2369-13-3Relevant articles and documents
The kinetics and mechanisms of aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions in liquid ammonia
Ji, Pengju,Atherton, John H.,Page, Michael I.
scheme or table, p. 3286 - 3295 (2011/07/07)
The rates of aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions in liquid ammonia are much faster than those in protic solvents indicating that liquid ammonia behaves like a typical dipolar aprotic solvent in its solvent effects on organic reactions. Nitrofluorobenzenes (NFBs) readily undergo solvolysis in liquid ammonia and 2-nitrofluorobenzene is about 30 times more reactive than the 4-substituted isomer. Oxygen nucleophiles, such as alkoxide and phenoxide ions, readily displace fluorine of 4-NFB in liquid ammonia to give the corresponding substitution product with little or no competing solvolysis product. Using the pKa of the substituted phenols in liquid ammonia, the Bronsted βnuc for the reaction of 4-NFB with para-substituted phenoxides is 0.91, indicative of the removal of most of the negative charge on the oxygen anion and complete bond formation in the transition state and therefore suggests that the decomposition of the Meisenheimer σ-intermediate is rate limiting. The aminolysis of 4-NFB occurs without general base catalysis by the amine and the second-order rate constants generate a Bronsted βnuc of 0.36 using either the pKa of aminium ion in acetonitrile or in water, which is also interpreted in terms of rate limiting breakdown of the Meisenheimer σ-intermediate. Nitrobenzene and diazene are formed as unusual products from the reaction between sodium azide and 4-NFB, which may be due to the initially formed 4-nitroazidobenzene decomposing to give a nitrene intermediate, which may then give diazene or be trapped by ammonia to give the unstable hydrazine which then yields nitrobenzene.
MODULATORS OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS
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Page/Page column 56, (2010/06/11)
Compounds of the present invention and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are useful as modulators of ATP-Binding Cassette ('ABC') transporters or fragments thereof, including Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ('CFTR'). The present invention also relates to methods of treating ABC transporter mediated diseases using compounds of the present invention.
Identification and hit-to-lead optimization of a novel class of CB1 antagonists
Letourneau, Jeffrey J.,Jokiel, Patrick,Olson, John,Riviello, Christopher M.,Ho, Koc-Kan,McAleer, Lihong,Yang, Jingchun,Swanson, Robert N.,Baker, James,Cowley, Phillip,Edwards, Darren,Ward, Nick,Ohlmeyer, Michael H.J.,Webb, Maria L.
scheme or table, p. 5449 - 5453 (2011/01/03)
The discovery, synthesis and preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) of a novel class of CB1 antagonists is described. Initial optimization of benzimidazole-based screening hit 4 led to the identification of 'inverted' indole-based lead compound 18c with improved properties versus compound 4 including reduced A log P, improved microsomal stability and improved aqueous solubility. Compound 18c demonstrates in vivo CB1 antagonist efficacy (CB1 agonist induced hypothermia model) and is orally bioavailable in rat.
SUBSTITUTED BENZIMIDAZOLE COMPOUNDS
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Page 157-158, (2008/06/13)
Disclosed are substituted benzimidazole compounds of formula (I) wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and Xa are defined herein. The compounds of the invention inhibit Itk kinase and are therefore useful for treating diseases and pathological conditions involving inflammation, immunological disorders and allergic disorders. Also disclosed are processes for preparing these compounds and the pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds.
BROADSPECTRUM SUBSTITUTED BENZIMIDAZOLE SULFONAMIDE HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS
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Page/Page column 28-30, (2008/06/13)
The present invention concerns the compounds having the formula (I), wherein N-oxides, salts, stereoisomeric forms, racemic mixtures, prodrugs, esters and metabolites thereof, wherein R1 and R8 each are H, optionally substituted C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, aryl, Het1, Het2; R1 may also be a radical of formula (R11aR11b)NC(R10aRl0b)CR9-; t is 0, 1 or 2; R2 is H or C1-6alkyl; L is -C(=O)-, -O-C(=O)-, -NR8-C(=O)-, -O-C1-6alkanediyl-C(=O)-, -NR8-C1-6alkanediyl-C(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, -O-S(=O)2-, -NR8-S(=O)2 ; R3 is C1-6alkyl, aryl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7cycloalkylC1-4alkyl, or arylC1-4alkyl; R4 is H, C1-4alkylOC(=O), carboxyl, aminoC(=O), mono- or di(C1-4alkyl)aminoC(=O), C3-7cycloalkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl or optionally substituted C1-6alkyl; A is C1-6alkanediyl, -C(=O)-, -C(=S)-, -S(=O)2-, C1-6alkanediyl-C(=O)-, C1-6 alkanediyl-C(=S)- or C1-6alkanediyl-S(=O)2-; R5 is H, OH, C1-6alkyl, Het1C1-6alkyl, Het2C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted amino--C1-6alkyl; R6 is C1-6alkylO, Het1, Het1O, Het2, Het2O, aryl, arylO, C1-6 alkyloxy-carbonylamino or amino; and in case _A- is other than C1-6alkanediyl then R6 may also be C1-6alkyl, Het1C1-4alkyl, Het1OC1-4alkyl, Het2C1-4alkyl, Het2OC1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, arylOC1-4alkyl or aminoC1-4alkyl; whereby each of the amino groups in the definition of R6 may optionally be substituted; R5 and _A-R6 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may also form Het1 or Het2, R12 , is H, - NH2, _NR5AR6, - C1-6alkyl or alkyl-W-R14 , wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, aryl, heteroaryl, Het1, Het2, or amino wherein said amino is optionally mono- or di-substituted with C1-4alkyl and R13 is H, C1-6-alkyl, optionally substituted by aryl, Het1, Het2, hydroxy, halogen, amino whereby the amino group may be optionally be mono- or di-substituted with C1-4alkyl.
2-CARBOXAMIDE-BENZIMIDAZOLES USEFUL IN THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF ISCHEMIC REPERFUSION INJURY
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Page/Page column 6, (2008/06/13)
The subject invention relates to compounds having the structure: (I) wherein: (a) R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, and aryloxy, the alkyl and aryl portions of preferred R1 having from 1 to about 14 carbon atoms; (b) R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl-aryloxy, alkylthio, amino, and mono- or dialkylaminio, the alkyl portions of preferred R3 and R4 having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms; except that R3 and R4 are not both hydrogen; (c) each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, cyano, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, thio, alkylthio, amino, and mono- or dialkylamino, the alkyl portions of preferred R5 having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. The subject invention further relates to compositions comprising these compound. The subject compounds are useful for preventing or treating reperfusion injury of a variety of tissues.
Nitroarylamines via the Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen: Amination, Alkylamination, and Arylamination of Nitroarenes with Sulfenamides
Makosza, Mieczyslaw,Bialecki, Maciej
, p. 4878 - 4888 (2007/10/03)
A new reaction of sulfenamides with electrophilic arenes under basic conditions is described. The σ adducts formed from nitroarenes and the anions of sulfenamides undergo elimination of thiol to produce the corresponding o- and/or p-nitroanilines. This reaction is analogous to the known alkylation and hydroxylation of nitroarenes via the vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (VNS). The reaction gives access to a wide range of substituted nitroanilines, nitronaphthylamines, and aminoheterocycles. By means of the reaction with N-alkyl- and N-arylsulfenamides, it is possible to obtain N-alkylnitroanilines and nitrodiarylamines. By varying the structure of sulfenamide and the reaction conditions, particularly the nature and concentration of the base, it is possible to control the orientation of animation.
Amination of Nitroarenes with Sulfenamides via Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen
Makosza, Mieczyslaw,Bialecki, Maciej
, p. 4784 - 4785 (2007/10/02)
Nitroarenes react with sulfenamides RSNH2 in the presence of strong bases to give p- and o-nitroanilines.
o-Nitroaniline Derivatives. Part 9. Benzimidazole N-Oxides Unsubstituted at N-1 and C-2
Harvey, Ian W.,McFarlane, Michael D.,Moody, David J.,Smith, David M.
, p. 681 - 690 (2007/10/02)
Since previous routes to the title compounds (1) have proved unsatisfactory as general methods, a simple new synthesis has been devised.N-Cyanomethyl-o-nitroanilines (5) are cyclised in basic media, giving 2-cyanobenzimidazole N-oxides (12) in good yield.Hydrolysis of these products with hydrochloric acid gives, directly, the title compounds as their hydrochloride salts (13), which may be isolated and purified, and which give the free N-oxides (1) by treatment with aqueous ammonia followed by evaporation. o-Nitrophenylglycine esters (4) may satisfactorily replace the nitriles (5) in certain cases.A modification of this kind in the related nitropyridylglycine series leads to 3H-imidazolpyridine 1-oxide (20).
Zur Synthese sulfonierter Derivate von 4-Fluoranilin
Courtin, Alfred
, p. 546 - 550 (2007/10/02)
Syntheses of Sulfonated Derivatives of 4-Fluoroaniline; Synthesis of 2-amino-5-fluorobenzenesulfonic acid (2) was achieved by baking the hydrogen sulfate of 4-fluoroaniline (1).Sulfonation of p-fluoroacetanilide (4) with oleum followed by hydrolysis gave 5-amino-2-fluorobenzenesulfonic acid (3).The same reaction with 1 yielded 3 in an impure state.The structures of 2 and 3 were confirmed by converting the diazonium chlorides derived from 5-fluoro-2-nitroaniline (5) and from 2-fluoro-5-nitroaniline (8) to 5-fluoro-2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (6) and 2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (9), respectively, followed by hydrolysis of 6 to 5-fluoro-2-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (7), and of 9 to 2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (10), and by final reduction.Compound 10 was also obtained by sulfonation of 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene (11) with oleum.
