen,
Hphen+, phenO and HphenO+, 1H-NMR spectra of phen and Hphen+, dependence of the 1H-NMR
spectra of phenO on the pH, temperature dependencies of the oxidation pathways, ESI-MS
spectra of phenO2, calculated spectra of the intermediate (I) and the product (P) of the reaction,
calculated concentration profiles of the species. Tables of the singular values of the time resolved
absorbance spectra, the rate constant of the reaction at various reactant concentrations, effect of
ionic strength on the rate, temperature dependencies of the pKa of Hphen+ and the rate constants
of the two oxidation paths of the reaction.
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References
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−
exist under very acidic conditions, and the equilibrium concentration ratio of HSO5 and SO52− is
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determined by the actual pH. In this paper, the abbreviation PMS corresponds to the total
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