Expedient protocols for the installation of pyrimidine based privileged templates on 2-position of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepine nucleus linked through a p-phenoxyl spacer

Article abstract of DOI:10.1155/2012/629414

Exceedingly facile single step expedient protocols based on the versatility and reactivity of corresponding intermediates : [2-(dimethylaminomethylene) ketone] (5) and chalcone (6), derived from 2-(p-acetyl phenoxyl) substituted analogue of pyrrolo[2,1-c]

Full text of DOI:10.1155/2012/629414

ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO
E-Journal of Chemistry
http://www.ejchem.net
2012, 9(3), 1305-1312
Expedient Protocols for the Installation of Pyrimidine
Based Privileged Templates on 2-Position of
Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepine Nucleus Linked
Through a p-phenoxyl Spacer
*ANSHU AGARWAL, MEENAKSHI SHARMA, MEENAKSHI AGRAWAL and D.
KISHORE
Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali (RAJ. 304022)
agarwalanshu85@gmail.com
Received 13 November 2011; Accepted 16 January 2012
Abstract: Exceedingly facile single step expedient protocols based on the
versatility and reactivity of corresponding intermediates
:
[2-
(dimethylaminomethylene) ketone] (5) and chalcone (6), derived from 2-
(p-acetyl phenoxyl) substituted analogue of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-
benzodiazepine (4), have been developed to provide an easy installation of
the pyrimidine based privileged templates at 2-position of pyrrolo[2,1-
c][1,4]-benzodiazepine through a p-phenoxyl spacer, by utilizing the
synthetic strategy depicted in schemes-1 and 2.
Key words: Privileged heterocyclic scaffolds, pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepines,
etravirine, DMF-DMA, 2-(dimethylaminomethylene) ketone, chalcone.
Introduction
The development of ‘privileged heterocyclic scaffolds’1 is a rapidly emerging subject in
medicinal chemistry.2 Benzodiazepines and their analogues have been identified as the
heterocyclic scaffolds which belong to this class.1,3(a-d) Recently, pyrimidine and pyrimidine
based drugs have been widely studied as this nucleus has also been recognized to belong to
the class of privileged ligands for a number of functionally and structurally discrete
biological receptors.4(a-d) A diarylpyrimidine-based NNRTIs the etravirine (TMC-125)5 (A)
has emerged as one of the highly active second generation drug, which has found FDA
approval for the treatment of HIV infected patients with NNRTI-resistant viruses. Federal
Drug Administration has allowed its application in the highly active antiretroviral therapy
[HAART]6 along with other antiretroviral agents, to adult patients showing multidrug-
resistant HIV infections.7

1306 Anshu Agarwal
NH2
N
N
Br
O
C
N
N
H
H3C
CH3
C
N
H
N
N
O
H
H
N
O
N
H3CO
N
H
H2N
N
O
CH3
O
N
HN
HCl
pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2-one
O
CH3
(A)
(B)
Figure 1
A perusal of the structure of etravirine (A) fig.-1 reveals that its molecule essentially
consists of three bioactive fragments (a) the pyrimidine part (b) the phenoxyl part and (c) the
phenyl amino part.
Recently, derivatives of pyrrolo substituted-1,4-benzodiazepines (B) fig.-1 have been
identified as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 RT, blocking the viral cycle of the virus at
the micromolar concentrations.8 Inspired by the impressive bioactive profiles of etravirine
(A) and pyrrolo-1,4-benzodiazepine derivative (B), we considered it of interest to develop
structural analogues of the abbreviated form of pyrrolo-[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepine (shown
in structure B) by linking with (a) the pyrimidine part and (b) the phenoxyl parts of the
etravirine nucleus at 2-position in its molecule on this premise that their presence in tandem
in a single molecular framework of pyrrolo-[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepines could produce a
positive impact on the overall biological efficacy in the resulting molecules.
An examination of the structure of pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2,5-dione (2)
revealed that its C2 carbonyl function carrying the NH-C=O group was the only position in
the seven membered ring of this nucleus which provided scope for the structural variation
(or for further functionalization) of this molecule to produce structural analogues of
medicinal utility.
As a part of our endeavour to create novel heterocyclic scaffolds of biological interest
through the simple and straight forward expedient routes, we explored the feasibility of the
application of the corresponding dimethylaminomethylene ketone (5) and chalcone (6) based
cyclization reactions in the incorporation of the pyrimidine based privileged template on to
the pyrrolo-[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepine nucleus (2) at its 2-position, through a oxyphenyl
spacer to generate 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 by utilizing the synthetic plan depicted in scheme 1
and 2.

Expedient Protocols for the Installation of Pyrimidine
1307
H
H
N
N
Cl
H
O
COOH
O
N
N
POCl3 / DMA
O
N
N
O
O
O
3
2
1
O
HO
C6H5
O
O
O
C
H
N
CH3
O
N
O
N
N
O
4
6
O
Me
OMe
OMe
N
HC
Me
CH3
CH3
O
N
N
O
N
O
5
Scheme 1
X
O
N
N
N
O
O
N
NH
X
N
N
H2N
NH2
N
XH
X=O
X=S
7 X=O
8 X=S
O
7a X=O
8a X=S
CH3
N
CH3
O
N
O
Z
N
5
O
NH
O
N
N
Z
N
H2N
Z=CH3
Z=NH2
N
O
9 Z=CH3
10 Z=NH2
C6H5
N
C6H5
i) Base (OEt)
C2H5OH
X
O
O
N
N
+
O
N
ii) Oxidation
XH
H2N
NH2
N
N
X=O
X=S
O
11 X=O
12 X=S
O
6
Scheme 2

1308 Anshu Agarwal
Experimental Section
Melting points were determined on an open capillary and are uncorrected. The IR sprectra
1
were recorded on Schimadzu FTIR-8400S. HNMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 on
Bruker DRX-400 MHz spectrometer using TMS as internal reference and values are
expressesd in δ ppm. Mass spectra were taken on a Joel SX-102 (EI/CI/FAB) mass
spectrometer at 70 eV. Purity of all the synthesized compounds were routinely checked by
TLC on silica gel G in the solvent system (9:1, benzene:methanol).
Preparation of 2-chloro-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepin-5-one (3)
A solution of 2 (10.80 g., 0.05 mol), N,N-dimethylaniline (6.25 ml, 0.02 mol), POCl3 (4.5
ml, 0.05 mol) and benzene (100 ml) was refluxed for 7 h. and then allowed to cool
overnight. The reaction mixture was washed with ether and then with petroleum ether to
remove the soluble impurities. Cold water was then added to the reaction mixture and
brought to the neutral point by addition of NaHCO3 solution. It was then extracted three
times with dichloromethane to give 3 (8.52 g., yield: 72%); m.p: 138-140 °C; IR (KBr) cm-
1 : 3010 [C-H str. ArH], 1710 [C=O str.], 1580 [C=C str. ArH], 1550 [C=N str.], 1080 [C-N
1
str.], 650 [C-Cl str.]; HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm: 7.63-8.13 [m , 4H, ArH], 3.3-3.4
[m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 1.54-1.71 [m, 4H, pyrrolidine]; MS: m/z: 234.68 (M+, 100%), 236.62
(M+2, 30%) ; Anal. Calcd./found for C12H11ClN2O: C, 61.41/61.55; H, 4.72/4.69 ;
N,11.94/11.88.
Preparation of 2-(4’-acetylphenoxy)-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepin-5-one (4)
A mixture of 3 (0.23 g., 0.001 mol) and p-hydroxyacetophenone (0.16 g., 0.0012 mol) in
DMF (3 ml) in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.28 g., 0.002 mol) was
irradiated under microwave, at 190°C for 15 min. The mixture was poured into ice-water,
and the pH adjusted to 7 by adding 5% HCl and the mixture extracted with three times with
EtOAc. On removal of the solvent in vacuo, the obtained crude product 4 was purified by
PTLC or a silica column (eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc) (0.20 g., yield: 61%); m.p: 198-
200°C; IR (KBr) cm-1 : 3030 [C-H str. ArH], 1690 [C=O str.], 1575 [C=C str. ArH], 1545
[C=N str.], 1190 [C-N str.], 1110 [C-O str.]; 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm: 7.63-8.13
[m , 4H, ArH], 7.06- 7.77 [m, 4H, phenoxy], 3.3-3.4 [m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 2.50 [s, 3H,
CH3], 1.54-1.71 [m, 4H, pyrrolidine]; MS: m/z: 334.37 (M+, 26.0%) ; Anal. Calcd./found for
C20H18N2O3: C, 71.84/71.76; H, 5.43/5.58; N, 8.38/8.19.
Preparation of 2-[4’-(dimethylaminomethylene-oxo)phenoxy]-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-
benzodiazepin-5-one (5)
Compound 4 (2.54 g., 0.0076 mol) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl
acetal (15 ml), and the solution was heated under reflux for 1 h. and concentrated. The
residue was triturated with hexane, filtered and washed with hexane to give 5 (1.96 g., yield:
66%) ; m.p: 210-212 °C; IR (KBr) cm-1 : 3045 [C-H str. ArH], 3000 [C-H str.], 1705 [C=O
str.], 1610 [C=C], 1560 [C=N str.], 1510 [C=C str. ArH], 1150 [C-O str.], 1230 [C-N str.] ;
1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm: 7.63-8.13 [m , 4H, ArH], 7.14- 8.05 [m, 4H, phenoxy],
6.61 [d, 1H, CH], 5.99 [d, 1H, CH], 3.3-3.4 [m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 3.04 [s, 6H, N(CH3)2],
1.54-1.71 [m, 4H, pyrrolidine]; MS: m/z: 389.45 (M+, 25.3%) ; Anal. Calcd./found for
C23H23N3O3: C, 70.93/71.08; H, 5.95/5.86; N, 10.79/10.98.

Expedient Protocols for the Installation of Pyrimidine
1309
Preparation of 2-[4’-(1’’-phenyl-prop-2en-3-one)phenoxy]-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-
benzodiazepin-5-one (6)
A mixture of 4 (3.34 g., 0.01 mol), benzaldehyde (1.06 g., 0.01 mol) and fused sodium
acetate (0.82 g., 0.015 mol) in glacial acetic acid was refluxed for 5 h. The reaction mixture
was cooled and poured into water. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with water and
recrystallized from aq. ethanol to furnish 6 (2.73 g., yield: 65%) ; m.p: 204-206 °C; IR
(KBr) cm-1 : 3050[C-H str.], 2920 [C-H str. ArH], 1720 [C=O str.], 1650 [C=C str.], 1610
[C=C str. ArH], 1530 [C=N str.], 1220 [C-N str.], 1090 [C-O str.]; 1HNMR (400MHz,
CDCl3) δ ppm: 8.05 [d, 1H, CH], 7.63-8.13 [m , 4H, ArH], 7.59 [d, 1H, CH], 7.33-7.60 [m,
5H, ArH], 7.14-8.05 [m, 4H, phenoxy], 3.3-3.4 [m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 1.54-1.71 [m, 4H,
pyrrolidine]; MS: m/z: 422.48 (M+, 29.6%) ; Anal. Calcd./found for C27H22N2O3: C,
76.76/76.92; H, 5.25/5.06; N, 6.63/6.79.
Preparation of 2-[4’-(2’’-hydroxypyrimidinyl)phenoxy]-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepin-
5-one (7)
To a mixture of urea (1.20 g., 0.02mol), sodium ethoxide (0.15 g., 0.002 mol) and ethanol
(25-30 ml) was added 5 (0.78 g., 0.002 mol) and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 14 h.
The solvent was removed by distillation and residue was treated with glacial acetic acid (4-5
ml) just enough to dissolved sodium salt of the pyrimidine and refluxed for 15 min. The
reaction mixture was poured on crushed ice and the residue obtained was purified by
crystallization with chloroform to give 7 (0.69 g., yield: 88%); m.p: 192-194°C; IR
(KBr)cm-1 : 3580 [OH str.], 2980 [C-H str. ArH], 1690 [C=O str.], 1585 [C=C str. ArH],
1510 [C=N str.], 1075 [C-O str.] ,1240 [C-N str.]; 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm: 11.88
[s, 1H, OH], 7.63-8.13 [m , 4H, ArH], 7.13 [d, 1H, pyrimidine], 6.96 [d, 1H, pyrimidine],
6.81-7.49 [m, 4H, phenoxy], 3.3-3.4 [m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 1.54-1.71 [m, 4H, pyrrolidine];
MS: m/z: 386.40 (M+, 26.0%) ; Anal. Calcd./found for C22H18N4O3: C, 68.38/68.48; H,
4.70/4.65; N, 14.50/14.39.
Preparation of 2-[4’-(2’’-mercaptopyrimidinyl)phenoxy]-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-
benzodiazepin-5-one (8)
To a mixture of thiourea (1.52 g., 0.02 mol), sodium ethoxide (0.15 g., 0.002 mol) and
ethanol (25-30ml), 5 (0.78 g., 0.002 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed
for 12-14 h. The solvent was removed by distillation and residue was treated with glacial
acetic acid (4-5 ml) (just enough to dissolved sodium salt of the pyrimidine) and refluxed for
15 minutes. The reaction mixture was poured on crushed ice and the residue obtained was
purified by crystallization with chloroform to give 8 (0.71 g., yield: 88%); m.p : 196-198°C;
IR (KBr) cm-1 : 3010 [C-H str. ArH], 2190 [SH str.], 1705 [C=O str.], 1605 [C=C str. ArH],
1580 [C=N str.], 1180 [C-N str.], 1125 [C-O str.], 690 [C-S str.] ,; 1HNMR (400MHz,
CDCl3) δ ppm: 12.15 [s, 1H, SH], 8.59 [d, 1H, pyrimidine], 7.74 [d, 1H, pyrimidine], 7.63-
8.13 [m , 4H, ArH], 6.81-7.49 [m, 4H, phenoxy], 3.3-3.4 [m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 1.54-1.71
[m, 4H, pyrrolidine],; MS: m/z: 402.47 (M+, 24.1%) ; Anal. Calcd./found for C22H18N4O2S:
C, 65.65/65.48; H, 4.51/4.32; N, 13.92/14.01; S; 7.97/8.17.
Preparation of 2-[4’-(2’’-aminopyrimidinyl)phenoxy]-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepin-5-
one (9)
To the solution of 5 (0.16 g., 0.00417 mol) in EtOH (25ml) were added guanidine nitrate
(0.30 g., 0.167 mol) and sodium acetate (0.27 g., 0.334 mol. The mixture was heated under
reflux for 48 h. It was then filtered, and the insoluble material was extracted with chloroform

1310 Anshu Agarwal
and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and evaporated
to give 9 (0.12 g., yield: 76%); m.p : 194-196°C; IR (KBr) cm-1 : 3370 [NH str.], 2965 [C-H
str. ArH], 1720 [C=O str.], 1640 [C=C str. ArH], 1560 [C=N str.], 1280 [C-N str.], 1095 [C-
O str.],; 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm: 8.09 [d, 1H, pyrimidine], 7.63-8.13 [m , 4H,
ArH], 7.18 [d, 1H, pyrimidine], 7.18 [s, 2H, NH2], 6.81-7.49 [m, 4H, phenoxy], 3.3-3.4 [m,
3H, pyrrolidine], 1.54-1.71 [m, 4H, pyrrolidine],; MS: m/z: 385.42 (M+, 16.1%) ; Anal.
Calcd./found for C22H19N5O2: C, 68.56/68.89; H, 4.97/5.12; N, 18.17/18.32.
Preparation of 2-[4’-(2’’-methylpyrimidinyl)phenoxy]-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepin-5-
one (10)
To the solution of 5 (1.29 g., 0.0033 mol) in ethanol (5-10 ml) were added acetamidine
hydrochloride (1.57 g., 0.0167 mol) and Et3N (1.71 g., 0.0169 mol. The mixture was heated
under reflux for 42 h. and concentrated. The residue was extracted with AcOEt and washed
with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO4. The residue was purified
by column chromatography eluting with hexane:AcOEt (1:2) to give 10 (1.02 g., yield:
80%); m.p : 202-204 °C; IR (KBr) cm-1 : 3010 [C-H str. ArH], 1695 [C=O str.], 1595 [C=C
1
str. ArH], 1535 [C=N str.], 1140 [C-O str.], 1190 [C-N str.],; HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ
ppm: 8.42 [d, 1H, pyrimidine], 7.72 [d, 1H, pyrimidine], 7.63-8.13 [m , 4H, ArH], 6.81-7.49
[m, 4H, phenoxy], 3.3-3.4 [m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 2.44 [s, 3H, CH3], 1.54-1.71 [m, 4H,
pyrrolidine]; MS: m/z: 384.43 (M+, 26.7%) ; Anal. Calcd./found for C23H20N4O2: C,
71.86/72.09; H, 5.24/5.02; N, 14.57/14.39.
Preparation of 2-[4’-(2’’-hydroxy-6’’’-phenylpyrimidinyl)phenoxy]-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-
benzodiazepin-5-one (11)
A mixture of 6 (0.42 g., 0.001 mol), urea (0.60 g., 0.01 mol) and 0.1g. NaOH in 25 ml of
80% dil. ethanol was refluxed for 1.5 h., then concentrated and cooled, the precipitate was
filtered off and recrystallized from DMF/water. 2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (0.50 g., 0.0020 mol)
was added all at once to a solution of the obtained residue (4.64 g., 0.0029 mol) in deionized
water (6.5 ml, 0.0045 M) in a 100 mL flask. The reaction mixture was warmed to 70-75°C
over 20 min. and magnetically stirred at this temperature for 3 h. The nature of the mixture
varied consistently during the reaction. The initial thick slurry coating on the walls of the
flask eventually became a finely dispersed, easy to be stirred suspension of solid that
sedimented easily upon stopping the stirring. The suspension was then cooled to 5 °C and
left at this temperature for 1.5 h. with slow stirring. The mixture was filtered through a
medium porosity sintered-glass funnel, and the solid was repeatedly rinsed with water and
acetone to give 11 (0.35 g., yield: 76%); m.p : 179-181°C; IR (KBr) cm-1 : 3510 [OH str.],
3030 [C-H str. ArH], 1700 [C=O str.], 1580 [C=N str.], 1570 [C=C str. ArH], 1260 [C-N
str.], 1120 [C-O str.],; 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm: 11.34 [s, 1H, OH], 7.63-8.13 [m ,
4H, ArH], 7.63 (s, 1H, pyrimidine], 7.41-7.79 [m, 5H, ArH], 6.81-7.49 [m, 4H, phenoxy],
3.3-3.4 [m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 1.54-1.71 [m, 4H, pyrrolidine],; MS: m/z: 462.50 (M+, 31.9%) ;
Anal. Calcd./found for C28H22N4O3: C, 72.71/72.88; H, 4.79/4.98; N,12.11/12.35.
Preparation of 2-[4’-(2’’-mercapto-6’’’-phenylpyrimidinyl)phenoxy]-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-
benzodiazepin-5-one (12)
A mixture of 6 (0.42 g., 0.001 mol), thiourea (0.01 g., 0.0015 mo1) and 0.1g. NaOH in 25ml
of 80% dil. ethanol was refluxed for 1.5 h., then concentrated and cooled, the precipitate was
filtered off and recrystallized from DMF/water. 2-Iodobenzoic acid (0.5 g., 0.0020 mol) was
added all at once to a solution of the obtained precipitate (4.80 g., 0.0029 mol, 1.3 equiv) in
deionized water (6.5 ml, 0.0045 M) in a 100 ml flask. The procedure described in the

Expedient Protocols for the Installation of Pyrimidine
1311
preparation of 11 was applied on this to give 12 (0.36 g., yield: 75%); m.p: 188-190°C; IR
(KBr) cm-1 : 2990 [C-H str. ArH], 2250 [SH str.], 1710 [C=O str.], 1550 [C=N str.], 1530
[C=C str. ArH], 1150 [C-O str.], 1060 [C-N str.], 695 [C-S str.],; 1HNMR (400MHz,
CDCl3) δ ppm: 12.15 [s, 1H, SH], 8.41 [d, 1H, pyrimidine], 7.41-7.79 [m, 5H, ArH], 6.81-
7.49 [m, 4H, phenoxy], 7.63-8.13 [m , 4H, ArH], 3.3-3.4 [m, 3H, pyrrolidine], 1.54-1.71
[m, 4H, pyrrolidine], ; MS: m/z: 478.56 (M+, 32.4%) ; Anal. Calcd./found for
C28H22N4O3S: C, 70.27/70.38; H, 4.63/4.48; N, 11.71/11.89; S, 6.70/6.56.
Results and Discussion
Ubiquity of pyrimidine nucleus in chemical literature is undoubtedly a consequence of
multifarious biological response which they elicit in combating a variety of body ailments.
Recent demonstrations that some of their derivatives can be used as privileged templates in
the development of potential agents for the treatment of AIDS7 has stimulated further
interest in this nucleus from yet another perspective. As a part of our endeavour to create
novel heterocyclic scaffolds of anticipated biological activity from easily accessible starting
materials, herein we report, the preliminary results of our studies on the synthesis of
pyrimidine incorporated pyrrolo[2.1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepines linked to it through a 2-p-
phenoxyl spacer in 7-12.
A
perusal of literature9(a-f) on the potential of 2-
(dimethylaminomethylene) ketones and chalcones for their use as versatile precursors in
synthesis, has demonstrated that these were readily formed from the base catalyzed reaction
of carbonyl species containing an active methylene group with (i) DMF-DMA (ii)
C6H5CHO respectively. Application of this strategy on 4 afforded the intermediates 5 and 6
respectively in moderate to good yield. The versatility of these novel precursors in the
formation of pyrimidine nucleus was examined by allowing these to react with urea,
thiourea, guanidine nitrate and acetamidine which resulted the corresponding pyrimidine
incorporated analogues 7-12 in acceptable yields. Compound 4 was in turn obtained through
a three step strategy on isatoic anhydride. In its first step it was reacted with L-proline based
on the reported procedure10 to give pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2,5-dione (2) which in
the subsequent step was treated with POCl3 in dimethylaniline (DMA) to afford the
corresponding 2-chloro derivative (3), the reaction of which with p-hydroxyacetophenone
yielded 4 in good yield.
All the synthesized compounds gave satisfactory results of their elemental analysis, IR,
1HNMR and MS spectral data which were found to be consistent to the assigned structures.
Conclusion
In conclusion, two elegant protocols have been developed to provide an easy access of the
biologically active novel pyrimidine incorporated analogues of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-
benzodiazepine derivatives linked to it by a 2-p-phenoxyl spacer, utilizing the potential of
corresponding 2-(dimethylaminomethylene) ketones (5) and chalcone (6) respectively in
high yield and purity.
Acknowledgment
Authors are grateful to Head, Department of Jubilant Organosys Ltd. (R&D, Noida, India)
for providing the microanalysis and spectral data. Authors are thankful to Department of
Science and Technology (DST) New-Delhi (India) for providing financial assistance to
(Banasthali Centre for Education and Research in Basic Sciences) under their CURIE
(Consolidation of University Research for innovation and Excellence in Women University)
programme.

1312 Anshu Agarwal
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