1897-45-6 Usage
Description
Different sources of media describe the Description of 1897-45-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum organic fungicide mainly used to control fungi that threatens a number of agricultural crops, vegetables, trees, fruits, turf and paints, etc. It can also serves as a wood protectant, pesticide, acaricide, which is effective to kill mildew, bacteria, algae, and insects. Besides, it can commercially act as a preservative additive in several paints, resins, emulsions, coatings and can be used on commercial grasses such as golf courses and lawns.
Chlorothalonil was first registered by the EPA in 1966. It is environmentally persistent and binds strongly with soil, whose expected half-life in aerobic soils is one to three months. Chlorothalonil functions by reducing the intracellular glutathione molecules of fungal to alternate its forms which affects the essential enzymatic reactions of fungal, ultimately leading to cell death.
2. Chlorothalonil is a pesticide fungicide commonly used
in the cultivation of ornamental plants and flowers,
rice, and onions. In banana plantations it is used in
fumigations by airplanes. It can be used as a preservative
of paints and of woods. Chlorothalonil can
induce contact urticaria, irritant and allergic contact
dermatitis, erythema dychromicum perstans or
folliculitis mainly in agricultural workers, in those in
wood-related professions or in hortieulturists.
uses
Chlorothalonil is a fungicide with a broad spectrum of activity used mainly in agriculture but also on turf, lawns and ornamental plants. It protects plants against a variety of fungal infections such as rusts, downy mildew, leaf spot, scabs, blossom blight and black pod. Crops protected include pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus, currants, cranberries, strawberries, bananas, vines, hops, tomatoes, green vegetables, tobacco, coffee, tea, soya bean, groundnuts, potatoes, onions, cereals and sugar beet. In addition, it is used in wood preservatives, fish net coatings and anti-fouling paints.
References
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Chlorothalonil
http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/chlorothalonil-ext.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorothalonil
Chemical Properties
Chlorothalonil is a combustible, white, odorless, crystalline solid
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 1897-45-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Chlorothalonil is a non-systemic foliar fungicide with protective
activity. It is used to control a broad spectrum of fungal diseases in fruit
(pome, stone, citrus, etc.), berries, vegetables, cucurbits, root crops, soyabeans,
ornamentals and turf.
2. Chlorothalonil is a polychlorinated aromatic broad spectrum non-systematic fungicide. Chlorothalonil is used heavily in agriculture field on crops such as peanuts, potatoes and tomatoes. Chlorothaloni
l is a probable human carcinogen (Group B2) and is highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertabrates.
Definition
ChEBI: A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.
General Description
Colorless crystals or granules or light gray powder. Melting point 250-251°C. No odor when pure; technical grade has a slightly pungent odor. A fungicide formulated as water-dispersible granules, wettable powder, or dust.
Air & Water Reactions
Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Chlorothalonil is stable in neutral or acidic aqueous media. May react violently with strong oxidizing acids [Farm Chemicals Handbook]. Incompatible with other oxidizing agents such as peroxides and epoxides. Breaks down slowly in basic aqueous media (half-life 38.1 days at pH 9. [Farm Chemicals Handbook].
Health Hazard
Chlorothalonil is an irritant to
the skin and eyes and has been reported to
produce allergic contact dermatitis in exposed
workers.
Fire Hazard
Literature sources indicate that Chlorothalonil is nonflammable.
Flammability and Explosibility
Notclassified
Agricultural Uses
Fungicide: Chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum fungicide. It is used on vegetables, peanuts, potatoes, small fruits, trees, turf, roses, ornamentals, and other crops. In California, the top crops are tomatoes, onions, celery, and landscaping. It targets fungal blights, needlecasts, and cankers on conifer
trees. This is the second most used fungicide in the U.S. It can be found in formulations with many other pesticides
Trade name
ATLAS CROPGARD?; BANOL C?; BB CHLOROTHALONIL?; BOMmHgDIER?; BRAVO?; BRAVO? 6 F; BRAVO? 500; BRAVO? 6 F; BRAVO ULTREX?; BRAVO-W-75?; CHILTERN OLE?; CONTACT? 75; DAC? 2787; DACONIL?; DACONIL? 2787 FUNGICIDE; DACONIL? 2787 W; DACONIL? F; DACONIL? M; DACONIL? TURF; DACOSOIL?; DIVA FUNGICIDE?[C]; ECHO?; EXOTHERM?; EXOTHERM TERMIL?; FORTURF?; FUNGINIL?; IMPACT EXCEL?; JUPITAL?; NUOCIDE?; OLE?; PILLARICH?; POWER CHLOROTHALONIL? 50; REPULSE?; RIDOMIL GOLD/BRAVO?; SICLOR?; SIPCAM? UK ROVER 5000; SWEEP?; TER-MIL?; TPN?; TPN (PESTICIDE)?; TRIPART FABER?; TRIPART ULTRAFABER?; TUFFCIDE?
Contact allergens
Chlorothalonil is a fungicide widely used in the cultivation
of ornamental plants and flowers, rice, and
onions. In banana plantations it is used in fumigations
by airplanes. It can be used as a preservative of paints
and woods. It can induce contact urticaria, irritant and
allergic contact dermatitis, erythema dyschromicum
perstans, or folliculitis mainly in agricultural workers,
wood-related professions, or in horticulturists.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action of this fungicide may be attributed
to inhibition of physiological activities of fungal cell constituents
by binding reaction. The reaction was observed in
buffer solution to substitute hydroxyethylthio radical(s) of
2-mercaptoethanol for chlorine radical(s) on the benzene
ring of the fungicide molecule preferably at 4-position
(i.e., also 6-) followed by other positions (5). Similar
reactions in fungal cells were observed between the
fungicide and glutathione and high molecular weight cell
constituents having a sulfhydryl group (5,6). The fungicide
inhibits activities of thiol-dependent enzymes such as
alcohol dehydrogenase, gyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,
and malate dehydrogenase (5,6). Preliminary
addition of glutathione or dithiothreitol protects the thiol
enzymes from inhibition but later addition does not reverse
the enzyme inhibition. Chymotrypsin, a non-thiol enzyme,
was not inhibited by this fungicide. Binding of the fungicide
to the sulfhydryl group of cell constituents appears to
be the primary mode of its action.
Safety Profile
Suspected carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic data. Moderately toxic by skin contact and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Cl-, NOx, and CN-. See also NITRILES.
Potential Exposure
Chlorothalonil is a broad spectrum fungicide; used as fungicide in coatings; caulk, wood preservative, and antifouling systems. Therefore, people involved in its manufacture, formulation, and application can be exposed.
Carcinogenicity
Chlorothalonil was not mutagenic in a
variety of assays, nor did it bind to DNA.3 The
compound does not appear to have genotoxic
potential and probably exerts its carcinogenic
action in rodents via a nongenotoxic mechanism.
3 Rodent models may be a poor predictor
of carcinogensis in humans because of species
differences in metabolic pathways leading to
carcinogenesis in the kidney and the lack of a
comparable organ (forestomach) in humans.
The IARC has determined that there is
sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity of
chlorothalonil in experimental animals and
inadequate evidence in humans.
Environmental Fate
Biological. From the first-order biotic and abiotic rate constants of chlorothalonil in
estuarine water and sediment/water systems, the estimated biodegradation half-lives were
8.1–10 and 1.8–5 days, respectively (Walker et al., 1988).
Soil. Metabolites identified in soil were 1,3-dicyano-4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichlorobenzene,
1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene and 1-carbamoyl-3-cyano-4-hydroxy-2,5,6-
trichlorobenzene (Rouchaud et al., 1988). The half-life was reported as 4.Groundwater. According to the U.S. EPA (1986) chlorothalonil has a high potential
to leach to groundwaterPlant. Degrades in plants to 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile (Hartley and
Kidd, 1987), 1,3-dicyano-4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichlorobenzene and 1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-
tetrachlorobenzene (Rouchaud et al., 1988). No evidence of degradation products were
reported in apple foliage 15 days after application. The half-life of chlorothalonil was 4.1
days (Gilbert, 1976)
Metabolic pathway
By in vitro incubation of 14C-chlorothalonil (CTL) with
rat stomach, duodenum, and cecum contents, with
dog stomach, duodenum, and colon contents, and with
human feces and stomach contents, transformation of
CTL mostly occurs in rat cecum contents, dog colon contents, and human feces, in which unchanged
CTL accounts for 46.7, 29.7, and 22.6% of applied
radioactivity, respectively. In those incubations,
the identified metabolites are 2,5,6-trichloro-4-
methylthioisophthalonitrile, 2,5,6-trichloro-4-
thioisophthalonitrile, 3-thia-1-cyano-2,5,6-
trichloroisoindolinone, 2,5,6-trichloro-4-
hydroxyisophthalonitrile, and 2,5,6-
trichloroisophthalonitrile. In rats, CTL is transformed
to 4,6-bis(N-acetylcystein-S-yl)-2,5-
dichloroisophthalonitrile.The photolysis of CTL solutions in alcohols
(ethanol and methanol separately) with exposure to
UV irradiation yields 4,5,7-trichloro-6-cyano-3-
methylbenzo-g -lactone and dichlorobenzo-bis-g -lactone
derivatives as major degradation products in ethanol.
In methanol, 4,5,7-trichloro-6-cyanobenzo-g -lactone is
the only photoproduct detected.
Metabolism
Degradation pathways of chlorothalonil in upland and
paddy soils (7) and by soil bacteria (8) were studied,
and most initial products were identified to be the
results of chlorine substitution reactions, by hydrogen
(i.e., dechlorination), by hydroxyl, and by methylthio
groups. These reactions took place first at the 4-position
of the ring followed by reactions at other positions as
in the reaction with thiol compounds. Paddy
soil degraded the fungicide faster than did upland
soil. Chlorine substitution reaction at 4-position of the
fungicide molecule was also reported in benzene solution
under sunlight, and the phenyl-substituted product was
identified (9). Similar photolysis was observed in
other aromatic hydrocarbon solutions but not in acetone,
hexane, and ether solutions.
Shipping
UN3276 Nitriles, liquid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required, Potential Inhalation Hazard (Special Provision 5). UN2588 Pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required
Degradation
Chlorothalonil is stable to aqueous hydrolysis at pH values above 7. It is
hydrolysed slowly at pH 9 via dechlorination to yield 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-
trichloroisothalonitrile (2) and oxidation/hydration of one of the nitrile
groups to yield 3-cyano-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzamide (3) (Szalkowski and
Stallard, 1977).
Toxicity evaluation
Chlorothalonil’s production and use as a broad-spectrum,
nonsystemic, protectant pesticide results in its direct release to the
environment. Its uses as a wood protectant, antimold and antimildew
agent, bactericide, microbiocide, algaecide, insecticide,
and acaricide are additional routes of release. If released to air,
chlorothalonil will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases
in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chlorothalonil will be
degraded slowly in the atmosphere by reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (reaction half-life
～7 years). Direct photolysis may also occur. Chlorothalonil is
removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If
released to soil, chlorothalonil is expected to have lowmobility or
be immobile, based on Koc values in the range of 900–7000
measured in four soils. Volatilization from moist or dry soil
surfaces is not expected to be important based on a Henry’s Law
constant of 2.5×10-7 atm-cummol-1. Aerobic biodegradation
half-lives of chlorothalonil in four different soils ranged from
10 to 40 days. If released into water, chlorothalonil is expected
to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column.
Incompatibilities
Contact with strong oxidizers may cause a fire and explosion hazard. Thermal decomposition may include fumes of hydrogen cyanide. Nitriles may polymerize in the presence of metals and some metal compounds. They are incompatible with acids; mixing nitriles with strong oxidizing acids can lead to extremely violent reactions. Nitriles are generally incompatible with other oxidizing agents such as peroxides and epoxides. The combination of bases and nitriles can produce hydrogen cyanide. Nitriles are hydrolyzed in both aqueous acid and base to give carboxylic acids (or salts of carboxylic acids). These reactions generate heat. Peroxides convert nitriles to amides. Nitriles can react vigorously with reducing agents. Acetonitrile and propionitrile are soluble in water, but nitriles higher than propionitrile have low aqueous solubility. They are also insoluble in aqueous acids.
Waste Disposal
Incineration in a unit operating @ 850C equipped with off-gas scrubbing equipment.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 1897-45-6 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,8,9 and 7 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 5 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1897-45:
(6*1)+(5*8)+(4*9)+(3*7)+(2*4)+(1*5)=116
116 % 10 = 6
So 1897-45-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
1897-45-6Relevant articles and documents
Synergistic Combinations Of Active Ingredients
-
, (2012/02/15)
The present invention relates to novel active compound combinations comprising, firstly, at least one known compound of the formula (I) in which R1 and A have the meanings given in the description and, secondly, at least one further known active compound from groups (2) to (27) listed in the description, which combinations are highly suitable for controlling animal pests such as insects and unwanted acarids and also phytopathogenic fungi.
Use of riboflavin and flavin derivatives as chitinase inhibitors
-
, (2008/06/13)
The invention relates to the use of riboflavin and of flavin derivatives with chitinase-inhibitory action for controlling arthropods, nematodes and chitin-containing fungi.
Wood preservatives
-
, (2008/06/13)
Wood preservatives having biocidal properties which include quaternary ammonium compounds of general formula (I): wherein R1 is a C8-18-alkyl group or an optionally substituted benzyl group, R2 is a C8-18-alkyl group, R3 is a C1-4-alkyl group or a group of the formula —[CH2—CH2—O]n—H, R4 is a C1-4-alkyl group, n is a number from 0.5 to 8, preferably from 1 to 5, and A?is the anion of an organic carboxylic acid which contains 2 to 12 C atoms and carries at least one hydroxyl, amino or sulfonic acid group. The wood preservatives also penetrate deeply into the wood without the use of pressure, and have only a mild corrosive action on metals. Furthermore, a process for treating timbers with these compositions, concentrates for the preparation thereof, the use of new and known quaternary ammonium compounds in wood preservatives and new quaternary ammonium compounds and their use as biocides.
