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COMMUNICATION
Chiral Carbon Dots
Maltase Decorated by Chiral Carbon Dots with Inhibited
Enzyme Activity for Glucose Level Control
Mengling Zhang, Huibo Wang, Bo Wang, Yurong Ma, Hui Huang, Yang Liu,*
Mingwang Shao,* Bowen Yao,* and Zhenhui Kang*
but with a lower efficacy than biguanides
and sulfonylureas.[3,5,7] Therefore, it
Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted increasing attention in disease therapy
owing to their low toxicity and good biocompatibility. Their therapeutic effect
strongly depends on the CDs structure (e.g., size or functional groups).
However, the impact of CDs chirality on maltase and blood glucose level
has not yet been fully emphasized and studied. Moreover, in previous
reports, chiral CDs with targeted optical activity have to be synthesized
from precursors of corresponding optical rotation, severely limiting chiral
CDs design. Here, chiral CDs with optical rotation opposite to that of the
precursor are facilely prepared through electrochemical polymerization.
Interestingly, their chirality can be regulated by simply adjusting reaction
time. At last, the resultant (+)-DCDs (700 µg mL−1) are employed to modify
maltase in an effort to regulate the hydrolytic rate of maltose, showing an
excellent inhibition ratio to maltase of 54.7%, significantly higher than that of
(−)-LCDs (15.5%) in the same reaction conditions. The superior performance
may be attributed to the preferable combination of DCDs with maltase. This
study provides an electrochemical method to facilely regulate CDs chirality,
and explore new applications of chiral CDs as antihyperglycemic therapy for
controlling blood glucose levels.
is necessary to develop
a new inhi-
bitor with a high inhibitory efficacy for
antihyperglycemic.
Carbon dots (CDs), as an emerging
subclass of carbon materials, having been
applied in various biological applica-
tions, including bioimaging, drug/gene
delivery, antimicrobial and plant biology,
owing to their low toxicity, well biocom-
patibility, and biodegradable property.[8–10]
For different purpose, CDs have been
reported to combine with various drug
or biomacromolecules, such as (1) CDs/
protoporphyrin IX composite for nucle-
olus imaging and nucleus-targeted drug
delivery owing to their selectively targeting
nucleolus ability[11]; (2) CDs/ssDNA com-
posite as ideal fluorescent sensing plat-
form for nucleic acid detection[12]; (3) In
addition, CDs can be biodegraded to plant
hormone analogues and CO2 through the
horseradish peroxidase of plants, demon-
Nowadays, diseases arisen from high blood glucose level have
grown explosively around the world, including type 2 diabetes,
hyperglycemia, and some cardiovascular diseases.[1,2] Besides, a
high blood glucose level also severely endangers those people
with impaired glucose tolerance[3,4] Therefore, controlling
blood glucose level is critical in the process of therapy. There
are several types of oral antihyperglycemic drug for decreasing
blood glucose level, such as biguanides, sulfonylureas, and
α-glucosidase inhibitor. Among these medicines, biguanides
and sulfonylureas can efficiently decrease high blood glucose
but usually accompanied by serious side effects,[5,6] whereas
α-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose and miglitol) are safer
strating its excellent biocompatibility.[13]
Chirality is a common phenomenon, and takes critical role
in physiological activities.[14,15] Therefore, the CDs chirality are
also expected to strongly affect their biological properties. For
instance, l-CDs prepared from l-cysteine showed upregulated
glycolysis in cellular energy metabolism of human bladder
cancer T24 cells, but d-CDs showed no effect[16]; l-CDs synthe-
sized from l-lysine dramatically remodeled Aβ42 structure and
inhibited Aβ42 cytotoxicity, compared with d-CDs[17]
; d-CDs
obtained from d-glutamic acid have more efficient antimicro-
bial activity towards both Gram-negative and Gram-positive
bacteria than l-CDs[18]; Besides, the different chirality of CDs
can even showed opposite effects. For example, the l-CDs syn-
thesized from l-cysteine can improve laccase activity, whereas
its counterpart d-CDs impair the activity.[19] However, the effect
of chiral CD on maltase and blood glucose level was rarely
reported. Besides, according to the previous reports, chiral CDs
of targeted optical activity have to be synthesized from pre-
cursor of corresponding optical rotation (e.g., l-CDs must be
prepared from sinistral precursor), severely limiting the strate-
gies to synthesize chiral CDs. Chiral CDs with optical rotation
opposite to that of precursor have barely been reported.
M. Zhang, H. Wang, B. Wang, Y. Ma, Prof. H. Huang, Prof. Y. Liu,
Prof. M. Shao, Dr. B. Yao, Prof. Z. Kang
Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
Soochow University
199 Ren’ai Road, Jiangsu, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
E-mail: yangl@suda.edu.cn; mwshao@suda.edu.cn; bwyao@suda.edu.cn;
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
Herein, chiral CDs were prepared by electrochemical poly-
merization from l- or d-glutamic acid (Glu) in aqueous alkali, and
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901512
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2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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