7782-65-2 Usage
Introduction
Germanium forms several tetravalent hydrides that have the general formula GenH2n+2 similar to alkanes and silicon hydrides. The formulas and CAS Registry numbers of the three common hydrides are:
Name ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?CAS No. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Formula
Monogermane (the tetrahydride) ? ? ? ? ? ? [7782-65-2] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? GeH4
Digermane ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [13818-89-8] ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ge2H6
Trigermane ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?[14691-44-2] ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ge3H8
Monogermane is used to produce high purity germanium metal. It also is used as a doping substance for electronic components.
Reaction
Germanium hydrides are less stable than the corresponding hydrides of carbon and silicon. Thermal decomposition produces germanium and hydrogen. Monogermane decomposes at 350°C, while digermane and trigermane decompose to their elements at 210° and 190°C, respectively, at 200 torr. At elevated temperatures the hydrides dissociate, depositing mirror-like germanium crystals on container surfaces. Heating with oxygen yields germanium oxide. GeO2:
GeCl4 + 2O2→GeO2 + 2H2O
Preparation
Polygermanes may be prepared by the reaction of magnesium germanide, Mg2Ge, with dilute hydrochloric acid in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Monogermane, GeH4, may be prepared by various methods, such as: (1) Reduction of germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, with lithium aluminum hydride in ether, (2) Electrolysis of a solution of germanium oxide, GeO2, in sulfuric acid using lead electrodes, and (3) Reaction of magnesium germanide and ammonium bromide, NH4Br, in liquid ammonia.
Toxicity
Monogermane is moderately toxic. Inhalation causes irritation of the respiratory tract. Chronic exposure can induce kidney and liver damage.
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 7782-65-2 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Colorless gas, decomposes at 350C, insoluble in water, soluble in liquid ammonia, slightly soluble in hot hydrochloric acid.
2. Germane is a colorless, flammable gas.
Pungent odor.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 7782-65-2 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. It is used to produce high-purity germaniummetal and as a doping substance for electroniccomponents.
2. Germanium tetrahydride (GeH4) is used to produce crystals of germanium. It is extremely
toxic.
3. Doping agent for solid-state electronic
components
Definition
A germanium hydride of the general
formula GenH2n+2.
General Description
GERMANE is a colorless gas with a pungent odor.The gas is heavier than air and a flame can flash back to the source of leak very easily. GERMANE is toxic by inhalation. Prolonged exposure of the containers to fire or intense heat may result in their violent rupturing and rocketing. GERMANE is used in making electronics.
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable. Pyrophoric, the germanium hydrides are spontaneously flammable in air [Merck 1989]. Germanium has an exothermic reaction when dropped in water accompanied by crackling [Bretherick's 5th edition].
Reactivity Profile
Hydrides, such as GERMANE, are reducing agents and react rapidly and dangerously with oxygen and with other oxidizing agents, even weak ones. Thus, they are likely to ignite on contact with alcohols. Hydrides are incompatible with acids, alcohols, amines, and aldehydes.
Health Hazard
Different sources of media describe the Health Hazard of 7782-65-2 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
2. Germane is a moderately toxic gas. Itexhibits acute toxicity, lower than that ofstannane, but much greater than that ofsilane. By contrast, its poisoning effects aresomewhat similar to the group VB metalhydrides, arsine, and stibine, while beingmuch less toxic than the latter two compounds.Exposure to this gas can cause injuryto the kidney and liver. A 1-hour exposure toa concentration of 150–200 ppm in air wasfatal to test animals, including mice, guineapigs, and rabbits. Inhalation of the gas canalso cause irritation of the respiratory tract.
Fire Hazard
Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
Safety Profile
Poison by inhalation.
Moderately toxic by ingestion. A hemolytic
gas. Ignites spontaneously in air.
Incompatible with Brz. See also
HYDRIDES, GERMANIUM
COMPOUNDS, and GERMANIUM.
Potential Exposure
This material is used as a doping
agent in solid state electronic component manufacture.
Shipping
UN2192 Germane, Hazard Class: 2.3; Labels:
2.3-Poisonous gas, 2.1-Flammable gas, Inhalation Hazard
Zone B. Cylinders must be transported in a secure upright
position, in a well-ventilated truck. Protect cylinder and
labels from physical damage. The owner of the compressed
gas cylinder is the only entity allowed by federal law
(49CFR) to transport and refill them. It is a violation of
transportation regulations to refill compressed gas cylinders
without the express written permission of the owner.
Incompatibilities
Pyrophoric; may ignite spontaneously in
air. Attacks hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon lubricants.
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides,
permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine,
etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away
from oxidizing and nonoxidizing acids, ammonia, aqua
regia, sulfuric acid, carbonates, halogens, and nitrates.
Explosive reaction or ignition with potassium chlorate,
potassium nitrate, chlorine, bromine, oxygen, and potas sium hydroxide in the presence of heat.
Waste Disposal
Return refillable compressed
gas cylinders to supplier. Dispose of contents and container
to an approved waste disposal plant. All federal, state, and
local environmental regulations must be observed.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 7782-65-2 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 7,7,8 and 2 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 6 and 5 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 7782-65:
(6*7)+(5*7)+(4*8)+(3*2)+(2*6)+(1*5)=132
132 % 10 = 2
So 7782-65-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1S/GeH4/h1H4
7782-65-2Relevant articles and documents
Ultrapurification of 76Ge-enriched GeH4 by distillation
Adamchik,Bulanov,Sennikov,Churbanov,Sozin,Chernova,Kosheleva,Troshin
, p. 694 - 696 (2011)
76Ge-enriched germane has been ultrapurified by low-temperature distillation. The nature and concentration of molecular impurities in the germane samples were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, high-resolution Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, and gas chromatography. The distillate contains no more than 10-5 mol % hydrocarbons, 10 -4 mol % carbon dioxide, 10-3 to 10-1 mol % digermane and trigermane, and -5 mol % other impurities. A distinctive feature of the impurity composition of the isotopically enriched germane samples is the presence of silicon tetrafluoride and sulfur hexafluoride impurities. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2011.
Effect of temperature on B(C6F5)3-catalysed reduction of germanium alkoxides by hydrosilanes - a new route to germanium nanoparticles
Cypryk, Marek,Fortuniak, Witold,Mizerska, Urszula,Rubinsztajn, Slawomir,Uznanski, Pawel,Zakrzewska, Joanna
, p. 7319 - 7323 (2020)
Reduction of Ge(OBu)4with PhMe2SiH catalyzed by B(C6F5)3at ambient temperature leads to GeH4. We discovered that a higher temperature (above 100 °C) completely changes the reaction course by producing germanium nanoparticles (Ge NPs) in high yield. This process provides a simple one-pot method for Ge NPs synthesis from readily available substrates under mild conditions.
Hayashi, Michiro,Kaminaka, Shoji,Fujitake, Masaharu,Miyazaki, Sonoko
, p. 289 - 304 (1989)
Dual Role of Doubly Reduced Arylboranes as Dihydrogen- and Hydride-Transfer Catalysts
Von Grotthuss, Esther,Prey, Sven E.,Bolte, Michael,Lerner, Hans-Wolfram,Wagner, Matthias
supporting information, p. 6082 - 6091 (2019/04/17)
Doubly reduced 9,10-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracenes (DBAs) are introduced as catalysts for hydrogenation as well as hydride-transfer reactions. The required alkali metal salts M2[DBA] are readily accessible from the respective neutral DBAs and Li metal, Na metal, or KC8. In the first step, the ambiphilic M2[DBA] activate H2 in a concerted, metal-like fashion. The rates of H2 activation strongly depend on the B-bonded substituents and the counter cations. Smaller substituents (e.g., H, Me) are superior to bulkier groups (e.g., Et, pTol), and a Mes substituent is even prohibitively large. Li+ ions, which form persistent contact ion pairs with [DBA]2-, slow the H2-addition rate to a higher extent than more weakly coordinating Na+/K+ ions. For the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds, we identified Li2[4] (Me substituents at boron) as the best performing catalyst; its substrate scope encompasses Ph(H)C=NtBu, Ph2C=CH2, and anthracene. The conversion of E-Cl to E-H bonds (E = C, Si, Ge, P) was best achieved by using Na2[4]. The latter protocol provides facile access also to Me2Si(H)Cl, a most important silicone building block. Whereas the H2-transfer reaction regenerates the dianion [4]2- and is thus immediately catalytic, the H--transfer process releases the neutral 4, which has to be recharged by Na metal before it can enter the cycle again. To avoid Wurtz-type coupling of the substrate, the reduction of 4 must be performed in the absence of the element halide, which demands an alternating process management (similar to the industrial anthraquinone process).
Molecular synthesis of high-performance near-ir photodetectors with independently tunable structural and optical properties based on Si-Ge-Sn
Xu, Chi,Beeler, Richard T.,Grzybowski, Gordon J.,Chizmeshya, Andrew V.G.,Smith, David J.,Menendez, Jose,Kouvetakis, John
, p. 20756 - 20767 (2013/02/23)
This Article describes the development of an optimized chemistry-based synthesis method, supported by a purpose-built reactor technology, to produce the next generation of Ge1-x-ySixSny materials on conventional Si(100) and Ge(100) platforms at gas-source molecular epitaxy conditions. Technologically relevant alloy compositions (1-5% Sn, 4-20% Si) are grown at ultralow temperatures (330-290 C) using highly reactive tetragermane (Ge4H10), tetrasilane (Si4H10), and stannane (SnD4) hydride precursors, allowing the simultaneous increase of Si and Sn content (at a fixed Si/Sn ratio near 4) for the purpose of tuning the bandgap while maintaining lattice-matching to Ge. First principles thermochemistry studies were used to explain stability and reactivity differences between the Si/Ge hydride sources in terms of a complex interplay among the isomeric species, and provide guidance for optimizing process conditions. Collectively, this approach leads to unprecedented control over the substitutional incorporation of Sn into Si-Ge and yields materials with superior quality suitable for transitioning to the device arena. We demonstrate that both intrinsic and doped Ge1-x-ySixSny layers can now be routinely produced with defect-free microstructure and viable thickness, allowing the fabrication of high-performance photodetectors on Ge(100). Highlights of these new devices include precisely adjustable absorption edges between 0.87 and 1.03 eV, low ideality factors close to unity, and state-of-the-art dark current densities for Ge-based materials. Our unequivocal realization of the molecules to device concept implies that GeSiSn alloys represent technologically viable semiconductors that now merit inclusion in the class of ubiquitous Si, Ge, and SiGe group IV systems.
