2216-34-4Relevant academic research and scientific papers
UPGRADING 5-NONANONE
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Paragraph 0104-0108, (2018/04/20)
Provided are fuel components, a method for producing fuel components, use of the fuel components and fuel containing the fuel components based on 5-nonanone.
GAS-TO-LIQUID REACTOR AND METHOD OF USING
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Paragraph 0143, (2019/08/15)
A device and a process to propagate molecular growth of hydrocarbons, either straight or branched chain structures, that naturally occur in the gas phase to a molecular size sufficient to shift the natural occurring phase to a liquid or solid state is provided. According to one embodiment, the device includes a grounded reactor vessel having a gas inlet, a liquid outlet, and an electrode within the vessel; a power supply coupled to the electrode for creating an elecirostatic field within the vessel for converting the gas to a liquid and or solid state.
Solvent-free synthesis of C9 and C10 branched alkanes with furfural and 3-pentanone from lignocellulose
Chen, Fang,Li, Ning,Li, Shanshan,Yang, Jinfan,Liu, Fei,Wang, Wentao,Wang, Aiqin,Cong, Yu,Wang, Xiaodong,Zhang, Tao
, p. 229 - 232 (2015/01/09)
Jet fuel range branched alkanes were first synthesized under solvent-free conditions by the aldol condensation of furfural and 3-pentanone from lignocellulose followed by the one-step hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Among the investigated solid base catalysts,
Ring opening of decalin via hydrogenolysis on Ir/- and Pt/silica catalysts
Haas, Andreas,Rabl, Sandra,Ferrari, Marco,Calemma, Vincenzo,Weitkamp, Jens
experimental part, p. 97 - 109 (2012/07/13)
The catalytic conversion of cis-decalin was studied at a hydrogen pressure of 5.2 MPa and temperatures of 250-410 °C on iridium and platinum supported on non-acidic silica. The absence of catalytically active Br?nsted acid sites was indicated by both FT-IR spectroscopy with pyridine as a probe and the selectivities in a catalytic test reaction, viz. the hydroconversion of n-octane. On iridium/silica, decalin hydroconversion starts at ca. 250-300 °C, and no skeletal isomerization occurs. The first step is rather hydrogenolytic opening of one six-membered ring to form the direct ring-opening products butylcyclohexane, 1-methyl-2-propylcyclohexane and 1,2- diethylcyclohexane. These show a consecutive hydrogenolysis, either of an endocyclic carboncarbon bond into open-chain decanes or of an exocyclic carboncarbon bond resulting primarily in methane and C9 naphthenes. The latter can undergo a further endocyclic hydrogenolysis leading to open-chain nonanes. All individual C10 and C9 hydrocarbons predicted by this direct ring-opening mechanism were identified in the products generated on the iridium/silica catalysts. The carbon-number distributions of the hydrocracked products C9- show a peculiar shape resembling a hammock and could be readily predicted by simulation of the direct ring-opening mechanism. Platinum on silica was found to require temperatures around 350-400 °C at which relatively large amounts of tetralin and naphthalene are formed. The most abundant primary products on Pt/silica are spiro[4.5]decane and butylcyclohexane which can be readily accounted for by the well known platinum-induced mechanisms described in the literature for smaller model hydrocarbons, namely the bond-shift isomerization mechanism and hydrogenolysis of a secondary-tertiary carboncarbon bond in decalin.
Activation and isomerization of hydrocarbons over WO3/ZrO2 catalysts. II. Influence of tungsten loading on catalytic activity: Mechanistic studies and correlation with surface reducibility and tungsten surface species
Di Gregorio, Francois,Keller, Nicolas,Keller, Valerie
, p. 159 - 171 (2008/09/21)
We studied the correlation among the catalytic behavior of WO3/ZrO2 samples toward unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons transformation, tungsten surface species oxidation states, and the crystallographic structure of the zirconia support. Different tungsten-loaded catalysts were studied, from 9 wt% (near-monolayer coverage) to 30 wt%. The resulting WO3/ZrO2 materials were obtained by impregnation of a tungsten salt on either a commercially available monoclinic zirconia or an amorphous hydroxide, ZrOx(OH)4-2x, followed by a calcination step (according to the Hino and Arata procedure), leading to a tetragonal structure. In contrast to previous works, here we demonstrate that the crystallographic structure of zirconia has no influence on catalytic properties. Correlations with XPS analyses revealed two aspects of catalytic behavior that depend strongly on the catalyst reducibility and thus on the W surface species oxidation states. First, on hardly reducible (tungsten loadings a purely acidic monomolecular mechanism for both isomerization (largely predominant) and cracking reactions, associated with W6+ and W5+ surface species, was demonstrated. Second, on easily reducible (tungsten loadings >15 wt%) or deeply reduced (over 723 K) surfaces, a bifunctional mechanism associating dehydrogenating/hydrogenating properties occurring on metallic tungsten and acidic isomerization and cracking on W5+ and W6+ surface species was observed. However, in this last case, we could not exclude the participation of a purely metallic isomerization mechanism occurring through σ-alkyl adsorbed species on the β-W metallic phase. A more pronounced reduction then led to an increase in the extensive hydrogenolysis mechanism, causing catalyst deactivation.
Alkene oligomerization process
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Page 4-5, (2008/06/13)
A process for oligomerising alkenes having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms which comprises contacting a feedstock comprising a) one or several alkenes having x carbon atoms, and, b) optionally, one or several alkenes having y carbon atoms, x and y being different, with a catalyst containing a zeolite of the MFS structure type, under conditions to obtain selectively oligomeric product containing predominant amounts of certain oligomers. The process is carried out at a temperature comprised between 125 and 175° C. when the feedstock contains only alkenes with 3 carbon atoms and between 140 and 240° C., preferably between 140 and 200° C. when the feedstock contains comprises at least one alkene with 4 or more carbon atoms.
Substitution Reactions of Secondary Halides and Epoxides with Higher Order, Mixed Organocuprates, R2Cu(CN)Li2: Synthetic, Stereochemical, and Mechanistic Aspects
Lipshutz, Bruce H.,Wilhelm, Robert S.,Kozlowski, Joseph A.,Parker, David
, p. 3928 - 3938 (2007/10/02)
Higher order cuprates, represented by the general formula R2Cu(CN)Li2, are readily prepared from copper cyanide and 2 equiv of an organolithium.These novel reagents react readily and efficiently with secondary unactivated iodides and bromides affording products of substitution.Likewise, mono-, di-, and trisubstituted epoxides undergo ring opening leading to the corresponding alcohols in excellent yields.The effects of solvent, temperature, gegenion, and variations in ligands are discussed.Replacement of the second equivalent of RLi by CH3Li strongly encouragestransfer of R over CH3 in R(CH3)Cu(CN)Li2 with halides.Use of PhLi as RRLi in place of one RTLi (i.e.RT(Ph)Cu(CN)Li2) is suggested for oxirane cleavage.The stereochemical implications associated with both couplings are also addressed.
Chemistry of Higher Order, Mixed Organocuprates. 5. On the Choice of the Copper(I) Salt for the Formation of R2CuLi
Lipshutz, Bruce H.,Kozlowski, Joseph A.,Wilhelm, Robert S.
, p. 546 - 550 (2007/10/02)
Chemical and spectroscopic studies are presented that have been designed to manifest differences in reagent composition and reactivity between mixtures of CuI/2RLi and CuSCN/2RLi.The results indicate that while both Cu(I) salts are reported to serve as precursors to lower order cuprates R2CuLi, CuSCN may actually be forming a higher order, mixed species R2Cu(SCN)Li2.This would explain the discrepancy in coupling reactions of each solution with similar organic substrates under otherwise identical conditions.The presence of added lithium salts demonstrates that while Li I added to CuSCN/2RLi has essentially no effect, introduction of an equivalent of LiSCN to CuI/2RLi dramatically alters the efficiency of ligand transfer.
