Catalysis Science & Technology
Paper
Product analysis
8 A. Villa, N. Janjic, P. Spontoni, D. Wang, D. S. Su and
L. Prati, Appl. Catal., A, 2009, 364, 221–228.
For the analysis of the products, GC-MS (Waters, GCT
Premier) and GC (a Varian star 3800 cx with a 30 m CP-Wax
9
D. I. Enache, J. K. Edwards, P. Landon, B. Solsona-Espriu,
A. F. Carley, A. A. Herzing, M. Watanabe, C. J. Kiely,
D. W. Knight and G. J. Hutchings, Science, 2006, 362–365.
5
2 CB column) were employed. The products were identified
by comparison with known standards. For the quantification
of the amounts of reactants consumed and products gener-
ated an external calibration method, using mesitylene as the
external standard, was used.
1
0 J. A. Lopez-Sanchez, N. Dimitratos, P. Miedziak, E. Ntainjua,
J. K. Edwards, D. Morgan, A. F. Carley, R. Tiruvalam,
C. J. Kiely and G. J. Hutchings, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.,
2
008, 10, 1921–1930.
1
1
1 J. M. Campelo, D. Luna, R. Luque, J. M. Marinas and
A. A. Romero, ChemSusChem, 2009, 2, 18–45.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
A Kratos Axis Ultra DLD system was used to collect XPS spec-
tra using monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source operating at
2 R. C. Tiruvalam, J. C. Pritchard, N. Dimitratos,
J. A. Lopez-Sanchez, J. K. Edwards, A. F. Carley, G. J. Hutchings
and C. J. Kiely, Faraday Discuss., 2011, 152, 63–86.
3 C. Baatz and U. Pruesse, J. Catal., 2007, 249, 34–40.
4 D. Wang, A. Villa, F. Porta, L. Prati and D. Su, J. Phys. Chem.
C, 2008, 112, 8617–8622.
5 P. Haider, B. Kimmerle, F. Krumeich, W. Kleist, J. D. Grunwaldt
and A. Baiker, Catal. Lett., 2008, 125, 169–176.
6 S. A. Kondrat, G. Shaw, S. J. Freakley, Q. He, J. Hampton,
J. K. Edwards, P. J. Miedziak, T. E. Davies, A. F. Carley,
S. H. Taylor, C. J. Kiely and G. J. Hutchings, Chem. Sci., 2012,
3, 2965–2971.
1
20 W. Data was collected in the Hybrid mode of operation,
using a combination of magnetic and electrostatic lenses,
over an area approximately 700 × 300 μm at pass energies of
1
1
2
4
0 and 160 eV for high resolution and survey spectra respec-
tively. Magnetically confined charge compensation was used
to minimize sample charging and the resulting spectra were
calibrated to the C(1s) line at 284.7 eV.
1
1
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Analysis was performed in a JEOL 2100 TEM instrument. The
powdered samples were dispersed in deionised water before
being added to holey carbon film on copper grids. EDX analy-
sis was performed using Oxford Instruments SDD detector
XmaxN 80T and analysed using Aztec software. Particle size
distributions were determined using ImageJ software and
17 N. Dimitratos, F. Porta and L. Prati, Appl. Catal., A, 2005,
291, 210–214.
18 J. A. Lopez-Sanchez, N. Dimitratos, C. Hammond,
G. L. Brett, L. Kesavan, S. White, P. Miedziak, R. Tiruvalam,
R. L. Jenkins, A. F. Carley, D. W. Knight, C. J. Kiely and
G. J. Hutchings, Nat. Chem., 2011, 3, 551–556.
1
50 particles were counted for this.
1
9 R. M. Rioux, H. Song, M. Grass, S. Habas, K. Niesz,
Notes
J. D. Hoefelmeyer, P. Yang and G. A. Somorjai, Top. Catal.,
2
006, 39, 167–174.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
2
0 S. O. Blavo, E. Qayyum, L. M. Baldyga, V. A. Castillo,
M. D. Sanchez, K. Warrington, M. A. Barakat and J. N. Kuhn,
Top. Catal., 2013, 56, 1835–1842.
Acknowledgements
2
2
1 C. Baatz, N. Decker and U. Prüße, J. Catal., 2008, 258(1),
The authors acknowledge the EPSRC for funding and M.M.
thanks the Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia for Ph.D.
studentship. Authors thank the Research Complex at Harwell
for allowing us to use the TEM facility.
1
65–169.
2 M. Sankar, Q. He, M. Morad, J. Pritchard, S. J. Freakley,
J. K. Edwards, S. H. Taylor, D. J. Morgan, A. F. Carley,
D. W. Knight, C. J. Kiely and G. J. Hutchings, ACS Nano,
2
012, 6, 6600–6613.
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