768-94-5 Usage
Inhibitor
The anti-influenza A compound amantadine acts by blocking the M2 ion channel which is required for uptake of protons into the interior of the virus to permit acid-promoted viral uncoating (decapsidation).
Description
Amantadine is an agent that raises the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft by
releasing it from neurons and suppressing the process of reuptake.
Chemical Properties
White to cream powder
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 768-94-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Building block for an L-piperidinamide catalyst used in an enantioselective Strecker reaction of phosphinoyl imines.1
2. Amantadine is a primary amine derivative of adamantane. It has an effect on mycoviruses,
which are RNA-containing viruses. It has a very narrow spectrum of action and is used only for
treating and preventing influenza A. It is also used for treating Parkinsonism. The exact mechanism of antiviral action of amantadine is not completely understood. It is believed that it is an
ion channel blocker. It has also been suggested that amantadine inhibits absorption of viral particles into the host cell, which is expressed in the breakdown of diffusion of the virus into the
cell, or inhibition of the “stripping process” of the virus. The main use is for the prevention of
type A2 influenza. Synonyms of this drug are simmetrel, viregit, mantadan, and others.
3. Amantadine is an antiviral drug. The properties in amantadine, which relieve symptoms of Parkinsonism were discovered by accident. Treatment of Parkinsonism with a combination of levodopa,
anticholinergic drugs, and amantadine gives better results than using any of these drugs
individually.
Definition
ChEBI: A member of the class of adamantanes that is used as an antiviral and antiparkinson drug.
Biological Functions
Amantadine was originally introduced as an antiviral
compound, but it is modestly effective
in treating symptoms of parkinsonism. It is useful in the
early stages of parkinsonism or as an adjunct to levodopa
therapy. Its mechanism of action in parkinsonism
is not clear, but amantadine may affect dopamine
release and reuptake. Additional sites of action may
include antagonism at muscarinic and N-methyl-Daspartate
(NMDA) receptors. Adverse effects include
nausea, dizziness, insomnia, confusion, hallucinations,
ankle edema, and livedo reticularis. Amantadine and
the anticholinergics may exert additive effects on mental
functioning
Synthesis Reference(s)
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 91, p. 6457, 1969 DOI: 10.1021/ja01051a047Synthesis, p. 457, 1976
Antimicrobial activity
It inhibits influenza A virus replication at concentrations of
0.2–
0.6 mg/L, but has little or no activity against influenza
B or C.
Acquired resistance
Resistance is the consequence of mutations in amino acid
positions 27, 30 and 31 in the M2 transmembrane sequence.
Cross-resistance between amantadine and rimantadine is universal.
Influenza H3N2 strains worldwide are now resistant,
but seasonal H1N1 strains remain susceptible. Postexposure
family prophylaxis results in the prompt emergence of drug
resistance after onset of treatment.
General Description
Amantadine has been used for years as a treatment for Parkinson disease. The adamantanamines have twomechanisms in common:they inhibit an early step in viralreplication, most likely viral uncoating,and in somestrains, they affect a later step that probably involves viral assembly,possibly by interfering with hemagglutinin processing.The main biochemical locus of action is the influenzatype A virus M2 protein, which is an integral membrane proteinthat functions as an ion channel. The M2 channel is a protontransport system. By interfering with the function of theM2 protein, the adamantanamines inhibit acid-mediated dissociationof the ribonucleoprotein complex early in replication.They also interfere with transmembrane proton pumping,maintaining a high intracellular proton concentrationrelative to the extracellular concentration and enhancingacidic pH-induced conformational changes in the hemagglutininduring its intracellular transport at a later stage. The conformationalchanges in hemagglutinin prevent transfer of thenascent virus particles to the cell membrane for exocytosis.
Flammability and Explosibility
Flammable
Pharmaceutical Applications
A symmetrical synthetic C-10 tricyclic amine with an unusual
cage-like structure, supplied as the hydrochloride for oral
administration.
Mechanism of action
Amantadine hydrochloride (1-adamantanamine hydrochloride) is a symmetric, tricyclic, primary amine that
inhibits penetration of RNA viral particles into the host cell. It also inhibits the early stages of viral
replication by blocking the uncoating of the viral genome and the transfer of nucleic acid into the host
cell.
Pharmacokinetics
Oral absorption: >90%
Cmax 200 mg oral per day: 0.4–0.9 mg/L after c. 4–6 h
Plasma half-life: 9.7–14.5 h
Volume of distribution: 10.4 L/kg
Plasma protein binding: 65%
Absorption and distribution
Absorption after oral administration is almost complete. Levels in secretions approach plasma concentrations.
Metabolism and excretion
About 56% of a single oral dose is excreted unchanged within 24 h by the kidney. Altogether 90% of an oral dose is excreted in the urine with a mean elimination half-life of 11.8 h in subjects with normal renal function. In elderly men, the half-life is 28.9 h and in patients with renal insufficiency half-lives of 18.5 h to 33.8 days have been observed. The renal clearance is around 398 mL/min (range 112–772 mL/min), indicating active secretion as well as glomerular filtration. Less than 5% of a dose is removed during hemodialysis and average half-lives of 8.3 and 13 days have been reported in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that drug does not accumulate to toxic levels.
Clinical Use
Different sources of media describe the Clinical Use of 768-94-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Prevention and treatment of influenza A H1N1 infections
2. Amantadine is used for the treatment
of diseases caused by influenza A strains.
Side effects
Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity have been observed in rats
receiving 50 mg/kg per day, about 15 times the usual human
dose. Neurological side effects include drowsiness, insomnia,
light-headedness, difficulty in concentration, nervousness, dizziness
and headache in up to 20% of individuals. Other side
effects include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation
and urinary retention. All develop during the first
3–4 days of therapy and are reversible by discontinuing the
drug. An exception to rapid onset of adverse reactions is livedo
reticularis. Convulsions, hallucinations and confusion are dose
related, usually occurring at levels in excess of 1.5 mg/L; convulsions
may occur at a lower threshold in patients with a history
of epilepsy and the drug is best avoided in such patients.
Safety Profile
Poison by intraperitoneal route.Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mutation data reported.When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes ofNOx. Used as an antiviral agent.
Synthesis
Amantadine, 1-adamantanamine (10.1.12), is synthesized from adamantane. It is directly brominated to 1-bromadamantane (10.1.10), which in Ritter reaction
conditions when heated with a mixture of acetonitrile and concentrated sulfuric acid transforms into 1-acetylaminoadamantane (10.1.11). Hydrolysis of this product using alkali
leads to the formation of amantadine (10.1.12) [16,17].
Purification Methods
Dissolve the amine in Et2O, dry it over KOH, evaporate and sublime it in vacuo. [Stetter et al. Chem Ber 93 226 1960.]
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 768-94-5 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 7,6 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 768-94:
(5*7)+(4*6)+(3*8)+(2*9)+(1*4)=105
105 % 10 = 5
So 768-94-5 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C10H17N/c11-10-4-7-1-8(5-10)3-9(2-7)6-10/h7-9H,1-6,11H2/t7-,8-,9-,10-
768-94-5Relevant articles and documents
Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, and electrochemical properties of three copper(II) complexes with 3,5-dihalosalicylaldehyde Schiff bases derived from amantadine
Jin, Xu-Dong,Wang, Han,Xie, Xiao-Kang,Sun, Jia-Yue,Liang, He-Ming
, p. 2295 - 2309 (2019)
Complexes 1-3, C34H36X4CuN2O2 (X = Cl, Br, I), were synthesized with copper chloride dihydrate and three new Schiff base ligands derived from amantadine and 3,5-dihalosalicylaldehydes. They were characterized by IR, UV–VIS, elemental analysis, molar conductance, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that 1 and 2 crystallize in the triclinic system, Pī space group. Each asymmetric unit consists of one copper(II) ion, two corresponding deprotonated Schiff base ligands and one lattice dichloromethane molecule. 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, P21/n space group. Each asymmetric unit consists of one copper(II) ion and two deprotonated iodo- Schiff base ligands. The tetra-coordination of the central copper(II) ion in 1-3 is constructed by two nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms from the corresponding Schiff base ligands, forming a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Electrochemical properties of the complexes were determined by cyclic voltammetry. (Figure presented.).
Sasaki et al.
, p. 3613 (1969)
Comparative proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of amantadine complexes formed in aqueous solutions with three major cyclodextrins
Lis-Cieplak, Agnieszka,Sitkowski, Jerzy,Kolodziejski, Waclaw
, p. 274 - 282 (2014)
Host-guest complexes of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins (α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD, respectively) with amantadine (1-aminoadamantane, AMA; an antiviral agent) were characterized in aqueous solutions using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Host-guest molecular interactions were manifested by changes in the chemical shifts of AMA protons. NMR Job's plots showed that the stoichiometry of all the studied complexes was 1:1. Two-dimensional T-ROESY experiments demonstrated that the complexes were formed by different degrees of incorporation of the adamantyl group of AMA into the CD cavity. The mode of AMA binding was proposed. The AMA molecule came into the α-CD cavity (the smallest size) or β-CD cavity (the intermediate size) through its wide entrance to become shallowly or deeply accommodated, respectively. In the complex of AMA with γ-CD (the largest cavity size), the adamantyl group was also quite deeply inserted into the CD cavity, but it arrived there through the narrow cavity entrance. It was found that the adamantyl group of AMA was best accommodated by the β-CD cavity. The binding constants Kaa of the studied complexes (in M-1), determined from DOSY NMR, were fairly high; their values in an ascending order were: α-CD (183) γ-CD (306) a?‰β-CD (5150). 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:274-282, 2014
The first N-alkyl-N′-polyfluorohetaryl sulfur diimide
Lork, Enno,Mews, Rüdiger,Shakirov, Makhmut M.,Watson, Paul G.,Zibarev, Andrey V.
, p. 165 - 168 (2002)
The first Alk-N=S=N-HetF sulfur diimide 6 (Alk = adamant-1-yl, HetF = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyrid-4-yl) was prepared by trapping of the corresponding alkylthiazylamide [AlkNSN]-3 with pentafluoropyridine, followed by X-ray st
An Improved Procedure for the Synthesis of Amantadine Hydrochloride
Nguyen, Phuong Linh,Phan, Dinh Chau,Phan, Thi Phuong Dung,Tran, Thi Van,Vu, Binh Duong
, (2022/03/02)
-
The benzyl can be selectively removed by visible light or near visible light. Method for protecting allyl and propargyl group
-
Paragraph 0022, (2021/10/16)
The invention provides a method for selectively removing benzyl, allyl and propargyl protecting groups by visible light or near visible light, namely a substrate containing benzyl, allyl or propargyl protecting groups. The method has the advantages of simple operation, safe and clean visible light or near visible light as excitation conditions, cheap and easily available reagents, high reaction yield, high reaction chemistry and regional selectivity, and is suitable for selective removal of benzyl, allyl and propargyl protecting groups in various substrates.
Preparation method of amantadine
-
Paragraph 0144; 0146; 0149, (2021/06/13)
The invention discloses a preparation method of amantadine, which belongs to the technical field of organic chemical synthesis, and is characterized by comprising the following steps: taking a compound adamantane as an initial raw material, generating an intermediate 1-acetamido adamantane in the presence of acetonitrile, a polyion liquid PIL catalyst and sulfuric acid, and then hydrolyzing the intermediate into amantadine in a system of alcohol and alkali. The preparation method is environment-friendly, post-treatment is convenient, the use amount of sulfuric acid and acetonitrile is greatly reduced through the catalyst polyion liquid, and post-treatment is simple. The ionic liquid catalyst can be recycled, so that the cost is greatly saved, and the method is suitable for large-scale industrial production.
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